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Why have some territories performed better than others in the fight against COVID-19? This paper uses a novel dataset on excess mortality, trust and political polarization for 165 European regions to explore the role of social and political divisions in the remarkable regional differences in excess mortality during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, we investigate whether regions characterized by a low social and political trust witnessed a higher excess mortality. Second, we argue that it is not only levels, but also polarization in trust among citizens – in particular, between government supporters and non-supporters – that matters for understanding why people in some regions have adopted more pro-healthy behaviour. Third, we explore the partisan make-up of regional parliaments and the relationship between political division – or what we refer to as 'uncooperative politics'. We hypothesize that the ideological positioning – in particular those that lean more populist – and ideological polarization among political parties is also linked to higher mortality. Accounting for a host of potential confounders, we find robust support that regions with lower levels of both social and political trust are associated with higher excess mortality, along with citizen polarization in institutional trust in some models. On the ideological make-up of regional parliaments, we find that, ceteris paribus, those that lean more 'tan' on the 'GAL-TAN' spectrum yielded higher excess mortality. Moreover, although we find limited evidence of elite polarization driving excess deaths on the left-right or GAL-TAN spectrums, partisan differences on the attitudes towards the European Union demonstrated significantly higher deaths, which we argue proxies for (anti)populism. Overall, we find that both lower citizen-level trust and populist elite-level ideological characteristics of regional parliaments are associated with higher excess mortality in European regions during the first wave of the pandemic.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Figures, Tables, and Boxes -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I. The Condition of the City -- One. The Evolution of American Cities -- Two. Epidemics, Cities, and Environmental Reform -- Part II. Reforming the City -- Three. Wealthy Urbanites: Fleeing Downtown and Privatizing Green Space -- Four. Social Inequality and the Quest for Order in the City -- Five. Data Gathering as a Mechanism for Understanding the City and Imposing Order -- Six. Sanitation and Housing Reform -- Part III. Urban Parks, Order, and Social Reform -- Seven. Conceptualizing and Framing Urban Parks -- Eight. Elite Ideology, Activism, and Park Development -- Nine. Social Class, Activism, and Park Use -- Ten. Contemporary Efforts to Finance Urban Parks -- Part IV. The Rise of Comprehensive Zoning -- Eleven. Class, Race, Space, and Zoning in America -- Twelve. Land Use and Zoning in American Cities -- Part V. Reforming the Workplace and Reducing Community Hazards -- Thirteen. Workplace and Community Hazards -- Fourteen. The Industrial Workplace -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Index

ABSTRACTSocial Learning Theory and the Use of Instructional Videos in Three Alternative High Schoolsby Stephen G. RotondoThis study aimed to discover teacher views and opinions regarding the use of instructional videos in alternative high schools. The literature traces Social Learning Theory from Vygotsky and Piaget to Bandura and then discusses self-efficacy. The study highlights three building blocks of Social Learning Theory: collaboration, modeling, and observation.The study used purposeful sampling to identify eight teachers from primarily three different alternative high schools as the participants. The first high school used a military cohort model where male and female students are separated, students live on the premises, and there is limited external contact with family and friends. The other two high schools were based on a traditional school format, were coed, students did not live on the premises, and, outside of the classroom, students were allowed external contact with family and friends.The study collected data from pre-interview questionnaires, open-ended interviews, quantitative analysis of the transcripts using key words and acceptable alternatives, and four classroom observations.Teachers viewed their use of instructional videos as promoting learning in a few different ways. Instructional videos served to complement existing lessons, enhance and act as an aid to serve more visual learners and support group collaboration and group projects.Teachers viewed instructional video as facilitating learning by providing a link to real-time events and current life experiences. Instructional video addressed multiple dimensions of learning and is a familiar source of information for today's young generation.Teachers viewed affordances to their use of instructional videos as including district support for equipment, teacher training and access to data. Constraints reported included lack of equipment, inadequate online digital information access and differences in perceived teaching philosophies. An important factor in affordances and constraints was the academic climate of the individual school settings.Teachers viewed the use of instructional videos for encouraging construction of knowledge by providing a readily accessible foundation for collaboration and application of critical thinking skills. Interactive learning activities including online video-based exercises and student-generated video productions are examples.

Los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario irrumpieron en internet coincidiendo con el cambio de siglo. Lo que al principio no eran más que tímidos foros donde se intercambiaban trucos para adelgazar eludiendo la vigilancia de médicos y familiares, se convirtió con el paso del tiempo en páginas web estructuradas en las que se hacía apología de la anorexia y de la bulimia. Desde el momento en que la legislación europea prohibió esas manifestaciones virtuales, la exaltación de los desórdenes de la alimentación se disfraza de diario íntimo y se asoma a internet en forma de blog personal en el cual millones de personas mayoritariamente adolescentes o incluso niños pugnan por perder kilos en un tiempo récord, hablan de autolesiones que les permitan eliminar grasa y, en definitiva, defienden los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario como una forma de vida. El presente artículo analiza cómo a menudo estos blogs son la puerta de entrada a redes sociales en las cuales sus usuarios ostentan jerarquías y desarrollan comportamientos claramente similares a los de ciertas tribus urbanas. ; Patologies related to food bursted into internet coinciding with the change of century. What in that moment hardly were some shy chats where users interchanged some advices to lose weight avoiding parents and doctors, turned towards structured websites which defend Eating Disorders as a glamorous way of life. Since the moment that the European legislation decided to ban these manifestations on-line, the exaltation of Eating Disorders is shown under the disguise of memory diaries, or personal blogs in the Internet. There, millions of people teenagers, even children, most of them fight to loose weight in a record time, talk about self injures that allow them to burn fat and, in the end, defend Eating Disorders as a way of life. The current article analyzes how, often, these blogs are the gate to social nets. There users are organized by hierarchies having behaviors clearly similar to urban tribes.

This paper addresses the role of voluntary environmental initiatives by the tourism industry to alleviate social dilemmas for the management of natural resources. The objective is to explore whether previous findings on the determinants of voluntary action in the management of common-pool resources (CPR) also apply to a sector, such as tourism, where non-extractive uses are dominant. The paper applies the social-ecological systems framework recently developed by Ostrom (Science, 325, 419-422, 2009) to analyze qualitative data from meta-analyses of successful voluntary environmental initiatives in tourism. Results show that the determinants of voluntary action in tourism are partially consistent with previous research on CPR, finding relevant the presence of leadership, norms of behavior among members of the voluntary initiatives, shared mental modes, salience of the resource for users, and substantial productivity of the resource system in the likelihood of self-organization. However, other variables that have been shown to be relevant in non-tourism CPR situations are not supported by this analysis, such as: most variables regarding the ecological system (its size, predictability, and the mobility of its derived resource units) as well as the number of users and supportive collective choice rules that enable users to craft and enforce some of their own rules. The implications of this partial mismatch in findings are not straightforward. The paper presents a set of research questions that open a path for further research. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Our paper analyses people's willingness to move (WTM) using data from the 1995 British Social Attitudes Survey and International Social Survey Programme. We identify the personal characteristics and sub-regional indicators that are important in explaining the WTM within Britain. We also find that the WTM is only higher in a few other countries, including the United States. The equivalent desire to move is found to be much lower in Eastern European countries and in several other European Union member states. Compositional effects, such as age and education, are generally important in explaining differences in attitudes towards migration in comparison to other Western economies. However, structural effects such as institutions, history and culture tend to play a more dominant role in explaining differences compared to countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

"This comprehensive and timely publication aims to be an essential reference source, building on existing literature in the field of the aging workforce for the economic and social development of countries while providing additional research opportunities in this dynamic and growing field. Thus, the book aims to reflect on this critical issue, increasing the understanding of the importance of the Aging Workforce in the context of the Business and Management Area, and providing relevant academic work, empirical research findings, and an overview of this relevant field of study. It is hoped that this book will provide the resources necessary for policymakers, academicians, interdisciplinary researchers, advanced-level students, technology developers, managers, and government officials to adopt and implement solutions for a new social and economic reality with a direct impact on the workforce derived from the aging population."

"Letters of a Russian officer" by F.N. Glinka is a multi-layered work characterized by a combination of various genres. The historiography has been so far mainly concerned with the genre nature of that source. The purpose of the article is to identify historical parallels and cultural stereotypes that arise in the creative mind of the author when thinking about the personality of Napoleon and his historical role. Direct or indirect correlation of Napoleon with the symbolic names – Nebuchadnezzar, Batu Khan, Catilinа – constitute a characteristic feature of the story, the author's handwriting. The article attempts to identify the sources of these nominations, as well as their transformation.

Myanmar has once again returned to military rule, with a year-long state of emergency declared by the army.When military dictators ruled Myanmar from 1962 to 2010, they were able to maintain tight control over the people through the country's extensive intelligence apparatus and harsh tactics such as imprisonment, torture and mass killings. As a result, Myanmar's people lived in virtual silence for decades.After a decade-long political transition that brought Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) to power, Myanmar is now a changed place. What used to be a pariah state is increasingly connected to the world. Civil society has begun to be established and public awareness about freedom, democracy, human rights and development has increased drastically.Given this, many are closely watching how people will react to the military taking back control of the country and tossing aside a government that won a massive popular mandate only a few months ago.

RESUMEN: El artículo propone comprender la producción de conocimiento sobre los fenómenos políticos, a través de la revisión de un caso empírico como es el Instituto de Estudios Políticos de la Universidad de Antioquia (IEP). Se reconstruyen las perspectivas disciplinares, las tradiciones teóricas y metodológicas involucradas en el estudio de la realidad política colombiana a partir de las siguientes dimensiones: 1) el objeto de la disciplina —la política— y su relación con el contexto nacional marcado por las dinámicas bélicas y los procesos organizativos; 2) la hibridación disciplinar y el aporte que distintos campos de especialización de las Ciencias Sociales han hecho al análisis de la política; 3) los referentes teóricos involucrados en la lectura de los problemas políticos y 4) los métodos para el análisis político, cuya característica esencial es la diversidad y complementariedad de enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos. La revisión del caso conduce a reconocer la pluralidad de temasobjetos, teorías y herramientas metodológicas para el análisis de la política, con todo ello se reconstruyen algunos hilos de la teoría política y de la Ciencia Política contemporáneas que apuntan a configurar un enfoque integrador como una vía para comprender los contextos políticos colombiano y latinoamericano. ; ABSTRACT: The article proposed to understand the production of knowledge about political phenomena, through a review of an empirical case, the Political Studies Institute of the University of Antioquia (IEP). It rebuilds disciplinary perspectives, and theoretical and methodological traditions involved in the study of the Colombian political reality, from the following dimensions: 1) the subject of the discipline —politics—, and its relationship to the national context characterized by war dynamics and organizational processes, 2) the disciplinary hybridization and the contribution that different fields of specialization in the Social Sciences have made to policy analysis, 3) the theoretical framework involved in the reading of political problems and 4) political analysis methods, of which the essential feature is the diversity and complementarity of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The case review leads to the recognition of the plurality of subjects-objects, the theories and methodological tools for political analysis, all of these review some threads of contemporary political theory and political science, which aims to configure an integrating approach as a way to understand the Colombian and Latin American political contexts.

3.1 The Importance of OBCs3.2 Traditional Versus OBCs; 3.3 Engagement and Interaction; 3.4 Heterogeneity, Delocalization, and Individualized Consumers in OBCs; 3.5 Consumption Values; 3.6 Consumer Characteristics; 3.7 Motivation; 3.8 Discussion and Concluding Points; References; 4 Culture; 4.1 The Importance of Culture; 4.2 Postmodernism; 4.3 Consumer Culture Theory; 4.4 Tribalism; 4.5 Discussion and Concluding Points; References; 5 Self-Construals; 5.1 Understanding Self-Construals; 5.1.1 Independent Characteristics; 5.1.2 Interdependent Characteristics