Suchergebnisse

Background Data are limited on use patterns of low-dose aspirin and its role for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in different racial and ethnic groups. Methods and Results Overall, 65 231 non-Hispanic black and white people aged 40 to 79 years with no history of CVD enrolled from 2002 through 2009 in the SCCS (Southern Community Cohort Study). At cohort entry, the simplified Framingham 10-year CVD risk was calculated, and data related to low-dose aspirin use and clinical and socioeconomic covariates were collected. Race- and ethnicity-specific adjusted odds ratios for characteristics of low-dose aspirin users and hazard ratios for ischemic cardiac death according to aspirin use were calculated using multivariate logistic and Cox regression models. Black participants were less likely to take low-dose aspirin compared with white participants, regardless of CVD risk and covariates (adjusted odds ratio: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75-0.82). Over a median follow-up of 11.3 years, low-dose aspirin use was associated with a trend toward decreased risk of ischemic cardiac death in white participants (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68-1.10), especially in women (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.72; 95% CI, 0.51-1.02), but not in black participants (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.18; 95% CI, 0.98-1.40). Similar trends were observed when the analysis was restricted to high-risk individuals aged 50 to 69 or 50 to 59 years, ages for which guidelines consider aspirin for CVD primary prevention. Conclusions Low-dose aspirin use for primary prevention of CVD is lower among black than white patients. Its use might be associated with a disparate impact on ischemic cardiac death according to race and ethnicity. Although additional studies are required, these findings provide no evidence of a beneficial effect of aspirin among black patients for CVD primary prevention. ; The SCCS (Southern Community Cohort Study) is funded by grants R01 CA092447 and U01 CA202979 from the National Cancer Institute, including American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding (3R01 CA029447-08 51). Data collection was performed by the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported in part by the VanderbiltIngram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485). This analysis forms part of a project that has received funding from the American Heart Association under grant no. 14SFRN20490315. Fernandez-Jimenez is a recipient of funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 707642. The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos Ill; the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades; and the Pro CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505).

Background Using a pathway-focused approach, we aimed to provide a subgroup-specific basis for finding novel therapeutic strategies and further refinement of the risk stratification in pediatric medulloblastoma. Method Based on genome-wide Cox regression and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we investigated prognosis-related signaling pathways and core genes in pediatric medulloblastoma subgroups using 530 patient data from Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomic International Consortium (MAGIC) project. We further examined the relationship between expression of the prognostic core genes and frequent chromosome aberrations using broad range copy number change data. Results In SHH subgroup, relatively high expression of the core genes involved in p53, PLK1, FOXM1, and Aurora B signaling pathways are associated with poor prognosis, and their average expression synergistically increases with co-occurrence of losses of 17p, 14q, or 10q, or gain of 17q. In Group 3, in addition to high MYC expression, relatively elevated expression of PDGFRA, IGF1R, and FGF2 and their downstream genes in PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways are related to poor survival outcome, and their average expression is increased with the presence of isochromosome 17q [i(17q)] and synergistically down-regulated with simultaneous losses of 16p, 8q, or 4q. In Group 4, up-regulation of the genes encoding various immune receptors and those involved in NOTCH, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, or RHOA signaling pathways are associated with worse prognosis. Additionally, the expressions of Notch genes correlate with those of the prognostic immune receptors. Besides the Group 4 patients with previously known prognostic aberration, loss of chromosome 11, those with loss of 8q but without i(17q) show excellent survival outcomes and low average expression of the prognostic core genes whereas those harboring 10q loss, 1q gain, or 12q gain accompanied by i(17q) show bad outcomes. Finally, several metabolic pathways known to be reprogrammed in cancer cells are detected as prognostic pathways including glutamate metabolism in SHH subgroup, pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle in Group 3, and folate-mediated one carbon-metabolism in Group 4. Conclusions The results underscore several subgroup-specific pathways for potential therapeutic interventions: SHH-GLI-FOXM1 pathway in SHH subgroup, receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream pathways in Group 3, and immune and inflammatory pathways in Group 4. ; This study was supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (1420020), Mid-career Researcher Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017R1A2B2008422), and NRF grants funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning, Republic of Korea (2012R1A1A1042953 and 2015R1A4A1041219). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data nor in writing the manuscript.

Trabajo desarrollado bajo la financiación del proyecto "Soil Hydrology research platform underpinning innovation to manage water scarcity in European and Chinese cropping Systems" (773903), coordinado por José Alfonso Gómez Calero, investigador del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS) ; Management of agricultural fields according to spatial and temporal variability is an important aspect of precision agriculture. Precision management relies on division of a field into areas with homogeneous characteristics, management zones (MZs), which are likely affected by multiple, interrelated factors. We present a method, based on machine learning and spatial statistics, to analyze the spatial relationship between a set of variables and determine management zones in a vineyard. The method involves: (1) fitting a model that quantifies the relationship between multiple variables and yield; (2) fitting a model that quantifies the effect of the spatial variability of multiple variables on yield spatial characteristics; and (3) developing a weighted multivariate spatial clustering model as a method to determine MZs. Twelve variables were sampled for 3893 vines in the wine grape vineyard. These variables included soil properties, terrain characteristics, and environmental impact, as well as crop-condition, using indices calculated from remote sensing images. The predictor variables were spatially characterized using hot-spot analysis (Getis Ord Gi* Z-score values) to assess their spatial variability. A gradient boosted regression trees (BRT) algorithm was used to analyze the spatial multivariable effect on yield spatial characteristics. MZs were determined using multivariate K-means clustering, with relative weights given to the predictors, based on their relative influence on yield spatial variability provided by the BRT model. This method was compared to ordinary K-means clustering and K-means with spatial representation of the variables without weights using a dissimilarity index and spatial autocorrelation measures. Model performance was found to be very high and demonstrated that among the evaluated predictors, crop condition indices were the most important regressors for yield and its spatial characteristics. The weighted multivariate spatial clustering was found to perform better in terms of separability of the points and their spatial distribution than the other two clustering techniques. Quantifying yield and its within-field spatial variability, ranking the effects of the predictors and their spatial variabilities, and segmentation of MZs through multivariable spatial analysis, are expected to benefit irrigation management and agricultural decision-making processes. ; This research is a part of The "Eugene Kendel" Project for Development of Precision Drip Irrigation funded via the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Israel (Grant No. 20-12-0030). This project has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Project SHui, grant agreement No 773903. ; Peer reviewed

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the implications of exchange rate depreciation for inflation targeting and trade balance of UK in the context of the Brexit epoch.


Design/methodology/approach
The study employed a time-varying structural vector auto-regression (TVSVAR) model framework in which the sources of time variation were both the coefficients and variance-covariance matrix of the innovations on the data from January 1989 to September 2016.


Findings
The findings suggest that the depreciation of the Stirling has significant effects on inflation and trade balance in UK in context of Brexit epoch. It also showed that such a depreciation can be helpful in the improvement of external balance as well as steering the inflation to its statutory target. Despite, the inflation targeting, there is strong evidence of a pass-through.


Research limitations/implications
Research has profound implications in terms of the sharp depreciation of GBP associated with the Brexit outcome. The study is very topical and could be very interesting to the readership of JES as well as wider audience. The study has limitations in a context that the significance of the results and association of the under analysis entities is contingent on the future trade relationships and Channel between UK and EU. Therefore, although there is a lot of uncertainty about the future of Britain trade relationships, this study provides guidance on the importance of exchange rate channel if the similar trade arrangements prevails in the post-Brexit era.


Practical implications
The research has profound practical implications, using a TVSVAR model in which the relationship among the entities varies over time; it has shown the importance of exchange rate in terms of external balance and inflation targeting. Hence, it has appeal for the practitioners as well as academics.


Social implications
The research has great social implications. The Brexit is the biggest political and economic event of this era for UK and EU. There are big questions about the relationship between UK and EU in the post-Brexit epoch as well as questions about the future of the European integration. In this context, this study has shown that how the exchange rate could play an important role for the UK economy when its contemporary trade channels prevail. Concomitantly, it has social implications particularly for the European society.


Originality/value
The research is an original piece of work. It has contributed to the debate on the exchange rate deprecation, external balance and inflation targeting in context of the Brexit associated sharp depreciation of Stirling. It has used a framework, i.e. TVSVAR, which also have unique features in terms of testing the associations among under analysis entities against time.

Taxpayer compliance is important because most of state revenues come from tax revenues. Taxpayer compliance is the taxpayer's obedience to perform the required provisions or tax rules. Taxpayer compliance becomes a requirement for increased state revenues. Taxpayer compliance is an important factor because the system implements in taxation system Indonesia is self assessment system. The low compliance of taxpayers can lead to reduced receipts to the state treasury and hindering the running of government wheels because most of state expenditures are financed by tax revenues. This study focuses on taxpayer compliance non taxable entrepreneurs in Pratama Badung Selatan tax office. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of perception of service quality, understanding of taxpayer, perception of tax sanction, and environment of taxpayer on taxpayer compliance non taxable entrepreneur in Pratama Badung Selatan tax office. The number of samples used is as much as 100 respondents and determined by the slovin formula. Sample determination was done by incidental sampling method. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the analysis found that the perception of service quality, understanding of taxpayers, perceptions of tax sanctions, and environmental taxpayers have a positive and significant impact on taxpayer compliance. Keywords: Compliance, perception of service quality, understanding, perception of tax sanction, environment ; Kepatuhan wajib pajak merupakan hal penting karena sebagian besar penerimaan negara berasal dari penerimaan pajak. Kepatuhan wajib pajak merupakan ketaatan wajib pajak untuk melakukan ketentuan-ketentuan atau aturan-aturan perpajakan yang diwajibkan. Kepatuhan wajib pajak menjadi sebuah syarat agar penerimaan negara meningkat. Kepatuhan wajib pajak adalah faktor yang penting karena fiskus menerapkan sistem self assessment dalam sistem perpajakan di Indonesia. Rendahnya kepatuhan wajib pajak dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya penerimaan ke kas negara sehingga menghambat jalannya roda pemerintahan sebab sebagian besar pengeluaran negara dibiayai oleh penerimaan pajak. Penelitian ini berfokus pada kepatuhan wajib pajak berstatus non Pengusaha Kena Pajak (PKP) di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Badung Selatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi kualitas pelayanan, pemahaman wajib pajak, persepsi sanksi perpajakan, dan lingkungan wajib pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak berstatus non pengusaha kena pajak di Kantor Pelayanan Pratama Badung Selatan. Sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 100 responden dan ditentukan dengan rumus slovin. Penentuan sampel dilakukan dengan metode sampling insidental. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada responden. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa persepsi kualitas pelayanan, pemahaman wajib pajak, persepsi sanksi perpajakan, dan lingkungan wajib pajak memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Kata kunci: Kepatuhan, persepsi kualitas pelayanan, pemahaman, persepsi sanksi perpajakan, lingkungan

هدفت الدراسة إلى قياس وتحليل أثر الريادة التنظيمية في تحقيق النجاح الاستراتيجي من خلال قدرات ذكاء الاعمال في الجامعات الحكومية الاردنية، وتكوّن مجتمع الدراسة من جميع القيادات(رؤوساء الجامعات ونوابهم ومساعديهم وعمداء الكليات ونوابهم ومساعديهم، ورؤساء الاقسام)، واعتمدت عينة المسح الشامل التي بلغ تعدادها (435) مبحوثا لجمع البيانات. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة واختبار فرضياتها استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، من خلال استبانة استخدمت أداة رئيسة لجمع المعلومات وتكونت من(63) فقرة. وتم استخدام العديد من الأساليب الإحصائية ابرزها المتوسطات الحسابية، والانحرافات المعيارية، واختبار t لعينة واحدة، وتحليل الانحدار المتعدد وتحليل المسار. وبعد إجراء عملية التحليل لبيانات الدراسة وفرضياتها توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود تأثير ذي دلالة إحصائية للريادة التنظيمية بابعادها في النجاح الاستراتيجي، وان هناك اثراً للريادة التنظيمية في قدرات ذكاء الاعمال، علاوة على وجود اثر لقدرات ذكاء الاعمال في النجاح الاستراتيجي ووجود اثر غير مباشر لقدرات ذكاء الاعمال كمتغير وسيط في العلاقة بين الريادة التنظيمية والنجاح الاستراتيجي. واوصت الدراسة بتعزيز الثقافة الريادية وربطها بالاستراتيجية والاهداف ونتائج الاداء على المدى القصير والبعيد، ومحاولتها تحويل الهيكل التنظيمي من هيكل بيروقراطي الى هيكل عضوي مسطح مرتكز على قدرات ذكاء الاعمال، وتشجيع فرق العمل الابداعية. ; This study aims at measuring and analyzing the impact of organizational entrepreneurship on achieving strategic success through business intelligence capabilities at Jordanian governmental universities. The study population consisted of all top leadership members of Jordanian governmental universities (Presidents, Vice Presidents, Assistant Presidents, Deans of Faculties, Vice Deans and Heads of Departments). A survey sample, which consisted of 435 respondents, was used for data collection. To achieve the objectives of the study and to test its hypotheses, the descriptive analytical method was used through a questionnaire that consisted of 63 items and was employed as the main tool for data collection. A number of statistical tools and methods were used, such as: Means, Standard Deviations, One-Sample T-test, Multiple Regression and Path Analysis. Following the analysis of the collected data, a number of results were obtained: (1) there was a significant impact of organizational entrepreneurship on achieving strategic success at Jordanian governmental universities, (2) there was a significant impact of organizational entrepreneurship on business intelligence capabilities at Jordanian governmental universities, (3) there was a significant impact of business intelligence capabilities on achieving strategic success at Jordanian governmental universities and (4) there was an indirect impact of business intelligence capabilities as a mediating variable in the relationship between organizational entrepreneurship and strategic success. The study recommends promoting pioneer culture and connecting it to strategy, goals, long - term and short- term performance results, as well as emphasizing its role in changing the organizational structure from bureaucratic structure to flat member structure, relying on business intelligence capacities and promoting pioneer team work.

peer-reviewed ; Grassland application of dairy slurry, cattle dung, and biosolids offers an opportunity to recycle valuable nutrients (N, P, and K), which may all introduce pathogens to the soil environment. Herein, a temporal risk assessment of the survival of Escherichia coli (E. coli) up to 40 days in line with the legislated grazing exclusion time points after application was examined across six scenarios: (1) soil and biosolids mixture, (2) biosolids amended soil, (3) dairy slurry application, (4) cattle dung on pasture, (5) comparison of scenario 2, 3, and 4, and (6) maximum legal vs. excess rate of application for scenario 2 and 3. The risk model input parameters were taken or derived from regressions within the literature and an uncertainty analysis (n = 1,000 trials for each scenario) was conducted. Scenario 1 results showed that E. coli survival was higher in the soil/biosolids mixture for higher biosolids portion, resulting in the highest 20 day value of residual E. coli concentration (i.e., C20, log10 CFU g−1 dw) of 1.0 in 100% biosolids or inoculated soil and the lowest C20 of 0.098 in 75/25 soil/biosolids ratio, respectively, in comparison to an average initial value of 6.4 log10 CFU g−1 dw. The E. coli survival across scenario 2, 3, and 4 showed that the C20 value of biosolids (0.57 log10 CFU g−1 dw) and dairy slurry (0.74 log10 CFU ml−1) was 2.9–3.7 times smaller than that of cattle dung (2.12 log10 CFU g−1 dw). The C20 values of biosolids and dairy slurry associated with legal and excess application rates ranged from 1.14 to 1.71 log10 CFU ha−1, which is a significant reduction from the initial concentration range (12.99 to 14.83 log10 CFU ha−1). The E. coli survival in un-amended soil was linear with a very low decay rate resulting in a higher C20 value than that of biosolids or dairy slurry. The risk assessment and uncertainly analysis showed that the residual concentrations in biosolids/dairy slurry applied soil after 20 days would be 45–57% lower than that of the background soil E. coli concentration. This means the current practice of grazing exclusion times is safe to reduce the risk of E. coli transmission into the soil environment. ; This publication has emanated from research funded by the EU FP7 Environment theme–Grant no. 265269 Marketable sludge derivatives from a highly integrated wastewater treatment plant (END-O-SLUDG). ; This publication has emanated from research funded by the EU FP7 Environment theme–Grant no. 265269 Marketable sludge derivatives from a highly integrated wastewater treatment plant (END-O-SLUDG).

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesThe etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is unknown. The impact, if any, of assisted reproductive technology (ART) on ASD has not been established. The study compares the prevalence of children 0-3 years with ASD conceived by mothers with infertility through ART (ART), mothers with infertility but not using ART (SUBFERT), and mothers without infertility spontaneously conceiving (FERTILE) – separately among singletons and twins. The importance of linked population-based data systems to this analysis will be highlighted.
ApproachThis analysis requires linkage of three distinct data systems: the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinical Outcomes Reporting System (SART-CORS) clinical database; the Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal (PELL) public health data system (which includes birth certificate and hospital discharge data); and the Massachusetts' children's special needs Early Intervention (EI) program data. PELL data from 7/1/04-12/31/10 included 370,755 women with 474,784 deliveries resulting in 486,075 live births and fetal deaths. These were deterministically linked to 70,086 ART cycles among 28,490 women from SART-CORS; and then further linked to EI program participant data from 7/1/04-12/31/13. ASD was defined as a documented ASD diagnosis (ICD9 codes: 299) in the EI or hospital discharge records and/or claims documentation for autism-related EI specialty services. Chi-square and multivariate regression models estimated the association of ART, SUBFERT and FERTILE with ASD, controlling for maternal demographics, payer source, prenatal care, smoking, parity, delivery method, hypertension, obstetric or gynecologic health conditions, gender, paternal age and prematurity.
ResultsOur final study population consisted of 481,575 children (460,117 singletons and 21,458 twins). Among singletons, the ASD prevalence was 1.7% and 1.3% in the ART and SUBFERT groups, respectively, compared to 1.0% in the FERTILE group. Among twins, the ASD prevalence was 2.3% and 2.4% in the ART and SUBFERT groups, respectively, compared to 2.0% in the FERTILE group. Among singletons, the adjusted odd ratios (aORs) were 1.0 [95% CI: 0.9-1.3] and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9-1.4) for ART and SUBFERT compared to the FERTILE group. Among multiples, aORs were 1.1 (95% CI: 0.8-1.4) and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.8-1.8) for ART and SUBFERT compared to the FERTILE group. There were no significant differences in ASD prevalence between ART and SUBFERT groups.
ConclusionsThe likelihood of an ASD diagnosis among singleton or twin children born to ART or SUBFERT mothers does not differ from FERTILE mothers. Population-based linkage of clinical and public health databases provides unique opportunities to examine longer-term outcomes of ART.

ABSTRACT Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah receives Unqualified Opinion opinion in 2014 and 2015, but the Audit Agency audit finds that there are still weaknesses in the internal control system, which is still a lot of supervision that needs to be improved. The research method used is purposive sampling method with criterion 47 SKPD and criteria of respondents are 141 respondents consisting of head SKPD, head of sub finance department, and head sub part of reporting participating in making financial report. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires directly to each SKPD in Gianyar regency. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The result of analysis shows that accrual based accounting in making financial report without supervision and motivation from superiors of financial statements prepared to get better result, with the internal control system that supervise and direct from principal and agent so that can give actual information to be submitted in the preparation of financial statements, the need for work motivation in making financial statements so that local governments can complete the financial statements on time and can convey the actual information for its users. This study concludes that accrual-based accounting, internal control system, and work motivation have a positive effect on the quality of financial statements Keywords : accrual based accounting, internal control system, work motivation, quality of financial statements ; ABSTRAK Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah memperoleh opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian pada tahun 2014 dan 2015, namun hasil audit Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan menemukan masih ada kelemahan pada sistem pengendalian intern, yang masih banyak pengawasan yang perlu ditingkatkan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode purposive sampling dengan kriteria 47 SKPD dan kriteria responden berjumlah 141 responden yang terdiri dari adalah kepala SKPD, kepala sub bagian keuangan, dan kepala sub bagian pelaporan yang berpartisipasi dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner secara langsung kepada masing-masing SKPD di Kabupaten Gianyar. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa akuntansi berbasis akrual dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan tanpa adanya pengawasan dan motivasi dari atasan laporan keuangan yang disusun memperoleh hasil yang lebih baik, dengan adanya sistem pengendalian intern yang mengawasi dan mengarahkan dari pihak principal dan agent sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang sebenarnya untuk disampaikan dalam penyususnan laporan keuangan, perlu adanya motivasi kerja dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan sehingga pemerintah daerah dapat menyelesaikan laporan keuangan tepat pada waktunya dan dapat menyampaikan informasi yang sebenarnya bagi para penggunannya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa akuntansi berbasis akrual, sistem pengendalian intern, dan motivasi kerja berpengaruh positif pada kualitas laporan keuangan. Kata Kunci: akuntansi berbasis akrual, sistem pengendalian intern, motivasi kerja, kualitas laporan keuangan

This research analyzes the effects of nonprofit density and government-nonprofit collaboration on human development and income inequality in Brazil. Governance studies assume that government-nonprofit collaboration leads to improved societal outcomes. This research tests this hypothesis in 5,562 Brazilian municipalities using ordinary least squares regressions and spatial models. Spatial analysis enables the identification of specific effects occurring across different regions. The rate of contracts between the federal government and nonprofits in each Brazilian municipality is associated with the decrease of income inequality, but it is also significantly associated with a lower level of human development. The density of nonprofits from different fields of activity presents diverse relations with human development and inequality. These results enable a more realistic analysis of governance arrangements, considering their impact over communities and the local realities. ; Esta investigación analiza los efectos de la densidad de organizaciones sin fines de lucro (ONGs) y de la colaboración entre gobierno y ONGs en el desarrollo humano y desigualdad de renta en Brasil. Estudios de gobernanza afirman que la colaboración del gobierno con ONGs resulta en mejores resultados sociales. La investigación prueba esa hipótesis en 5.562 municipios brasileños utilizando modelos de regresión lineales y espaciales. Los análisis espaciales permiten la identificación de efectos específicos en distintas regiones. La tasa de acuerdos entre el gobierno federal y las ONGs en cada ciudad brasileña se asocia con la disminución de la desigualdad de ingresos, pero también se asocia significativamente con un menor nivel de desarrollo humano. La densidad de ONG de diferentes campos de actividad tiene diferentes relaciones con el desarrollo humano y la desigualdad. Esos resultados permiten un análisis más realista de acuerdos de gobernanza, considerando sus impactos en las comunidades y las realidades locales. ; Esta pesquisa analisa os efeitos da densidade de organizações sem fins lucrativos (ONGs) e da colaboração entre governo e ONGs no desenvolvimento humano e na desigualdade de renda no Brasil. Estudos de governança afirmam que a colaboração do governo com ONGs leva a melhores resultados sociais. Esta pesquisa testa essa hipótese em 5.562 municípios brasileiros usando modelos lineares e espaciais. Análises espaciais permitem a identificação de efeitos específicos ocorrendo em diferentes regiões. A taxa de convênios entre o governo federal e ONGs em cada município brasileiro está associada a uma diminuição da desigualdade de renda, porém está também associada a uma significativa queda do nível de desenvolvimento humano. A densidade de ONGs de diferentes áreas de atividade apresenta diversas relações com desenvolvimento humano e desigualdade. Esses resultados permitem uma análise mais realista de arranjos de governança, considerando seus impactos nas comunidades e as realidades locais.

Considering the changes in Brazilian municipalities since the Federal Constitution of 1988, this study sought to verify the relation between government transfers, own tax collection and the education index of municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais (2009 to 2013). The hypothesis adopted was that a greater financial resources availability would have a positive impact on the municipal education's quality. The study variables were tested using randomized block variance analysis, Spearman's correlation, k-rates clusters' analysis and multiple linear regression. Among the results obtained, the study highlights the lack of connection between the degree of financial autonomy and the investments in education, as well as it finds that the amount of revenues from taxes and the extra percentage of investment do not affect the education index. ; Considerando que las modificaciones son proporcionadas a los municipios brasileños, desde la promulgación de la Constitución Federal de 1988, que alteró la asignación de recursos públicos a la educación, los municipios brasileños pasaron a recibir más recursos del gobierno, así como aumentar el porcentaje de la asignación munici­pal invertida en el área de educación. Así, en este estudio se objetivó verificar la relación entre las transferencias gubernamentales, la recaudación de impuestos propia y el índice de educación de los municipios del estado de Minas Gerais (2009 a 2013), partiendo de la hipótesis de que una mayor disponibilidad de recursos financieros impactaría positivamente la calidad de la educación municipal. Las variables del estudio se probaron por medio del análisis de varianza en bloques casualizados, correlación de Spearman, análisis de clusters de k-medias y regresión lineal múltiple. Entre las inferencias de este estudio, se destaca la falta de asociación entre el grado de autonomía financiera y las inversiones en educación, y el hallazgo de que el cuantitativo del aumento de impuestos y el porcentaje adicional de inversión en educación no impactan el índice de educación. ; Considerando as mudanças proporcionadas aos municípios brasileiros, desde a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, objetivou-se verificar a relação entre as transferências governamentais, a arrecadação tributária própria e o índice de educação dos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais (2009 a 2013), partindo da hipótese de que uma maior disponibilidade de recursos financeiros impactaria positivamente a qualidade da educação municipal. As variáveis do estudo foram testadas por meio da análise de variância em blocos casualizados, corre­lação de Spearman, análise de clusters de k-médias e regressão linear múltipla. Entre as inferências deste estudo, destaca-se a falta de associação entre o grau de autonomia financeira e os investimentos em educação, e o achado de que o quantitativo de receitas tributárias e o percentual adicional de investimento em educação não impactam o índice de educação.

Background: Low birth weight is defined as birth weight of less than 2500 grams .It is a public health problem affecting 15%-20% of births worldwide. The great majority of low birth weight occurs in low and middle income countries especially in the most vulnerable population such as sub-Saharan countries which account 13% of low birth weight. The trend of low birth weight decline in Ethiopia from 14.6% in 2005 to 11% in 2011. But if these trends continue in this manner Ethiopia might not achieve the global nutrition target of low birth weight reduction by 30% in 2025. Food and nutrition are critically important to support healthy pregnancy. But food insecurity prevents many women meeting guideline for healthy eating during pregnancy. Inconsistency and little information between relationship of food insecurity and low birth weight was the rationally to study on this area. Objective: To assess the relationship between low birth weight and household food insecurity in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case control study was conducted among mother with their term neonate in governmental hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 480 (120 cases and 360 controls) neonate was included in the study. Case was term baby weighed <2500grams and control was term baby weighed ≥2500 grams. In each selected hospital selection of case was made as case found and the next three eligible newborn was controls. The data were collected using interviewer administer structured questioner. Necessary permission to conduct the study obtained from research and ethics committee of Addis Ababa University and Addis Ababa health bureau. Data were entered into EPI data 3.1 computer programs and analyzed using STATA 14. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis was done to identify independent predictor of low birth weight using binomial and multivariate logistic regression. The adjusted odd ratio was used to determine the strength of association and corresponding CI was used to decide whether statically significant between the explanatory variable and outcome variable. Result: A total of 116 cases and 352 controls were included in the analysis. After adjusting potential confounder mothers in food insecure household were strongly associated with low birth weight AOR 3.58 CI (1.79-7.16). In addition MUAC, hypertension and age were independently associated with low birth weight with corresponding AOR of [AOR 7.7 CI (4.39-13.60)], [AOR 4.81 CI (2.33-9.93)] and [AOR 3.88 CI (1.35-11.15)]. xi Conclusion: Mothers from food insecure household were about four times more likely to give birth with low weight against their counterpart in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Beside hypertension, MUAC and early age were significantly associated with low birth weight. Key words: Low birth weight, Household, food insecurity, neonate, mothers.

Background: Low birth weight is defined as birth weight of less than 2500 grams .It is a public health problem affecting 15%-20% of births worldwide. The great majority of low birth weight occurs in low and middle income countries especially in the most vulnerable population such as sub-Saharan countries which account 13% of low birth weight. The trend of low birth weight decline in Ethiopia from 14.6% in 2005 to 11% in 2011. But if these trends continue in this manner Ethiopia might not achieve the global nutrition target of low birth weight reduction by 30% in 2025. Food and nutrition are critically important to support healthy pregnancy. But food insecurity prevents many women meeting guideline for healthy eating during pregnancy. Inconsistency and little information between relationship of food insecurity and low birth weight was the rationally to study on this area. Objective: To assess the relationship between low birth weight and household food insecurity in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case control study was conducted among mother with their term neonate in governmental hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 480 (120 cases and 360 controls) neonate was included in the study. Case was term baby weighed <2500grams and control was term baby weighed ≥2500 grams. In each selected hospital selection of case was made as case found and the next three eligible newborn was controls. The data were collected using interviewer administer structured questioner. Necessary permission to conduct the study obtained from research and ethics committee of Addis Ababa University and Addis Ababa health bureau. Data were entered into EPI data 3.1 computer programs and analyzed using STATA 14. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis was done to identify independent predictor of low birth weight using binomial and multivariate logistic regression. The adjusted odd ratio was used to determine the strength of association and corresponding CI was used to decide whether statically significant between the explanatory variable and outcome variable. Result: A total of 116 cases and 352 controls were included in the analysis. After adjusting potential confounder mothers in food insecure household were strongly associated with low birth weight AOR 3.58 CI (1.79-7.16). In addition MUAC, hypertension and age were independently associated with low birth weight with corresponding AOR of [AOR 7.7 CI (4.39-13.60)], [AOR 4.81 CI (2.33-9.93)] and [AOR 3.88 CI (1.35-11.15)]. xi Conclusion: Mothers from food insecure household were about four times more likely to give birth with low weight against their counterpart in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Beside hypertension, MUAC and early age were significantly associated with low birth weight. Key words: Low birth weight, Household, food insecurity, neonate, mothers.

The main objective of this study is to assess whether public expenditure on agriculture, education, and health and road construction have a positive and significant roleon poverty reduction. To ensure the robustness of the results, different preliminary tests such as time aeries stationary, serial correlation and co-integration tests are conducted. Data at country level are used for estimating the role of pro-poor public expenditures on poverty reduction. I used ordinary least square econometric analysis by time series data, and conclude public expenditure on agriculture, health and road construction are more effective in poverty reduction in Ethiopia. A strong relationship exists between independent variables and the dependent variable in the model over the period of 1992-2013. The regression model is not spurious as tested. The time series data of these variables contain unit root and they become stationary after conducting ADF test. They have long run relation as indicated by Granger casual co-integration test. The statistically significant elasticity coefficient of OLS estimation at level expresses that the 1% change in per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road will change the electricity human development index (HDI) by 0.18%.0.05%, and 0.03% respectively these shows that increasing volume of per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road has a role to increase electricity HDI and thereby reduce poverty in the country. Thus, the Ethiopian government should formulate policies that can help to mobilize domestic and foreign aid in the productive sector like agriculture, education and road in order to achieve desired economic growth that can increase electricity human development index and in turn create gainful income to the mass of Ethiopian people to reduce poverty. The results of Error Correction Model indicate that there is both short and long run equilibrium in the system. The coefficient of one period lag residual coefficient is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.237 meaning that system corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 23.7% annually. In nut shell, the public expenditure management should be based on impact assessment. In other words, spending money on the provision of public goods and services must take in to account the extent to which this expenditure benefits the poor. Therefore, to maximise the poverty reduction role of pro-poor public expenditures, the government of Ethiopia should focus more on the fulfilment and improvement of basic necessities of the poor such as agriculture, primary health care, primary education, rural infrastructures and food security by allocating more public resources to the pro- poor sectors than that of universal and non-basic services and goods. Key words; pro-poor public expenditure, Human development index, co-integration analysis, poverty reduction.

The main objective of this study is to assess whether public expenditure on agriculture, education, and health and road construction have a positive and significant roleon poverty reduction. To ensure the robustness of the results, different preliminary tests such as time aeries stationary, serial correlation and co-integration tests are conducted. Data at country level are used for estimating the role of pro-poor public expenditures on poverty reduction. I used ordinary least square econometric analysis by time series data, and conclude public expenditure on agriculture, health and road construction are more effective in poverty reduction in Ethiopia. A strong relationship exists between independent variables and the dependent variable in the model over the period of 1992-2013. The regression model is not spurious as tested. The time series data of these variables contain unit root and they become stationary after conducting ADF test. They have long run relation as indicated by Granger casual co-integration test. The statistically significant elasticity coefficient of OLS estimation at level expresses that the 1% change in per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road will change the electricity human development index (HDI) by 0.18%.0.05%, and 0.03% respectively these shows that increasing volume of per capita public expenditure on agriculture, education and road has a role to increase electricity HDI and thereby reduce poverty in the country. Thus, the Ethiopian government should formulate policies that can help to mobilize domestic and foreign aid in the productive sector like agriculture, education and road in order to achieve desired economic growth that can increase electricity human development index and in turn create gainful income to the mass of Ethiopian people to reduce poverty. The results of Error Correction Model indicate that there is both short and long run equilibrium in the system. The coefficient of one period lag residual coefficient is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.237 meaning that system corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 23.7% annually. In nut shell, the public expenditure management should be based on impact assessment. In other words, spending money on the provision of public goods and services must take in to account the extent to which this expenditure benefits the poor. Therefore, to maximise the poverty reduction role of pro-poor public expenditures, the government of Ethiopia should focus more on the fulfilment and improvement of basic necessities of the poor such as agriculture, primary health care, primary education, rural infrastructures and food security by allocating more public resources to the pro- poor sectors than that of universal and non-basic services and goods. Key words; pro-poor public expenditure, Human development index, co-integration analysis, poverty reduction.