Suchergebnisse

Focusing on the ancient, medieval, and early-modern eras, this collection considers the beginnings of Sino-Japanese Relations in the Ancient East Asian World, focusing on changes of the East Asian international system. It examines the establishment of the East Asian International Order in the 7th Century and the advance of Sino- Japanese relations in medieval times. It also considers the impact of initial contact with modern Western powers on modernization, and examines the points of rupture which deeply affected both cultures, for China the Opium War, and for Japan it the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and the Meiji Restoration. Based on research conducted jointly by Chinese and Japanese scholars, this collection provides a unique insight into the development of Chinese and Japanese culture from comparative perspectives, offering an in-depth study of the countries' political, religious and societal structures to deepen objective perception toward history and promote mutual understanding in East Asia

This article reflects the new focus of historiography between quantification and Oral History. Based on theoretical debates, it is shown how historiography is changing in context of new research fields, new topics, methods, sources and theoretical standpoints. Thus, this all can be understood as paradigm shift in historical research. The author focuses on methodology and historical sources, including its constituent issues and research questions. First, it should be asked what kind of impact technical innovations have on historiographical practice. Second, two practical "cornerstones of historiography" are presented: quantification and Oral History. They can be understood as opposite poles complementing each other in research practice in a fruitful way.

Concepts and Revolutions of Knowledge and Know-HowMythological Knowledge and the History of Science; Epistemological Knowledge and the History of Science; Technological Knowledge and the History of Science; References; About the Author; Index; Blank Page; Blank Page

The central features of the ancient South Asian Harappa civilization are investigated to ascertain the circumstances that facilitated the civilization's existence without the establishment of a central state. Archaeological evidence demonstrating the absence of a central state within Harappan civilization is presented, eg, the lack of memorials dedicated to military campaigns & enormous political & religious structures. Problems with Jonathan M. Kenoyer's (1998) contention that religious & elite trade figures essentially functioned as local governments throughout the Harappa civilization are highlighted; rather, it is demonstrated that large trading companies with branches throughout the South Asian region were responsible for the organization & supply of public goods. Various conditions responsible for the rise of the stateless Harappan civilization are subsequently identified, eg, the presence of various ecological zones, relatively easy access to requisite material resources, & the formation of inter-regional trade. Two reasons for rejecting the popular conception of the Harappan civilization's formation as the product of a natural-historical accident are also given. References. J. W. Parker

Credit relations have not been thoroughly examined by modern historians and are usually viewed through the lens of evolutionist narratives recounting the victory of " economic rationality" by means of the institutionalization, formalization, and modernization of these relations, although the veritable meaning of these terms are never precisely defined. This article examines the notion of credit relations by exploring their formalization and personalization, which are viewed as two relatively compatible elements. Drawing on a survey of recent publications on the subject, this article analyzes the complementarity of the various types of people involved in credit relations, the transformation of the tools for undertaking such a transaction, and the difficulties surrounding credit in addition to the (non-)existence of sanctions.