Suchergebnisse

La dialectique possible entre pères et institutions est indissociable des concepts d'identité et de filiation dans leur rapport à la culture. En Afrique et/ou en Orient, par exemple, il est courant de désigner un individu par son lien de filiation (celui transmis par les parents ou acquis après l'arrivée des enfants) dans la mesure où ce lien le relie à une ascendance ou une descendance. Si le complexe d'Œdipe a connu le succès qui est le sien, depuis sa description par Freud, c'est non seulement en raison de son universalité, mais aussi parce qu'il se réfère à la transmission à travers la filiation. Or, même l'actualité récente nous rappelle que la filiation est au cœur de toute culture et la communication, par-delà les langues, est le vecteur principal de ces différentes façons de faire et de dire. Quels liens entre pères migrants et institutions ? La consultation transculturelle est un espace privilégié d'analyse et de médiation dans les situations où ce lien est mis à mal.

Seeking to amend historical institutionalism, this article draws on the political science literature on ideas and the sociological literature on framing to discuss three ways in which ideational processes impact policy change. First, such processes help to construct the problems and issues that enter the policy agenda. Second, ideational processes shape the assumptions that affect the content of reform proposals. Third, these processes can become discursive weapons that participate in the construction of reform imperatives. Overall, ideational processes impact the ways policy actors perceive their interests and the environment in which they mobilize. Yet, such processes are not the only catalyst of policy change, and institutional constraints impact the politics of ideas and policy change. This claim is further articulated in the final section, which shows how national institutions and repertoires remain central to the politics of policy change despite the undeniable role of transnational actors and processes, which interact with such institutions and repertoires. Adapted from the source document.

Le monde de l'éducation essuie aujourd'hui de nombreuses critiques. L'auteur a entrepris, dans cet essai, de tracer une voie nouvelle dans laquelle pourraient s'engager les institutions d'enseignement. Pour ce faire, il s'inspire de deux théories très différentes, l'une proposant l'abolition de l'école, l'autre la transformation de l'école, montrant en quoi chacune constitue un apport positif (ou négatif, selon l'aspect envisagé) à la réforme du système d'éducation. L'institution scolaire doit continuer à exister, mais elle doit être profondément transformée. L'auteur analyse plus particulièrement trois de ses éléments qui devront subir d'importants changements : l'autorité, les programmes de cours et les différents modes d'évaluation, y compri.s les diplômes. En même temps qu'une transformation de sa structure interne, l'école doit entreprendre une révision de son rôle dans la société, où elle est appelée à remplir une fonction historique plus active. Les institutions d'enseignement devront en effet devenir d'une manière plus explicite des agents de transformation de la société, ou bien se contenter uniquement d'en suivre l'évolution.

How do electoral institutions affect legislative behavior? Though a large body of theoretical scholarship posits a negative relationship between multimember districting and the provision of particularistic goods, empirical scholarship has found little evidence in support of this expectation. Using data on the provision of US post offices from 1876 to 1896, a period during which many states elected congressional representatives from at‐large districts, and a differences‐in‐differences approach, I find that counties represented by at‐large representatives received approximately 8% fewer post offices. The results have important implications for studying how electoral institutions affect incentives for legislative behavior.

Containing theoretical chapters and six country case study chapters, this book sets out some of the principles that are critical to success in regional cooperation and the ways APEC can promote structural reform efforts in APEC economies.

Der Beitrag untersucht anhand der Verfassungen, inwieweit die Institutionenpolitik in Ostdeutschland mit der Einführung der Institutionen abgeschlossen war. Er zeigt, dass die Verfassungen häufig geändert wurden, gibt einen Überblick über die ähnlichen Materien und Gründe dieser Änderungen sowie über die Verfassungsdynamik jenseits des Verfassungstextes. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass die Verfassungspolitik und Verfassungsauslegung in den neuen Ländern Integrationsdefizite der Bundesebene kompensieren kann und sondiert die Mechanismen dieses Ausgleichs. Da die Einbettung in den bundesdeutschen Föderalismus ihre Risiken abmildert, könnten die Freiräume für integrationsförderliche politisch-institutionelle Experimente stärker genutzt werden.

Since 1980, there has been an increasing interest in the area of innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development. While the role of educational institutions in the entrepreneurship/new venture creation process has been recognized, little research has been done, particularly outside the US, to identify the type and extent of involvement in this area by these institutions. Looks at the activities of European third‐level educational institutions in Western Europe, Sweden, Finland, Eastern and Central Europe, and some of the Republics of the former USSR. Universities in these geographic areas were surveyed regarding the extent (if any) of their activities in four primary areas of entrepreneurship: educational programmes; training programmes; research; and enterprise formation. There were 109 of the 227 institutions from 23 countries which responded ‐ a 48 per cent response rate. Institutions were more inclined to be involved in research than education, training and actual venture creation.

In 1989, peaceful change, which a leading realist theorist had declared a very low-probability event in international politics less than a decade before, accommodated the most fundamental geopolitical shift of the postwar era and perhaps of the entire twentieth century: the collapse of the Soviet East European empire and the attendant end of the cold war. Many factors were responsible for that shift. But there seems little doubt that multilateral norms and institutions have helped stabilize their international consequences. Indeed, such norms and institutions appear to be playing a significant role in the management of a broad array of regional and global changes in the world system today.

Albrecht begreift seine Analyse der Bild-Zeitung als eine erste Annäherung an die Anatomie einer Institution. Unter ausführlicher Referierung der zum Thema erschienenen Sekundärliteratur setzt sich Albrecht mit Aufmachung, Inhalt und gesellschaftlicher Wirksamkeit der Bild-Zeitung auseinander. Einen breiten Raum in dem Aufsatz nimmt der Warencharakter der von der Bild-Zeitung verkörperten Ideologie ein, sowie die Umkehrung: Ware als Ideologie. Auch Selbstdarstellungen der Bild-Zeitung werden berücksichtigt. Abschließend beschreibt Albrecht Reaktionen der politischen Linken in Deutschland auf die Bild-Zeitung, wobei er sich in erster Linie auf die Arbeiten von Günter Wallraff bezieht. (KF)

The second part of the paper considers interconnections and interactions of culture and formal institutions and demonstrates the role of culture in economic development. In particular, it shows the importance of individualism, cooperation, trust, and various forms of regulation. It considers and compares different characteristics of the labor market and social policy. It also demonstrates the feedback effects between culture and institutions in various contexts.

"Institutions", as a set of pre-existing and objective resources of justification, is the milieu where economic agents can find materials to solve their coordination problems and/or their conflicts of reproduction. "Conventions" are collective representations of "justified common worlds" that activate institutions and legitimize arrangements within "organizations", whose joint production of goods and rules will lead to the renewal - or the degeneracy - of prior institutional milieu. The plurality of justification orders postulated in the model takes account of the empirical diversity of institutions. The institutional dynamics is studied through the operations which do/undo the possibility of building "common worlds" from "plurality". Competition, as for the space of prices, should be combined with сritic, as for the space of values (norms).

A theory of democratic institutions should provide us with a coherent combination of definition and justification. It should explain how it defines democratic institutions and also how they will or should function; but it also should explain why democracy, so understood, is desirable. We are all familiar with stories about the fiscal excesses to which democracies are prone, stories about the ignorance of voters, and stories about the venality of legislators. Some of us may also be suspicious of concepts such as "consent" or "the will of the people" associated with traditional arguments for democracy. Against this background, the current interest in deliberative democracy seems promising. This conception of democracy does not rely, for example, on the idea of rational and knowledgeable voters satisfying preferences they have independent of the political process. Nor does it rely on any notion of an independent popular will. Instead, it offers a picture of the democratic process as one in which men and women engage in constructive discussion, seeking a principled resolution of their differences and developing, over time, a conception of the terms on which they will live with one another.

A review essay on books by (1) Seyla Benhabib (Ed), Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press, 1996); (2) Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA & London: Belknap Press, 1996); & (3) James G. March & Johan P. Olsen, Democratic Governance (New York: Free Press, 1995). These texts investigate the historical origins of democracy & consider democracy's future directions. March & Olsen study the types of institutions needed to establish democracies & the process of creating such institutions. Their contention that successful democracies must find a balance between government autonomy & the citizenry's establishment of accountability measures is deemed sensible. Gutmann & Thompson build on Rawlsian & post-Rawlsian debates in political philosophy to examine the moral elements of democracy & advance the notion of "deliberative democracy." Although Benhabib's volume favors this deliberative type of democracy, contributors offer different accounts of the interaction between difference & deliberation in democracies. It is concluded that deliberation is a desirable component of democracy; therefore, the deliberative form is not an actual model of democracy. J. W. Parker