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The essays in this anthology deal with the growing interconnections between moral philosophy and research that draws upon neuroscience, developmental psychology, and evolutionary biology. This cross- disciplinary interchange coincides, not accidentally, with the renewed interest in ethical naturalism. In order to understand the nature and limits of moral reasoning, many new ethical naturalists look to cognitive science for an account of how people actually reason. At the same time, many cognitive scientists have become increasingly interested in moral reasoning as a complex form of human cognition that challenges their theoretical models. The result of this collaborative, and often critical, interchange is an exciting intellectual ferment at the frontiers of research into human mentality. Sections and Contributors: Ethics Naturalized Owen Flanagan, Mark L. Johnson, Virginia Held Moral Judgments, Representations, and Prototypes Paul M. Churchland, Andy Clark, Peggy DesAutels, Ruth Garrett Millikan Moral Emotions Robert M. Gordon, Alvin I. Goldman, John Deigh, Naomi Scheman Agency and Responsibility James P. Sterba, Susan Khin-Zaw, Helen E. Longino, Michael E. Bratman A Bradford Book

Bobrowski had expressed the intention to study art history after graduation, but war and captivity thwarted his plans: As a member of the German Armed Forces, he was only released from military service for a semester in winter 1941/1942. Bobrowski was particularly impressed by the lectures on German Art in the Age of Goethe by the departmental chair Wilhelm Pinder. However, despite this fundamental influence Pinder's ideological background never become manifest in Bobrowski's poems. After returning from Soviet captivity during Christmas 1949, university studies were out of the question for the thirty-two-year-old. However, his lifelong intermedial engagement with fine art in his work can be interpreted as an expression of his diverse cultural and historical interests and inclinations. The poet's life phases correlate with the thematic development of his poems on visual art: The inviolable aesthetics of significant works of art helped him to overcome the horror of the last years of the war and the privations of Soviet captivity. Didactic moral aims initially shaped the poems Bobrowski created in the years after his return home before he was able to distance himself in terms of content and form from this type of poetry and began to write poems that take up cultural-historical aspects and juxtapose historical, mythological, biblical and religious-philosophical themes spanning epochs. His poems about the artists Jawlensky and Calder also touch simultaneously on aspects of the cultural landscape. In the last decade of his life, Bobrowski became increasingly interested in twentieth-century art, while modern architecture was absent from his work. Bobrowski devoted himself in an entire series of poems to Classicist and Romanticist painting and thus to works that were written during the Age of Goethe and about which Wilhelm Pinder may have given lectures during his "German Art in the Age of Goethe" course attended by Bobrowski. Architecture is a leitmotif in Bobrowski's lyrical works. The significance conveyed of the particular sacred and profane buildings referred to in the poems as well as the urban and village ensembles and individual parts of buildings changes several times over the years. Starting from traditional, juxtaposed juvenile poems in iambic versification, in which architectural elements form part of an awareness that fades out everything outside of the aesthetic, the significance of the sacred and secular buildings in Bobrowski's lyrical works changes for the first time during the years he spent in Russia during the war as part of the German military. In the odes Bobrowski wrote at the time, the architectural relics testify to suffering, death and destruction. What is still absent, however, is the central idea of guilt, which later becomes the focus of poems he writes after his return from captivity until his early death. Towards the end of the war and during his years of captivity, Bobrowski reflects on the theme of his homeland again, and the architecture in his poems becomes an aesthetically charged projection for his yearning for East Prussia and the Memel area. The aspect of the sublime first appears in his poems, both in relation to painting and architecture, during his captivity. This idea is developed on the one hand after his return to Berlin in his poems on the architecture of Gothic cathedrals and the architectural heritage of Classicism, but the cultural heritage of Europe also represents historical injustice and a heavy, far-reaching guilt in the poems written during this period. Bobrowski turns away from his criticism of the entire continent of Europe in later years and in his "Sarmatic Divan" concentrates on the guilt Germans have towards the peoples of Eastern Europe. This also lends the architecture in his poems a new meaning. The relics of the castles of the Teutonic Order testify to the rule of medieval conquerors and merge with nature: The symbolism of the architecture becomes part of the landscape. In the last decade of his life, he increasingly writes poems related to parks and urban green spaces. The city, "filled with meaning", moves to the centre of his poetry. However he does not deal with the technical achievements and social phenomena of urban life in these poems but with urban structures and especially the green and open spaces as symbols of history. The poet relies not only on personal experiences, but sometimes also on image sources without ever having seen the original. The poems about Chagall and Gauguin are hardly accessible without the knowledge that they refer to image reproductions in narrow, popular books that Bobrowski acquired shortly before writing the respective poems. The situation is different with the Russian churches that find their way into his lyrical works. Bobrowski had seen them all during the war, and most of them still appear to exist today and can be identified with some certainty with the help in part of the poet's letters from that period. ; Bobrowski hatte nach dem Abitur die Absicht geäußert, Kunstgeschichte zu studieren, doch Krieg und Kriegsgefangenschaft vereitelten seinen Plan: Der Wehrmachtsangehörige wurde einzig im Winter 1941/1942 für ein Studiensemester an der Universität Berlin vom Kriegsdienst freigestellt. Nachhaltig beeindruckt war Bobrowski insbesondere von der Vorlesung "Deutsche Kunst der Goethezeit" des Lehrstuhlinhabers Wilhelm Pinder. Trotz eines grundlegenden Einflusses ist indessen zu keinem Zeitpunkt Pinders ideologischer Hintergrund in Bobrowskis Gedichten manifest geworden. Nach der Rückkehr aus sowjetischer Gefangenschaft an Weihnachten 1949 war für den mittlerweile Zweiunddreißigjährigen an ein Studium nicht mehr zu denken. Die lebenslange intermediale Auseinandersetzung mit Werken der bildenden Kunst in seinem Œuvre kann indessen als Ausdruck seiner vielfältigen kulturgeschichtlichen Interessen und Neigungen interpretiert werden. Die Lebensphasen des Dichters korrelieren mit einer motivischen Entwicklung seiner Bildgedichte: Insbesondere half ihm die unantastbare Ästhetik bedeutender Kunstwerke, das Grauen der letzten Kriegsjahre und die Entbehrungen in sowjetischer Kriegsgefangenschaft zu überwinden. Didaktisch-moralische Zielsetzungen prägten zunächst die in den Jahren nach seiner Heimkehr entstandenen Gedichte, bevor sich Bobrowski inhaltlich und formal von diesem Gedichttypus zu lösen vermochte und vermehrt Gedichte zu schreiben begann, die kulturgeschichtliche Dimensionen annahmen und historische, mythologische, biblische und religionsphilosophische Themen in epochenübergreifende Zusammenhänge stellten. Die Gedichte über die Künstler Jawlensky und Calder berühren gleichzeitig kulturlandschaftliche Aspekte. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt interessierte sich Bobrowski zunehmend für die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts, während die moderne Architektur aus seinem Werk ausgeklammert blieb. Architektur bildet eine Leitmotivik in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk. Die übertragene Bedeutungsebene der in den Gedichten benannten sakralen und profanen Einzelbauten, aber auch der städtischen und dörflichen Ensembles sowie einzelner Gebäudeteile, verändert sich mehrfach im Laufe der Jahre. Ausgehend von traditionellen, paargereimten Jugendgedichten in jambischem Versmaß, in denen architektonische Elemente Teil einer Wahrnehmung bilden, die alles Außerästhetische ausblendet, wandelt sich der Sinngehalt der Sakral- und Profanbauten in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk ein erstes Mal während den Kriegsjahren in Russland, die der Wehrmachtsangehörige am Ilmensee verbracht hat. In den damals entstandenen Oden zeugen die architektonischen Relikte von Leid, Tod und Zerstörung. Noch fehlt indessen der später so zentrale Gedanke der Schuld, der erst im Rückblick auf jene Zeit in den Gedichten, die nach der Rückkehr aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft bis zu Bobrowskis frühem Tod entstanden sind, thematisiert worden ist. Gegen Ende des Kriegs und in den Jahren der Kriegsgefangenschaft besinnt sich Bobrowski erneut auf Heimatthemen, und die Architektur in seinen Gedichten wird zu einem ästhetisch überhöhten Fluchtpunkt seiner Sehnsucht nach Ostpreußen und dem Memelgebiet. In Kriegsgefangenschaft tritt erstmals der Aspekt des Sublimen in seinen Gedichten auf, und zwar sowohl bezogen auf die Malerei als auch auf die Architektur. Dieser Gedanke wird einerseits nach der Rückkehr nach Berlin in den Gedichten über die Architektur gotischer Kathedralen und das bauliche Erbe des Klassizismus weitergesponnen, doch steht in den damals entstandenen Gedichten das Kulturerbe Europas auch für historisches Unrecht und eine schwere, weit zurückreichende Schuld. Von dieser auf den ganzen Kontinent bezogenen Kritik wendet sich Bobrowski in den nachfolgenden Jahren ab und konzentriert sich auf die Schuld der Deutschen gegenüber den Völkern Osteuropas. Damit erhält auch die Architektur in seinen Gedichten eine neue Bedeutung. Die Relikte der Ritterburgen des deutschen Ordens zeugen von der Herrschaft der mittelalterlichen Eroberer und verschmelzen dabei mit der Natur: Das Zeichenhafte der Architektur wird Teil der Landschaft. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt entstehen vermehrt Gedichte, die sich auf Parkanlagen und städtische Grünräume beziehen. Der Dichter hat sich nicht nur auf persönliche Erfahrungen, sondern mitunter auch auf Bildquellen abstützt, ohne dass er das Original je gesehen hätte. Nur schwer zugänglich sind die Gedichte über Chagall und Gauguin ohne die Erkenntnis, dass sie sich auf Bildvorlagen in schmalen, populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern beziehen, die Bobrowski jeweils kurz vor der Niederschrift der entsprechenden Gedichte erworben hat. Anders verhält es sich mit jenen russischen Kirchen, die Eingang in sein lyrisches Werk gefunden haben. Bobrowski hat sie alle selbst im Krieg gesehen, und die meisten scheinen noch heute zu bestehen und können mit einiger Sicherheit identifiziert werden, wozu auch die Briefe des Dichters aus jener Zeit beitragen.

This Open Access book combines philosophical and historical analysis of various forms of alternatives to mechanism and mechanistic explanation, focusing on the 19th century to the present. It addresses vitalism, organicism and responses to materialism and its relevance to current biological science. In doing so, it promotes dialogue and discussion about the historical and philosophical importance of vitalism and other non-mechanistic conceptions of life. It points towards the integration of genomic science into the broader history of biology. It details a broad engagement with a variety of nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first century vitalisms and conceptions of life. In addition, it discusses important threads in the history of concepts in the United States and Europe, including charting new reception histories in eastern and south-eastern Europe. While vitalism, organicism and similar epistemologies are often the concern of specialists in the history and philosophy of biology and of historians of ideas, the range of the contributions as well as the geographical and temporal scope of the volume allows for it to appeal to the historian of science and the historian of biology generally.

The current document, titled 'TIME4CS website and Citizen Science Helix', has been developed within the framework of the TIME4CS project, which is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 101006201. The purpose of this Deliverable is to demonstrate the creation of the TIME4CS website (https://www.time4cs.eu/) and of the Citizen Science Helix (https://www.crowdhelix.com/helixes/citizen-science ).

The purpose of the work is to establish the historical context of the formation of the concept of communication as a scientific discipline, to analyse modern theoretical approaches to the study of communication, to study the relationship between culture and communication in terms of moral and ethical norms. The research methodology is based on the use of methods of collecting and analysing information from available open sources, in particular, from reports of all-Ukrainian sociological surveys and studies of intercultural experience in the world. The conceptual methodological basis of the research is a systematic analysis of communication as an integral part of human life and culture, which is constantly evolving under the influence of changes in the modern world. The scientific novelty lies in the study of modern trends in the development of communication processes and the formation of new forms of intercultural communication. In addition, the study reveals the impact of modern technologies on communication processes and their interaction with cultural, social, and political aspects of society. This study is particularly important for the field of musical culture, as it shows the role of intercultural communication in the development of this field. Conclusions. The study found that communication as a process of information transfer is an integral part of the concept of culture. Interaction between cultural groups in the modern world depends on communication, which makes it possible to reduce the distance between cultures and increase understanding between them. Intercultural communication helps Ukrainian culture to preserve its uniqueness, as well as to develop and interact with other cultures to gain new knowledge and views, new experience, in particular in the field of music. Research in the field of intercultural communication is important for the development of social sciences, as it allows for a better understanding of the cultural and social processes that occur in different cultural communities.
Key words: Ukrainian culture, musical art, intercultural communication, multi-ethnicity.

Too much of wildlife management is today still more of an art than a science.
Turning the art into a much- needed predictive science requires including
research in the management process. The key to the process is developing an
appropriate model of how the wildlife system responds to management actions,
applying the actions, monitoring the outcomes, and using this to improve the
management model. Extrapolating management outcomes to different wildlife
areas requires the development of theory, as illustrated by a range of
examples.