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Current understandings of global environmental governance owe much to the numerous theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions of Oran Young. Over the course of 50 years, Young has created many of the theories and typologies we use to explain why international environmental institutions form and what types of effects they have and the conditions under which they have them. His contributions have been central to the development of the concepts of institutional dynamics, interplay, and scale. He has made major contributions to environmental policy globally and in the Arctic, both through his own work and by fostering the work of other scholars. This article summarizes the contributions Young has made to the field and introduces the articles in this special issue that honor those contributions.

"Sowohl das auf dem System von Versailles basierende europäische Staatensystem als auch die europäischen Demokratien blieben in der Zwischenkriegszeit instabil. Dennoch war die Entwicklung zum Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht unabänderlich und zwangsläufig. Stets gab es an kritischen Wegscheiden Alternativen, stets auch individuelle oder nationale Verantwortlichkeiten. Anschaulich belegt der Beitrag die Interessenlage und das taktische Vorgehen der wichtigsten europäischen Mächte im Schicksalsjahr 1939." (Autorenreferat)

Researchers interested in the field of International Relations as a subset of the social sciences are collectively known as internationalists. For the last few decades, this scientific community has brought forth a considerable range of original concepts, fueled by a rich array of ontological, epistemological, and methodological debates. In particular, the field of International Studies constitutes an arena that favors the development of concepts of alterity. In this article, the author demonstrates how an interdisciplinary approach would permit internationalists to select from the tools of each discipline and circulate ideas more fluently; the article proposes a structure of interdisciplinarity as a method for the integration that will allow researchers to interface between various disciplines in the field of international studies. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractTerrorism is an instrument for groups that cannot achieve their political goals legally. One important strategic function of terrorism is to weaken the government – either directly by attacking representatives or supporters of the government or indirectly by causing a political response that is unpopular among the population. Often, however, political stability of the home government is buttressed by foreign powers. In this case, the terrorists can have a strategic interest in attacking nationals of these foreign countries. This article analyses this logic by looking at international alliances as a proxy for international support. If the friend of my enemy is my enemy, then terror entrepreneurs, which seek to overthrow their home country's government (the enemy), may find it attractive to target nationals of the foreign allies of their country (the friends of the enemy). The theory in this article predicts that attacking nationals of a foreign ally is particularly attractive if this ally is militarily more powerful than the home country. Moreover, the combined effect of alliance and relative power differentials becomes stronger the more democratic the ally and becomes weaker the more democratic the terrorists' home country. Empirical support for the hypotheses in this article is found in an analysis of a directed country dyad sample of international terrorism.

Part 4 turns to the international history of declarations of independence and begins tracing out the fundamental significance of the American Revolution for the origins of contemporary international society and for how we still conceptualise states and international law in theory and in practice. In the conclusion to this essay, Armitage suggests that contemporary work in world history that conceives that history in terms of inter-state relations is working with the legacy of land-based (elephant) conceptions of empire, in contrast to accounts of globalisation, that draw on the legacy of oceanic conceptions of imperial power (whale) as fluid and boundless. Adapted from the source document.

Der vorliegende Beitrag (zuerst 1977 erschienen) diskutiert die Organisation und Implementation von fünf 'cross-national survey projects'. Auf die folgenden Aspekte der Studien wird näher eingegangen: Sie waren multinational insofern mehr als zwei Länder einbezogen waren; alle wurden Mitte der 60er Jahre initiiert und sind inzwischen abgeschlossen; alle Studien legten einen großen Wert auf die enge Kooperation der am Projekt Beteiligten und alle Studien stützten sich auf Primärerhebungen. (pmb)

The article looks at the public international law aspects of the BEPS Convention adopted in 2016 and open for signature in 2017. This OECD and G20 Multilateral Instrument (MLI) raises first of all the question whether international tax law is a branch of public international like any other. To answer this question, the paper looks at the specificities of the Convention, through both its normative contents and the treaty law techniques that are used to craft this rather unusual instrument. The first part of the analysis thus draws on some of the substantive rules of the MLI such as the introduction of a new aim of fighting against the double non-imposition but it also critically assesses the procedural provisions relating to dispute settlement in international tax issues. In the second part, the paper particularly dwells upon the different flexibility clauses which amount to much more than the reservations system classically known in public international law. It also draws attention to the way in which the MLI relates to the bilateral tax conventions that it aims at modifying, thus questining the truly multilateral nature of the instrument.

Environmental issues and questions of global change are now firmly established on the international political agenda. This book provides a wide-ranging survey of the current treatment of environmental issues in international relations. This book begins by looking at the relevance of the different theoretical approaches current in international relations to the study of the environment. It analyzses a wide range of approaches from the debate between neo-realism and liberal institutionalism to the significant connections between gender and global environmental change. The book goes on to consider a range of key international processes, discussing the monitoring and implementation of environmental agreements, the place of ideology in negotiations and the role of international organisations.