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1. Introducción: la problemática compatibilidad de la financiación pública del deporte (fútbol) profesionalcon el régimen de ayudas de Estado de la Unión Europea. 2. Referencia a las previsiones del Derecho de la Unión Europea sobre ayudas de Estado. 2.1. La regulación de los artículos 107 a 109 TFUE. 2.2. La referencia al deporte del Reglamento (UE) 2015/1588, del Consejo, de 13 de julio de 2015, sobre la aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 del TFUE a determinadas categorías de ayudas estatales horizontales. 2.3. La financiación de infraestructuras deportivas en el Reglamento (UE) № 651/2014, de la Comisin, de 17 de junio de 2014, por el que se declaran determinadas categorías de ayudas compatibles con el mercado interior en aplicación de los artículos 107 y 108 TFUE. 1. Introduction: the problematic compatibility of public financing of professional sports (football) withthe State aid scheme of the European Union. 2. Reference to the provisions of European Union Law on State aid.2.1. The regulation of articles 107 to 109 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 2.2. The reference to the sport of Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1588 of 13 July 2015 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU to certain categories of horizontal state aid. 2.3. The financing of sports infrastructures in Commission Regulation (EU) № 651/2014 of 17 June 2014, declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU. ; 1. Introduction: the problematic compatibility of public financing of professional sports (football) withthe State aid scheme of the European Union. 2. Reference to the provisions of European Union Law on State aid.2.1. The regulation of articles 107 to 109 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). 2.2. The reference to the sport of Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1588 of 13 July 2015 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU to certain categories of horizontal state aid. 2.3. The financing of sports infrastructures in Commission Regulation (EU) № 651/2014 of 17 June 2014, declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 TFEU. ; 1. Вступ: проблема сумісності державного фінансування професійного спорту (футболу) зі схемоюдержавної допомоги Європейського Союзу. 2. Посилання на положення Закону Європейського Союзу про державну допомогу. 2.1. Регламентація статей 107–109 ДФЄС (Договору про функціонування Європейського Союзу). 2.2. Відсилка до спортивного Регламенту Ради (ЄС) 2015/1588 від 13 липня 2015 р. щодо застосування статей 107 та 108 ДФЄС до деяких видів горизонтальної державної допомоги. 2.3. Фінансування спортивної інфраструктури у Регламенті Комісії (ЄС) № 651/2014 від 17 червня 2014 р., зазначення певних категорій допомоги як сумісних із внутрішнім ринком із застосуванням статей 107 та 108 ДФЕС

AbstractThis article analyses whether and how fairness considerations affect citizens' support of European Union (EU) policies and integration. While past literature has revealed that perceptions of procedural and substantive fairness impact on public opinion at the level of the nation state, we know less about the fairness‐support nexus when it comes to international cooperation. We here make use of the case of differentiated integration (DI) to experimentally dissect normative and utility‐oriented considerations in the evaluation of EU policies. DI as an instrument to overcome heterogeneity‐induced gridlock has been linked to both autonomy and dominance, and it can generate winners and losers in the EU. Our experiments reveal that citizens largely support DI. However, they are opposed to forms of DI which impose negative externalities on a subgroup of EU member states. This holds irrespective of the affectedness of citizens' own member states. We take these findings as a first experimental confirmation that citizens, indeed, care about the fairness of the EU and its policies.

AbstractBetween 2002 and 2007, the Council of the European Union has entered into more than 70 international agreements with third parties pursuant to Article 24 of the Treaty on European Union in order to address various legal and practical matters relating to the conduct of EU crisis management missions in third countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the Council's practice in the implementation of Article 24 of the Treaty and to assess the widely held view that the international agreements concluded under this provision offer conclusive proof of the EU's status as an independent subject of international law. Even though the Council's recent practice does indeed suggest that it concludes international agreements on behalf of the Union as such, this does not lay to rest all uncertainties surrounding the EU's nature as an international legal person.

Paper submitted to IRSES II Symposium, Kokaeli, Turkey, June 16-20, 2014. ; This paper shows how the economic crisis has impact in the social structures of European countries, measured by the public opinion. The subjective perceptions of social status have changed. In many countries, middle classes have experienced a decrease. The crisis generates two processes of dualization. The first gap is between European societies. The second is evolving inside the societies. These two processes are showed in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Great Britain and Turkey. ; Ayuda de movilidad del Vicerrectorado de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad de Alicante.

In this paper, we build a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model to study whether European citizens would benefit from the eventual accession of Turkey to the European Union. The results of the simulations show that Turkey's accession to the European Union is welfare enhancing for Europeans, provided that Turkish total factor productivity (TFP) increases sufficiently after enlargement. In the model with no capital mobility, the Europeans are better off it the Turkish TFP increase bridges more than 31% of the initial TFP gap between Turkey and the European Union. That figure becomes 45% when capital mobility is introduced.

In this paper, we build a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model to study whether European citizens would benefit from the eventual accession of Turkey to the European Union. The results of the simulations show that Turkey's accession to the European Union is welfare enhancing for Europeans, provided that Turkish total factor productivity (TFP) increases sufficiently after enlargement. In the model with no capital mobility, the Europeans are better off it the Turkish TFP increase bridges more than 31% of the initial TFP gap between Turkey and the European Union. That figure becomes 45% when capital mobility is introduced.

The aim of the article is to work out a synthetic measure for estimating country's innovation potential (CIP) of EU economies. For the purpose of the research, data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat) are used and several indicators are organized by four different areas of analysis, i.e. investment expenditure, education, labour market and effects. Applying multi-dimensional statistics allows us to reduce the primary set of diagnostics variables and, simultaneously, identify those which best describe the potential. The final step is linear ordering of EU countries according to their innovative potential on the basis of CIP synthetic measure. The rating is compared with other ratings based on the recognized Summary Innovation Index and Global Innovation Index. The main conclusion is that the methodology of innovativeness assessment remains an open issue and requires further research. The most important task is the selection of indicators, followed by statistical verification in relation to their importance to innovativeness. The results show that there is a tendency to between the author's ratings and other already published ratings of innovativeness.

In an endeavor to make Europe carbon-neutral, and to foster a circular economy, improving food waste management has been identified by the European Union (EU) as a key factor. In this study, we consider 21 pathways, covering: (i) prevention; (ii) reuse for both human consumption and animal feed; (iii) material recycling as an input into the food and chemical industries; (iv) nutrient recycling; and (v) energy/fuel recovery. To include all types of impact, a sustainability assessment, encompassing environmental, economic, and social pillars, is performed and complemented with societal life cycle costing. The results indicate that after prevention, reuse for human consumption and animal feed is the most preferred option, and, in most cases, nutrient recycling and energy recovery are favored over material recycling for chemical production. While highlighting that the food waste management hierarchy should be supported with quantitative sustainability analyses, the findings also illustrate that biochemical pathways should be improved to be competitive despite the fact that food waste valorization has the potential to satisfy the EU demand for the chemicals investigated. Yet, the results clearly show that the potential benefits of improving emerging technologies would still not eclipse the benefits related to food waste prevention and its redistribution.

This article studies the likely impact of unconventional gas developments in the U.S. on EU competitiveness. We find, first of all, little evidence for a prosperous unconventional gas development in Europe. Second, the U.S. boom has already a strong impact on both world and European energy markets. In particular, lower U.S. gas and coal prices have changed relative energy prices both at home and abroad. Finally, competitiveness impacts in some (sub)sectors will be considerable. These impacts are not only related to production based on gas use as a feedstock but also on the 'byproducts' from unconventional gas production, such as ethylene, propane and butane. However, several indirect impacts, such as lower coal import prices, may soften the adverse competitiveness impact in the EU.

This thesis is an attempt to analyse, in legal terms, the theory and implementation in practice of an "ethical foreign policy" by the European Union. It focuses on relations between the Union and certain developing States. The thesis is primarily composed of two distinct substantive parts. The first substantive part is composed of two chapters. This part firstly investigates which international legal rules authorise or oblige the Union, the European Community or the Member States to promote certain values in third States or in certain circumstances take action. It further examines the legal limits which under international law constrain such policies. It then goes on to examine policy and practice from a Union/Community law perspective. Here the thesis analyses: the relationship between the Union and Community pillars; the instruments available to the Union and Community in the pursuance of foreign policy objectives; and the scope of the Community and Union's competence in implementing an ethical foreign policy. The second substantive part of thesis examines practice. It analyses the importance attached to ethical values and their relationship with other priorities and objectives. Chapter Four examines relations with Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan. Chapter Five looks at relations with the Palestinian Authority and Israel in the overall context of the Middle East Peace Process. Chapter Six examines the Union's policy of humanitarian and emergency aid. The thesis finally attempts to draw some conclusions, as to the efficacy of the policies and instruments utilised and the approaches adopted in practice. It is argued that the Union should concentrate its efforts on certain specific rights and territories and abandon the all-encompassing policy it is currently attempting to implement.

Thomas reviews 'The State of the European Union, Vol. 4: Deepening and Widening' edited by Pierre-Henri Laurent and Marc Maresceau.