Suchergebnisse

Проведено аналіз нормативно-правої бази щодо керівництва Збройними силами України та іншими складовими сил оборони, охарактеризовано стратегічне керівництво Збройними силами України як складову системи управління державою. Розглянуто: положення Конституції та низки законів України, на яких будується система стратегічного керівництва Збройними cилами України та іншими складовими сил оборони; повноваження суб'єктів системи стратегічного керівництва; актуальні проблеми стратегічного керівництва Збройними силами України й іншими складовими сил оборони. ; Problem setting. In the conditions of Russia's aggression against Ukraine, the annexation of the Crimea and the occupation of part of the territory of the Donbas, the operation of the United Force needs to be improved as a system of management of the state and the leadership of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the Defense Forces at the strategic level.Recent research and publications analysis. Among the latest developments on the above-mentioned issues, work can be distinguished: the monograph "The Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine: theory, strategy, practice"; monograph "The Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine: strategic leadership and military management"; article "Views on development planning in the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine".Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Conducting scientific research on the issues of military strategy, strategic deployment, and command of the components of the Ukrainian Defense Forces and their comprehensive support is entrusted to the Center for Military-Strategic research of the National Defense University of Ukraine named after Ivan Chernyakhovsky.The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory base of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the Defense Forces and to consider the variant of the system of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine as a component of the Defense Forces, based on the principles of NATO, and takes into account the tasks set for the separation of functions of the Chief of General Headquarters – Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Paper main body. The study of the experience of the antiterrorist operation and the United Forces operation shows that the current system of strategic command by the Defense Forces does not fully fulfill the functions assigned to it and therefore needs to be improved.The "strategic command of the Defense Forces" means the purposeful activity of the highest agencies of state power and agencies of military management in relation to the construction, development, comprehensive provision, preparation and execution of tasks by the defense forces in defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.The existing system of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is set out in the Constitution and a number of laws of Ukraine and is an integral part of the state governance system. It is based on the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine – the President of Ukraine is the Head of State and "carries out leadership in the areas of national security and defense of the state."The head of the system of strategic leadership of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the President of Ukraine. He is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine gives the President of Ukraine, as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the right to "decide on the use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the event of armed aggression against Ukraine".The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine is the coordinating agency for national security and defense under the President of Ukraine. The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine coordinates and controls the activities of executive power agencies in the field of national security and defense. The Military Cabinet of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine is the working agency of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine during a special period.The Ministry of Defense of Ukraine is the main agency in the system of central agencies of executive, which ensures the formation and implementation of state policy on issues of national security in the military sphere, defense and military construction in peacetime and a special period. The Ministry of Defense of Ukraine is the central agency of executive and military management under the jurisdiction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the State Special Transport Service.The General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the main military agency for planning the defense of the state, the management of the use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.The actual problems of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces are investigated. Including: the existing division of functions and tasks between the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine complicates the definition of responsibility for the implementation of certain functions and tasks and often prevents the unification of efforts for their implementation; the lack of a clear division of responsibility for the formation and use of Defense Forces, which negatively affects the ability of state leadership to effectively manage the defense; low efficiency of the system of operational (combat) management, communication and intelligence; insufficient operational (combat, special) capabilities of the Defense Forces; the lack of an effective integrated logistics system capable of supporting the work of all components of the Defense Forces; the lack of a joint leadership by the Defense Forces, etc.The analysis shows that domestic legislation does not have provisions on the direction of Defense Forces. This was the result of the slow implementation of the provisions of the Concept for the development of the security and defense sector of Ukraine and the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine in the legislation. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine will be, the highest military officer subordinated to the President of Ukraine and the Minister of Defense of Ukraine. It will be based on the full authority of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. He will be responsible for the readiness to perform the assigned tasks, control the use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and transferred to its subordination the forces and means of other components of the Defense Forces.One of the options for ensuring the activities of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is to consider the formation of the Main Command, which may include: the personal headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the coordination (General Staff) and special headquarters. Taking into account the tasks set for the separation of the functions of the Chief of the General Staff – the Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the variant of the system of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine as a component of the Defense Forces is proposed.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. mplementation of the provisions and requirements set out in the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On National Security of Ukraine" requires a radical change in the system of strategic command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the Defense Forces. Needs to change not only their organizational structure, but also relations between the military command and management (staff) procedures.

[spa] La presente tesis examina la posición de las víctimas de graves crímenes internacionales en los procedimientos iniciados ante los tribunales militares internacionales, el Tribunal Militar Internacional de Nuremberg (en adelante, Tribunal de Nuremberg) y el Tribunal Militar Internacional de Tokio (en adelante, Tribunal de Tokio), por un lado, los tribunales penales internacionales ad hoc, es decir el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Antigua Yugoslavia (en adelante, TPIY) y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda (en adelante, TPIR), junto con el Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona (en adelante, TSL), por otro. Adicionalmente, se estudia la posición de las víctimas de graves crímenes internacionales en los procedimientos seguidos ante la Corte Penal Internacional (en adelante, CPI), las Salas Extraordinarias en las Cortes de Camboya (en adelante, ECCC por sus siglas en inglés) y el Tribunal Especial para el Líbano (en adelante, TEL). Para ello, esta tesis empieza analizando el concepto de víctima a través del estudio del soft law y de las resoluciones de los tribunales objeto de estudio en torno a dicho concepto. Adicionalmente, la presente tesis examina la evolución que ha sufrido el régimen de los derechos reconocidos a dichas víctimas en los procedimientos iniciados ante los tribunales internacionales descritos anteriormente, previo análisis del contexto histórico-político en el que fueron establecidos dichos tribunales que son presentados como órganos jurisdiccionales de protección de las víctimas y como fundamento del Derecho penal internacional. Igualmente, se estudia la posición que se reconoce a las víctimas que participan en los procedimientos iniciados ante la CPI, las ECCC y el TEL y que solicitan una reparación por el daño sufrido, respecto de la posición de las víctimas ante los tribunales militares internacionales, los tribunales penales ad hoc y el TSL. En conclusión, el estudio realizado en la presente tesis responde a la pregunta sobre si las víctimas de los crímenes bajo la competencia de la CPI, las ECCC y el TEL tienen acceso al sistema de justicia penal internacional que promueven y si dicho acceso permite la restauración de la dignidad de estas víctimas y el resarcimiento por el daño sufrido. Finalmente, la presente tesis identifica los problemas detectados, en la práctica, durante el ejercicio de los derechos reconocidos a estas víctimas, así como presenta los retos a los que se enfrentan la CPI, las ECCC y el TEL en el proceso para garantizar el sistema de justicia penal internacional que promueven y previsto en sus tratados constitutivos, así como en sus normas procedimentales. ; [eng] This study examines the role of victims of serious international crimes in the procedures before the Nuremberg International Militar Tribunal, the Tokio International Militar Tribunal, the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals, i.e. the International Criminal Tribunal in the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal in Rwanda, and before the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leona. This study also analyzes the role of victims of serious international crimes in the procedures before the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. This study seeks first to analyze the concept of victim through the soft law and the international case law in relation to that concept. Additionally, this study examines the victims´ rights evolution in international criminal proceedings starting with an insight into the historical and political background of these international tribunals. The study considers these tribunals a source of protection for victims of serious international crimes, which have also contributed to the construction of the International Criminal Law. It also examines the approach of grantig victims of serious international crimes with a participatory right in the international criminal proceedings, as well as a right to claim compensation before the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon as compared to the International Militar Tribunals, the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leona. To that end, this study answers a question whether victims of serious international crimes under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon have access in meeting its primary goal of providing justice to victims, and whether this access allows the recovery of victims´dignity, and the right to claim compensation. Finally, this study presents some practical drawbacks that have been identified implementing the rights recognized to these victims, as well as the challenges faced by the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in the process of granting international criminal justice. ; [cat] La present tesi examina la posició de les víctimes de greus crims internacionals en els procediments iniciats davant els tribunals militars internacionals, el Tribunal Militar Internacional de Nuremberg (d´ara endavant, Tribunal de Nuremberg) i el Tribunal Militar Internacional de Tokio (d´ara endavant, Tribunal de Tokio), per una banda, i els tribunals penals internacionals ad hoc, és a dir el Tribunal Penal Internacional per l´Antiga Yugoslàvia (d´ara endavant, TPIY) i el Tribunal Penal Internacional per Ruanda (d´ara endavant, TPIR), juntament amb el Tribunal Especial per Sierra Leona (d´ara endavant, TSL), per una altra banda. Adicionalment, s´estudia la posició de les víctimes de greus crims internacionals en els procediments seguits davant la Cort Penal Internacional (CPI), les Sales Extraordinàries en les Corts de Camboya (d´ara endavant, ECCC per les seves sigles en anglès) i el Tribunal Especial pel Líban (d´ara endavant, TEL). Inicialment aquesta tesi analitza el concepte de víctima a través de l´estudi del soft law i de les resolucions dels tribunals objecte d´estudi entorn a aquest concepte. Així mateix, la present tesi examina l´evolució soferta en el règim dels drets reconeguts a aquestes víctimes en els procediments iniciats davant els tribunals internacionals esmentats anteriorment, previ anàlisi del contexte històric-polític en el que van ser establerts aquests tribunals que són presentats com a òrgans jurisdiccionals de protecció de les víctimes i com a fonament del Dret penal internacional. Adicionalment, s´estudia la posició reconeguda a les víctimes que participen en els procediments iniciats davant la CPI, les ECCC i el TEL i sol.liciten una reparació pel dany sofert respecte de la posició de les víctimes en els tribunals militars internacionals, els tribunals penals ad hoc i el TSL. En conclusió, l´estudi realizat per la present tesi respon a la pregunta sobre si les víctimes dels crims sota la competència de la CPI, les ECCC i el TEL tenen accés al sistema de justícia penal internacional que promouen i si aquest accés permet la restauració de la dignitat d´aquestes víctimes i el resarciment pel dany sofert. Finalment, la present tesi identifica els problemes detectats, a la pràctica durant l´exercici dels drets reconeguts a aquestes víctimes, al mateix temps que es presenten els reptes als quals s´enfronten la CPI, les ECCC i el TEL en el procés per garantir el sistema de justícia penal internacional que promouen i previst en els seus tractats constitutius, així com a les seves normes procedimentals.

The consequences of our modes of production and consumptions on the global environment have been recognized and analyzed for many decades: climate change, biodiversity collapse, tensions on numerous strategic resources etc. Our work follows a line of thought aiming at developing other indicators of wealth, alternative to the Growth Domestic Product. In particular, in a perspective of strong sustainability, we focus on biophysical (non-monetary) accounting, with the objective of pinpointing environmental externalities. A large part of existing research in this domain being targeted towards national levels, we rather focus on subnational scales, with on strong emphasis on French regions. With decentralization policies, these territories are indeed given increasing jurisdiction and also benefit from greater margins of action than national or international levels to implement a transition to sustainability. After studying the characteristic of existing tools used in the fields of ecological economics and industrial ecology, such as the Ecological Footprint, Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment or Input-Output Analysis, we focus on supply chains that we analyze through the quantities of materials they mobilize during the production, transformation, transport and consumption steps. The method developed, the Supply-Chain MFA, provides coherent flow diagrams at the national scale, but also in every region and, when data allow it, at infra-regional levels. These diagrams are based on a systematic reconciliation process of available data. We assess the precision of input data, which allows to provide confidence interval on results, and in turn, to put the light on lacks of knowledge. In particular, we provide a detailed uncertainty assessment of the French domestic road freight survey (TRM), a crucial piece of the Supply-Chain MFA. By doing so, we show that undertaking the study on a period of several years not only solves the issue of stocks but also significantly reduces uncertainties on trade flows between regions. We then adapt the Absorbing Markov Chains framework to trace flows to their final destination and to allocate environmental pressures occurring all along the supply chain. For instance, in the case of cereals, we study energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, the blue water footprint, land use and the use of pesticides. Material flows can also be coupled with economic modeling in order to forecast how they will likely respond to certain policies. In collaboration with the laboratory of forest economics (LEF), we thusly provide the first attempt of representing the whole French forest-wood supply-chain, and we analyze the impact of a set of policies on both the economy and physical flows. Finally, we show the opportunities of linking these supply-chain results with qualitative methods unfold in the domain of territorial ecology, stakeholder analysis in particular. We situate our work in the normative framework of deliberative democracy and are therefore interested in the contributions of biophysical accounting to public decision processes that include diverse stakeholders. We propose an overview of decision modes, key steps of decision-aiding, multicriteria methods, but also of the various forms taken by citizen participation. We eventually design a deliberation-aiding method, based on elicitation of each stakeholder's satisfaction and regret regarding a given future. It aims at organizing the discussion on an apparent consensus mode, which by nature facilitates the respect of minorities. Finally, based on the main criticisms addressed to quantification, we propose in conclusion thoughts on the conditions that could put biophysical accounting at the service of democratic emancipation. ; Les conséquences de nos modes de production et de consommation sur l'environnement mondial sont reconnues et analysées depuis plusieurs décennies : changement climatique, effondrement de la biodiversité, tensions sur de nombreuses ressources stratégiques etc.Notre travail s'inscrit dans un courant de pensée visant à développer d'autres indicateurs de richesse. Dans une perspective de durabilité forte, nous nous concentrons sur une comptabilité biophysique (non monétaire), apte à pointer les externalités environnementales. Si une part importante des recherches dans ce domaine a été dédiée aux échelons nationaux, nous nous intéressons ici aux échelles locales, et en particulier aux régions françaises. Après avoir étudié les caractéristiques d'outils existants mobilisés dans les domaines de l'économie écologique et de l'écologie industrielle, comme l'Empreinte Ecologique, l'Analyse de Flux de Matières (AFM), l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie ou l'Analyse Entrée-Sortie, nous nous focalisons sur les filières de production que nous analysons à partir des quantités de matières qu'elles mobilisent au cours des étapes de production, transformation, transport et consommation. La méthode développée, AFM Filière, permet de produire des schémas de flux cohérents au niveau national, dans chaque région, et quand les données le permettent, à des niveaux infra-régionaux. Ceux-ci sont basés sur un processus systématique de réconciliation des données disponibles. Nous évaluons la précision de ces données d'entrée, ce qui permet de fournir des intervalles de confiance sur les résultats, pouvant à leur tour pointer vers des manques de connaissance. En particulier, nous fournissons une évaluation détaillée de la précision de l'enquête permanente sur le transport routier de marchandises (TRM), une pièce maîtresse de l'AFM Filière. Nous montrons au passage que réaliser le bilan matières sur une période de plusieurs années permet non seulement de s'affranchir du problème des stocks, mais aussi de réduire significativement l'incertitude sur les échanges entre régions. Nous adaptons par la suite la méthode des chaînes de Markov absorbantes pour tracer les flux jusqu'à leur destination finale et allouer les pressions sur l'environnement produites tout au long de la filière. Les flux de matières peuvent également être couplés à des modèles économiques afin de prévoir leur évolution en réponse à certaines politiques. En collaboration avec le Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière (LEF), nous fournissons ainsi la première tentative de représentation des flux sur la filière forêt-bois française, et analysons l'impact de différentes politiques de réduction des exports de bois brut sur l'économie et sur les flux physiques. Enfin, nous montrons comment il serait possible d'articuler ces analyses de filières avec les méthodes d'analyse qualitative déployées dans le domaine de l'écologie territoriale, et en particulier, l'analyse des jeux d'acteurs dans la filière. Nous situons notre travail dans le cadre normatif de la démocratie délibérative. A ce titre, nous réfléchissons aux apports de la comptabilité biophysique aux processus de décisions publiques incluant diverses parties prenantes. Nous dressons un panorama des modes de décision, des étapes clé d'un processus d'aide à la décision, des méthodes multicritères mais également des différentes formes que peut prendre la participation des citoyens. Nous proposons finalement une méthode d'aide à la délibération fondée sur l'élicitation de la satisfaction et du regret éprouvé par chaque partie prenante face à un futur donné. Celle-ci vise à organiser la discussion sur le mode du consensus apparent, qui facilite par nature le respect des minorités. Enfin, en partant des principales critiques adressées à la quantification, nous proposons en conclusion une réflexion sur les conditions qui permettraient de mettre la comptabilité écologique au service de l'émancipation démocratique.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

[spa] La integración de Cataluña en la monarquía francesa en 1641 abrió un período de convivencia entre dos mundos políticos. Para Francia, la incorporación de la nueva provincia tiene lugar en una sociedad enamorada del heroísmo. El reinado de Luis XIII parece ser la culminación de un proceso de reformulación del paradigma heroico: un modelo político y un referente ético nobiliario. La Guerra de España llevó la cultura heroica a su clímax. En particular, la proclamación del rey como soberano de Cataluña abre nuevos horizontes a este mundo imaginario, que moviliza también a los antiguos referentes mesiánicos. La historia de la compañía catalana producida por el séquito real ofrece una nueva perspectiva sobre la construcción de la imagen de Luis XIII. El horizonte catalán "completa" la construcción de su perfil heroico, y sirve de apoteosis, valorando el hecho de una muerte "sacrificial" como consecuencia de la presencia real en la sede de Perpiñán. Los virreyes se convertirán también en el centro de una narrativa heroica, protagonistas de una verdadera "epopeya catalana". Las luces y sombras de esta heroica experiencia política aparecen en el destino a veces trágico de estos representantes del rey, que deben hacer frente, además de a los retos militares y políticos de su cargo, a los equilibrios de poder en la corte. Por el lado catalán, la llegada de Luis XIII forma parte de la dinámica "revolucionaria" que se inició en 1640, cuando los líderes de la revuelta, que querían ser fieles al rey Felipe IV, formularon una historia capaz de domar acontecimientos que a veces se les escapaban. El horizonte de una providencial "restauración" de Cataluña está cerca. El "momento" republicano parece imposible de encontrar aquí, entre la interrupción formal de la jurisdicción de un rey y la aclamación del otro. A partir de entonces, un discurso providencial de restauración de la provincia se desarrolló a través de la realeza encarnada por un nuevo príncipe "mesías". La imagen del rey se convierte en un ideal sobre el que se proyectan expectativas políticas y por el que los propios líderes de la "revuelta" buscan justificarse. El rey se perdió la visita a Barcelona, justo antes de su muerte. El funeral real servirá para cristalizar esta historia y ofrecerá, a través de la imagen del rey "sacrificado" y "canonizado", un emblema del régimen francés en Cataluña. ; [fr] L'intégration de la Catalogne dans la monarchie française, en 1641, ouvre une période de coexistence de deux univers politiques. Pour la France l'incorporation de la nouvelle province intervient dans une société éprise d'héroïsme. Le règne de Louis XIII apparaît comme la culmination d'un processus de reformulation du paradigme héroïque: modèle politique et référent étique nobiliaire. La guerre espagnole porte la culture héroïque à son paroxysme. Singulièrement la proclamation du roi comme souverain de Catalogne ouvre des nouveaux horizons à cet imaginaire mobilisant aussi des référents messianiques anciens. Le récit de l'entreprise catalane produit par l'entourage royal offre un nouveau regard sur la construction de l'image de Louis XIII. L'horizon catalan «achève» la construction de son profil héroïque, et lui sert d'apothéose, valorisant le fait d'une mort «sacrificielle» conséquence de la présence royale au siège de Perpignan. Les vice-rois deviendront aussi le centre d'un récit héroïque, protagonistes d'une vraie «épopée catalane». Les lumières et les ombres de cette expérience héroïque du politique apparaissent dans le destin, parfois tragique, de ces représentants du roi, qui doivent faire face, outre aux défis militaires et politiques relevant de sa charge, aux equilibres de pouvoir à la cour. Du côté catalan l'avénement de Louis XIII s'inscrit dans la dynamique «révolutionnaire» entamée en 1640. Le meneurs de la révolte, qui se veulent fidèles au roi, Philippe IV, formuleront un récit capable d'apprivoiser des événements parfois leur échappant. L'horizon d'une «restauration» providentielle de Catalogne intervient. Le «moment» républicain semble ici introuvable, entre l'interruption formelle de la juridiction d'un roi et l'acclamation de l'autre. Des lors se développe un discours providentiel de restauration de la province à travers la royauté incarnée par un nouveau prince «messie». L'image du roi devient un idéal sur lequel l'on projette les attentes politiques et par lequel les propres dirigeants de la «révolte» cherchent à se justifier. La visite manquée du roi à Barcelone, précédée de peu à sa mort. Les funérailles royales serviront à la cristallisation de ce récit, et offriront par l'image du roi «sacrifié» et «canonisé», un emblème pour le régime français en Catalogne. ; [eng] The integration of Catalonia into the French Monarchy, in 1641, opens a period of coexistence of two political universes. In France, The incorporation of the new province arrives in a social context under the influence of an strong culture of heroism. Under Louis XIII's reign culmines a processus of reformulation of the heroic paradigm: a political model of gouvernement and an ethical referent for the French nobility. The heroic culture is taken to its paroxysm when the Spanish war begins. Specially the proclamation of the king as sovereign of Catalonia opens new horizons for this imaginary, mobilizing also old messianic referents. The narrative of the catalan entreprise developed by the royal entourage offers a new perspective of the Louis XIII's image making processus. The catalan completes the built of the king's heroical profile, and serves to make his apotheosis, emphasizing the fact of a sacrificial death as a consequence of the royal presence in the Perpignan's siege. Vice-rois become the center of an heroical narrative also. They are protagonists of a true «catalan epic». The lights and darkness of this heroical experience of Politics, appear throw the destiny, sometimes tragic, of these king's agents (and images). They have to face, besides the military and political challenges, to the power's struggles at court. By the catalan side, the accession of king Louis XIII has to be considered in the «revolutionary» context of 1640. The leaders of the revolt, who revendique to be loyal to their king, Philip IV, build a narrative able to tame serious adverse events, that sometimes escape to their control. The horizon of a providential «restauration» of Catalonia appears in this narrative. Republican time seems here «introuvable», between the broken of one king's jurisdiction and the other king proclamation. Since then a providential propaganda speech about the restauration of the Principality throw a royalty incarnated by a new prince «messiah». The new king's figure becomes one idealized image where Catalans look to project their political expectatives. Also a way for the catalan leaders to justify himself. The failed royal visit to Barcelone precedes for little the king's death. The royal funerals serves to the crystallization of these narratives: they offer the image of an «sacrificed» king, who is also a saint. He becomes the real emblem of the franco-catalan regime.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

Wide estuaries are natural magnets for urban development. Several of the World's major cities developed around estuaries, but at the same time encroached upon some of the most complex and vital ecosystems. Sea-level rise threatens to submerge both rare wetland habitat and essential urban areas and infrastructure. This prospect discloses the urgency of balancing urban development and environmental protection in Metropolitan Estuaries. The hard task of dealing with this threat may provide the opportunity to promote an integrated approach to regional planning, where the necessary adaptation of cities to sea-level rise could equally promote the preservation, or even the enhancement, of wetland habitat.The two case study metropolitan estuaries, San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and the Tagus Estuary (Lisbon, Portugal), share striking similarities in terms of morphology. They both host large metropolitan areas and important wetland ecosystems. Nevertheless, a finer analysis of development patterns reveals crucial differences in the extent of shoreline alteration and types of land use that now encroach upon natural estuarine habitat. The comparative study of both estuaries provides mutually beneficial insights on the shortcomings of each system, and helps identify opportunities to enhance coastal zone management, adaptive governance and environmental planning efforts.The evolution of both estuaries throughout the Holocene is reconstructed, with special emphasis on the process of anthropogenic alteration. While this impact has been significant and continuous in the Tagus Estuary for over two millennia, large scale disturbance of the San Francisco Bay was concentrated in the last two centuries. The legal frameworks that have guided, with varying degrees of effectiveness, the process of wetland reclamation and landfilling share a common ancestry in the Roman Law. These have evolved continuously in Lisbon and the State has upheld with relative success the provision to keep estuarine lowlands in public control, even as they were steadily transformed to farmland. In San Francisco, a period of deep disturbances over the Sacramento River's hydrology was coupled with extremely fast and under regulated development of lowlands. During a short period, the property of these lands, which would theoretically fall within the Public Trust, was transferred to local governments and private landowners, which led to their steady transformation onto salt ponds, industrial zones and even residential neighborhoods. As a consequence, the Bay Area now has extensive developed areas at very low elevations, vulnerable to low levels of sea-level rise, and remaining wetlands are now heavily encroached upon by urban development. Around the Tagus Estuary, while most original wetlands have long been drained for farmland, the remaining patches are adjacent to non-urban land uses, which could facilitate future efforts of restoration or allow wetland migration with rising seas.A comparative modelling of sea-level rise flooding over existing land uses reveals that, while around the Tagus Estuary most reclaimed lowlands are reserved for farmland and urban development over landfill is limited, the extent of developed urban areas at very low elevations is much greater around the SF Bay, which renders the region more vulnerable to early stages of SLR. Nonetheless, both cities have begun to incorporate climate adaptation onto their main environmental planning blueprints, for which they can be seen as early adopters of local sea-level rise adaptation strategies. Through interviews with stakeholders and document analysis, the planning and decision-making exercises that led to the recent elaboration of the first Tagus Estuary Management Plan, and the Bay Plan Climate Change Amendment, are analyzed and discussed.Lisbon benefits from a very simple, top-down, planning structure, with a handful of public entities directly communicating and articulating stakes and approaches along the planning process. A lack of transparency as to some specific interventions and a still somewhat incipient tradition of public participation have contributed to protract the Plan's final approval.The Bay Area institutional framework is well-used to collaborative planning efforts, which are usually successful in articulating conflicting interests, but are prone to limitations derived from narrow, and often difficult to expand, mandates for environmental planning agencies, within an extremely complex, multi-level, governance structure involving three levels of government and very active interest groups. While broad mitigation/adaptation strategies are decided at the National or State levels, the actual implementation of SLR adaptation measures often require a great deal of involvement of local actors. Given that it is at this juncture that adaptation takes a concrete spatial expression, this is also the moment when land-use conflicts arise. Local governments are left with much of the burden of mediating competing interests, between urban development, environmental protection, and other social demands. In some instances, the prospect of shoreline development may be very attractive for both property owners/developers and local governments, given the potential land value and economic benefits, but these have to be weighed against the medium-/long-term costs of defending these assets from rising sea-levels.In San Francisco Bay, there is an increasing awareness of the challenges posed by SLR, but the institutional arrangements are complex, and communication between the different public agencies/departments is not always as streamlined as it could be. Some agencies and departments need to adapt their procedures in order to remove institutional barriers to adaptation, but path dependence is an obstacle. The several projects where different federal and state agencies are partnered with local governments highlight the benefits of a more frank and regular communication between public actors. It also emphasizes the benefits of a coordination of efforts and strategies, something that was eroded in the transition from government-led policies to a new paradigm of local-based adaptive governance.Whereas the articulation of public actors is often easy to address by increasing communication and coordination, conflicts involving private landowners and developers may be much complicated by the threat of litigation. The lack of a strong legal backing to public environmental protection mandates is a major obstacle to shoreline planning around the Bay and elsewhere, and this is highlighted by the extreme caution of some public agencies in upholding their jurisdictions over private property. Environmental NGOs have, in the case of California, a big role to play, as they are able to resort to the same legal and lobbying instruments as the developers, and may help even-out the field between public stakeholders with limited legal and economic resources, and powerful private developers with nothing to lose. There is seemingly a sense of urgency in pushing for the development of shoreline properties, as public opposition to development on locations exposed to SLR is most likely to increase in the coming decades. At the same time, NGOs and public agencies are aware of the stress wetlands will be under as the rates of SLR increase towards the end of the century."Green", or ecosystem-based, adaptation is already on the way around the Bay. Large scale wetland restoration projects have already been concluded, and further action now often requires articulation with the reinforcement of flood defense structures, given the level of urban encroachment. While levee setback, or removal, would provide greater environmental benefit, the need to protect urban areas and infrastructure has led to the trial of ingenious solutions for promoting wetland resilience while upgrading the level of protection granted by levees.

Paradoxically, but together with the creation of united or at least harmonized legal, economic and partly political space in the EU it is risen momentum an intensive processes of its differentiation. The differentiation is expressed in the emergence within the EU several sub-groups, some of which goes forward, integrating all new areas of relationships, and the other part, which consists of countries that do not want or do not may follow suit (because of the mentality or the level of socio-economic development models) remains behind and thus albeit slowly, but seriously hampers the integration of the Union.The concept of European integration, created in 1950, declares that Member States should move forward with the same speed and equally participate in the implementation of integration projects. Countries that joined, are provided with time-limited transitional periods, after which all legislation and Community Programs is completely spread on them.It seemed that all the processes should take place smoothly, but as history has shown, each successive wave of expansion inevitably led to the differentiation of views on integration processes and methods for their implementation. EU becomes larger than the number of member states, and, consequently, more heterogeneous, with complicated and delayed process of transition. After the enlargement in 2004 and 2007 by 12 countries in Central , Eastern and Southern Europe, took place a question about general existence of the EU as a united front with the forced artificial fragmentation (although de facto separation is already there: the euro zone, the Schengen area, European monetary System, and some other projects).These problems are weakly researched by modern researchers that should draw attention to the special position of the Nordic countries in the process. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to study the role of the Nordic subregion in the process of differentiation of the European Union.Specific role in the differentiation of the EU is played by the Nordic countries. Having no alternative of no cooperation with the EU, Nordic countries have found their own way to adapt to the integration process and, at the same time, seriously affected the formation of differentiated structures of all states.Different position of the Nordic countries in the European Union was created due to historical, political, economic and national-identical reasons in each country of the region. For example, in the early 1990s, Sweden and Finland adhered to a policy of neutrality, Iceland was held on the basis of its specific geopolitical location, Norway is not sought because of the special structure of the economy and the unwillingness to be bound by the strict EU obligations in the areas of fisheries, shipbuilding and marine transport, Denmark, by contrast, received a positive result in the referendum in 1973, and the first of the Nordic countries joined the European community.However, the global geopolitical and economic changes taking place in the world and particularly in Europe in the early XX century, could not avoid and the Nordic countries. Already in 1995 Sweden and Finland entered the EU. Norway had the negative decision twice after nationwide referendums in 1972 and 1994, and Oslo had to withdraw its application for accession to the Union.Coordinated and final position among the Nordic region towards the EU has not worked today. Therefore, to assess their role in the European Union clearly is quite difficult. On the one hand, the Nordic countries are serviceable payers to the EU budget, have good performance in economic growth and high standards of living (for instance, the rated list of countries with the highest level of life quality, composed of the United Nations in 2009, showed that Norway and Iceland took 1st and 3rd place respectively), are actively involved in the discussion of all the current problems of the EU. On the other – you can't deny that there is a considerable skepticism about the deepening of European integration in the Nordic countries. In practice, it is embodied in the so-called 'special position'.Such a state of affairs is due to largely negative attitude of the Scandinavian countries to the impact increase of European institutions on domestic policies of the Member States, concern about the preservation of a unique social model and the reluctance to transfer important components of national sovereignty under the jurisdiction of European structures. For example, Denmark and Sweden as members of the EU are constantly faced a difficult dilemma: on the one hand, they are afraid of losing much of their national sovereignty, on the other – almost without participating in major projects of the EU, these countries reduce their influence within the EU. Norway and Iceland fee for participation in the single market and the Schengen agreement is also quite high, and they are also required to implement the decisions taken by others.In addition, Denmark and Sweden are consistent supporters of the enlargement of the European Union. The expansion was included as one of the priorities in the program's presidency of both countries in the EU in different years. This is due to, on the one hand, the Nordic countries increased attention to the problems of democracy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, on the other hand, every enlargement slows the deepening of European integration objective creates a more comfortable environment for most of the Scandinavian countries in the European Union.Finland, in contrast to the other Nordic countries, fully blended into EU structures, and now Finland is an active member of the EU, involved in all projects of the Union (lobbing interests of Russia).Thus, taking into account the above, it can be argued that the process of differentiation is problematic with controversial and ambiguous opinions of scholars. For example, according to Mr. Babynin, the researcher of the Institute for European Integration Research , RAS Europe , the so-called 'system exceptions' to the Nordic countries complicates the institutional structure of the EU and is justified by the desire of the new Member States get any exceptions primarily for themselves. For this reason, the full adoption of all EU law without any exceptions is indispensable for its survival and existence of effective. His colleague Mr. Kaveshnikov is convinced that the main advantage of the process of differentiation is that it gives the Union a chance to develop dynamically after each round of enlargement. The so-called 'enhanced cooperation' allows to combine the deepening and widening of integration, albeit by eliminating the uniform application of the law. And so this differentiation can prevent the creation of various forms of deep integration outside the EU structures (especially taking into account the historical tendency of the Nordic countries to cooperation). ; Статья посвящена исследованию и анализу скандинавского субрегиона в процессе дифференциации Европейского Союза. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню та аналізу скандинавського субрегіону в процесі диференціації Європейського Союзу.

An origin, an history of an institute of the court's penal order (hereinafter – penal order) (a form of a simplified criminal process'es model), an influence of the European criminal procedure laws on the criminal code of procedure (hereinafter – the CCP) of the Republic of Lithuania is briefly presented within an introduction of the Master's thesis (hereinafter – Thesis). In addition, some principles of legal regulation and the requirements of legal technique (hereinafter – Requirements) are represented. An hypothesis is then formed that legal regulations of the penal order's issuing process (regulated in the CCP of Lithuania) that violate the principles, Requirements raise problems of applying the institute of the penal order. In order to test the hypothesis, a concept of the penal order's issuing process is represented and the most possibly problematic legal regulations identified in the research. Furthermore, there are ascertained which identified legal regulations conflict with the principles, Requirements; proper legal regulations is then proposed to alter or supplement some provisions of the CCP of Lithuania. The structure of the Thesis includes 2 chapters, 4 paragraphs, conclusions and recommendations for the legislator. In the first chapter (the analysis of the concept of the penal order's issuing process), the penal order issuing process, which is similar in whole jurisdictions, is briefly presented highlighting it's essential features. The second chapter consists of 4 paragraphs that provide the identification of the most possibly problematic legal regulations and statements if and why the legislator violated the principles and Requirements. In the first paragraph, a first problem of the applying of the institute of the penal order is analysed, identifying, that an opportunity to misinterpret the Art. 418 (4), 420 (1) of the CCP exists. Considering the fact that an implied, supplementing and extending the explicit legal regulation, legal regulation is not clear to a law applier (in this case – a prosecutor), because it needs to clarify a legislator's will so that he / she would not send investigating materials and a statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to a court before this court examins a victim's complaint to that, there are ascertained violations of the principle of clarity and the Requirement that legal regulation shall prevent misinterpreting legal norms. There has been resumed that, in order to ensure a purpose of this legal regulation (a victim's title to appeal a prosecutor's decision on completing the process by the way of the penal order in a court. Consequently, in case of this appeal's outcomes' appearing in favor of the victim, the decision would be announced as ineffective and the prosecutor would lose the right to send investigating materials and the statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to the court), the legislator shall clearly (expressis verbis) supplement into the Art. 418 (3) of the CCP a prosecutor's title to apply to a court for issuing a penal order exclusively after a deadline of possibility to implement a victim's right to appeal a prosecutor's decision of completing process by a penal order and a date of receipt of data about not-receiving the appeal from the court, or, in case of receiving it, upon receipt of a copy of the court's decision on the victim's appeal. In the second paragraph, an issue of possibility of misinterpreting the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1), 234 (2) that enables malpractise of removing substantial violations of the CCP in the same manner as unclear case's circumstances, although they are different in nature, is solved. A conclusion was drawn that the problematic legal regulation violates the clarity principle, Requirements that legal norms shall be understandable to the adressees, formulated clearly, simply, there shall be prevented possibility of interpreting them illegaly, because, in case of substantial violations of the CCP, the law applier sees alternative, but not-fulfilling legislator's will, a not-justified way of applying it. It usually applies the Art of 420 (1(2)) (transferring the process from the simplified into the common criminal procedure's model when a judge detects substantial violations of the CCP within case's materials, although the transferring is executed exclusively in case of unclear case's circumstances (the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1(2))), not substantial violations of the CCP, because unclear case's circumstances might be removed in a court, but substantial violations of the CCP might not), 234 (2) of the CCP (returning case's materials then to a prosecutor so that he / she would remove the substantial violations of the CCP), instead of the implicit Art. 234 (2) of the CCP (directly returning case's materials to the prosecutor, without applying the Art of 420 (1(2)) prior (indirectly)). The third paragraph deals with a problem when it is impossible to serve a penal order on the accused in case of his / her hiding and he / she not-having other actors mentioned in the Art. 422 (1) of the CCP. In such a case, the penal order does not acquire legal force, the risk of reaching limitation period becomes large. It is researched whether: 1) in case of participating of a defense attorney in the process, is it possible to serve the penal order on him / her; 2) in case of his / her not-participation, might legal norms, regulating persons' search, be held as implicit, and the term of a defendant's submitting a demand of trying a case in a court be started to count after he / she has been found and with the penal order served; 3) shall a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative be held as a better alternative; 4) is a proposal of the Supreme Court of Lithuania to start the counting from the receipt of data about defendant's hiding justified. The findings show the breach of principles of systematic (the legal norms are inconsistent), effectiveness (the most efficient alternative has not been chosen. As the most efficient one shall be held a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative. The court could send it him / her per e-mail, mail or leave in the court)), Requirements that legal regulation shall be easily implemented, unsophisticated. In the fourth paragraph, a problem of prohibiting a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court according to the common rules of the criminal procedure is tackled. There was concluded that the legislator violated the principles of effectiveness, systematic, the Requirement that legal norms shall be consistent, because the legal regulation is not constitutionally justified, in accordance with it, a prevention of human (a prosecutor's, a judge's) errors is not carried, there are no other opportunities for these subjects to correct those errors, the principle of equality is violated. As a better alternative shall be held allowing a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court. As a result, a content of conclusions drawn in the paragraphs are presented. Furthermore, it is resumed that the hypothesis confirmed fully itself. In the recommendations for the legislator, there is suggested to revise the problematic legal regulations, submitted concrete alterations of the CCP.

Quello della emersione anticipata e tempestiva della crisi di impresa è tema di centrale attualità, in ragione della 'defaillance' economico-finanziaria che sta investendo i mercati mondiali, prima, e nazionali, poi. Ma la spinta verso l'uscita dalla crisi rappresenta soltanto la sublime giustificazione alla concessione, da parte del legislatore nazionale, di strumenti di favore per l'imprenditore che voglia, grazie ad una scelta autoindotta, regolare con i creditori il proprio dissesto manifestando all'esterno una situazione economico-finanziaria che, se lasciata al caso o all'inerzia della dirigenza, potrebbe trascinarsi nella c.d. insolvenza irreversibile, da trattare soltanto con il circuito liquidatorio della procedura fallimentare, sebbene l'esprit de loi riformista, che ha più volte inciso sul Regio Decreto n. 267 del 1942, sia stato caratterizzato da una più intensa sensibilità verso la conservazione dei valori aziendali. Il viatico di questo lavoro è rappresentato dall'interesse verso quelle sollecitazioni, non già autoindotte, bensì etero-indotte, di matrice giudiziale, che siano tali da 'influenzare' l'imprenditore ad uscire allo scoperto e sedersi ad un tavolo di trattative con i propri creditori. Da questa prospettiva, dunque, la crisi d'impresa non assume valore soltanto perché attuale e globalizzata, bensì si conferma come una situazione patologica che, se non trattata tempestivamente, pregiudica gli interessi di quanti gravitano intorno all'asse imprenditoriale. «Sollecitazioni giuridicamente rilevanti all'emersione anticipata e tempestiva della crisi di impresa: una rielaborazione sistematica», ad un tempo titolo e chiave di lettura dell'indagine: per 'sollecitazione' si intende quella attività diretta ad indurre qualcuno verso una certa scelta od una certa decisione; con la locuzione 'giuridicamente rilevanti' si intende la necessità che le sollecitazioni medesime promanino autoritativamente ed autorevolmente da un giudice, e si rilevino quali induzioni qualificate; il termine 'anticipazione', invece, introduce un dato temporale che permetta di collocare siffatte 'induzioni qualificate' in un momento precedente rispetto all'ordinaria emersione di un dissesto imprenditoriale; in ultimo, l'aggettivo "tempestiva" denuncia la necessità a che l'emersione della crisi intervenga quando sia possibile la sua regolazione senza che si sacrifichino tutti gli interessi che gravitano intorno all'impresa, prassi, peraltro, dalla quale la mentalità imprenditoriale nazionale non pare volersi affrancare. Allo stato attuale delle cose, quindi, il legislatore consegna agli operatori economici, suggellandoli espressamente come strumenti di emersione anticipata e tempestiva della crisi di impresa, i rimedi negoziali del piano attestato di risanamento, dell'accordo di ristrutturazione dei debiti e del concordato preventivo, rispettivamente incasellati negli artt. 67 lettera d), 182 bis e 160 e ss. della Legge Fallimentare, la cui analisi impegna il primo capitolo. L'indagine, in successione, nel secondo capitolo, muove dalla analisi di altre norme, contenute nella legge fallimentare e nel codice civile, non espressamente votate alla emersione della crisi di impresa, ma che (ed in una situazione di netto paradosso rispetto alle scelte legislative), grazie ad una interpretazione teleologicamente orientata verso siffatto fine, si ritengono idonee a motivare quelle sonorità di cui la mancata normazione delle misure di allerta e prevenzione rappresenta la eco. Infine, una ricognizione sistematica degli strumenti italiani mai si sarebbe potuta svolgere, se non in relazione all'analisi degli istituti concessi da un ordinamento nel quale la cultura della prevenzione delle difficoltà dell'impresa sembra essere più matura e sensibile: il terzo ed ultimo capitolo è votato alla disanima del sistema delle allerte francesi, tanto endogene quanto esogene all'impresa. ; The early and timely disclosure of company crisis is a topic of paramount relevance in light of the economic-financial 'defaillance' affecting first the world markets and then the national ones. However, the drive towards getting out of the crisis only represents the sublime justification for the national legislation to grant tools that favour the entrepreneur who's willing, thanks to a self-induced choice, to adjust his economic instability manifesting to the outer world an economic-financial situation that, if left to chance or to the passiveness of management, could lead to the - so called - irreversible insolvency, that could only be dealt with the liquidation circuit of the bankruptcy proceedings, although the reformist esprit de loi, which has repeatedly affected the Royal Decree n. 267/1942 was characterized by a more intense sensitivity towards the preservation of corporate values. The viaticum of this work is s represented by the interest towards the instances, not self-induced, but hetero-induced, by the courts, which are able to 'influence' the entrepreneur in order to step up and sit at a negotiating table with his creditors. From this perspective, therefore, the enterprises crisis not only is important because it's current and globalized but it proves to be a pathological situation which, if not treated promptly, could prejudice the interests of those who gravitate around the entrepreneurship axis. "Legally relevant solicitations for the early and timely disclosure of company crisis: a systematic analysis", at the same time title and key to the interpretation of the study: "solicitation" is defined as the activity intended to induce someone to a certain choice or a certain decision; the expression 'legally relevant' encompasses the need for the solicitations to emanate powerfully and authoritatively from a judge, and can be categorized as qualified solicitations; whereas the term 'anticipation' introduces a temporal element that allows to place such "qualified solicitations" in an earlier time than the ordinary emergence of a financial and economic difficulties and, lastly, the word "timely" reports the need for the disclosure of the crisis to happen when its control it's possible without scarifying all interests revolving around the enterprise, from which practice, however, the national entrepreneurial mindset does not seem to want to abandon. At present, therefore, the legislator delivers to economic operators, expressly qualifying them as tools for the early and timely disclosure of company crisis, the negocial remedies of the piano attestato di risanamento, accordo di ristrutturazione dei debiti and concordato preventivo, respectively in articles 67 d), 182a and 160 et seq. of l.f., the analysis of which is engaged in the first chapter. The study follows with the second chapter, which moves from the analysis of other provisions in the Bankruptcy Law and in the Civil Code, not expressly devoted to the early and timely disclosure of company crisis but that (and in a situation of net paradox with the legislative choices), thanks to a teleological oriented interpretation, shall be deemed eligible to give voice to those sounds of which the lack of standardization of the warning and prevention systems is the echo. Finally, a systematic analysis of the Italian instruments would have never been possible, if not in relation to the analysis of the remedies offered by a jurisdiction in which the culture of prevention of a company's difficulties seem to be more mature and sensitive: the third and final chapter is dedicated to a close examination of the French system of alerts, both endogenous and exogenous to the firm. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto ed economia: interessi rilevanti e tutele (XXV ciclo)

This thesis examines if and how information capture and documentation practices and the function of the public archive are changing in relation to archival concepts in contemporary administrative settings, as a result of e-government strategic development. The study aims for a holistic approach from the beginning of the life of the records to their long-term preservation. This research is situated in Sweden where the recordkeeping legislation takes a holistic approach: records management is understood as a dimension of the archival function and therefore records managers have not been recognised as a professional group, however recordkeeping practice involves two occupational groups: registrars and archivists. Swedish recordkeeping legislation is based on long administrative traditions in which the public right of free access to official documents is fundamental. Registration of official documents is important as the means of facilitating the citizens´ right to free access information and registrars are primarily responsible for this process, including classification. Archivists manage the full range of recordkeeping tasks, acting not only as custodians of repositories but also strategic experts on recordkeeping as well as auditing on behalf of the archival authority. The archive legally consists of all the 'official documents' created or received in the organisation. This is an explorative and documented case study that used several local government bodies (municipalities) for the data collection by document analysis and interviews. Swedish municipalities are particularly interesting because they are autonomous in relation to the national government, with complex organisational structures consisting of several politically controlled committees and administrative departments that implement political decisions and provide services to the public. The National Archives does not have any supervisory role or monitoring function over local governments, but it does publish guidelines on recordkeeping. Nevertheless, the municipalities are controlled to a large extent by the implemented policies decided at national level by the Government and Parliament. Therefore, national initiatives regarding e-government have impacted on the municipalities' recordkeeping. A theoretical lens combining archival science and theory of professions has been chosen to analyse the observed changes in practice. The thesis analyses the issue of recordkeeping awareness in three arenas: the legal arena; the political arena; and the workplace arena in the light of the records continuum model. The research findings demonstrate a gap between the legal and workplace arenas caused by lack of recordkeeping awareness primarily within the political arena. Despite the holistic view of keeping archives expressed in the recordkeeping legislation, observed practice appears closer to a life cycle model than proactive continuum thinking and planning. A lack of recordkeeping legislation awareness in the wider organisation is potentially leading to a division between records management and archives management, jeopardising the continuum approach. Consequently registrars may in the future become more like records managers and archivists may be losing part of their professional jurisdiction. There is a strong focus on business benefits to the organisation rather than the wider view of democratic values and cultural heritage. As a result: archivists seem to suffer a lack of resources as well as skills in order to carry out their responsibilities. The future role of archival authorities such as the National Archives is unclear. ; Just nu pågår en omdaning av den offentliga förvaltningskostymen för att möta politiska mål vad gäller utveckling av den offentliga sektorn med stöd av informationsteknologi. Denna avhandling undersöker konsekvenserna av en sådan ambition genom att använda den nuvarande offentlighets- och arkivlagstiftning som en referenspunkt i syfte att undersöka vad, varför och hur implementeringen sker. I Sverige utgör de allmänna handlingarna myndighetens arkiv och skall enligt rådande arkivlagsstiftning vårdas och förvaltas så att de tillgodoser behov rörande offentlighetsinsyn, rättskipning, förvaltning och forskningen. Det finns en lång förvaltningstradition och reglering kring registrering av allmänna handlingar relaterat till offentlighetsinsynen. Myndigheternas arkiv är per definition en del av det nationella kulturarvet. Allmänna handlingar är teknikoberoende, vilket medför att oavsett om handlingarna är pappersbundna eller digitala omfattas dessa av samma regelverk. Avhandlingen söker besvara frågan: Hur medvetna är offentliga organisationer om vikten av att hantera sina allmänna handlingar i det pågående e-förvaltningsarbetet på ett sådant sätt att de uppfyller kraven i offentlighets- och arkivlagstiftningen samt hur påverkas arkivariers och registratorers professionella status (positioner och arbetsutövning) inom organisationerna? Vidare analyseras relationen mellan nya strategiska initiativ avseende informationsfångst och arkivlagstiftningen. Avhandlingen förenar arkivvetenskap och professionsteori. En teoretisk analysmodell har skapats för analys av tre arenor: den legala, den politiska och arbetsplatsarenan vad gäller medvetenheten om de legala kraven gällande offentlighets- och arkivlagstiftningen. Förändringar avseende styrnings- och kontrollsystem på legal och politisk arena kan få konsekvenser, dels för synen på vad som definieras som arkiv, dels för professionerna (arkivarier och registratorer) på arbetsplatsarenan. Om professionerna minskar jurisdiktionen, dvs. länken mellan professionen och arbetet, riskerar de att bli marginaliserade. Avhandlingen baseras på fallstudier i svenska kommuner. Kommuner utgör till följd av den kommunala självstyrelsen inkluderande arkivorganisationen och mångfacetterande och komplexa organisationsstruktur intressanta studieobjekt. Datainsamlingen har skett via analys av dokument och intervjuer. Forskningsresultatet tyder på att det råder ett gap mellan den legala och verkställande arenan beroende på att de legala kraven inte beaktas tillräckligt på den politiska arenan, vilket i sin tur kan få konsekvenser för arkivets roll i samhället, inte minst när det gäller rättssäkerhet och demokrati. Arkivarier och registratorer finns företrädesvis representerade i hanteringen av traditionell arkiv- och dokumenthantering. Resurser liksom kompetens saknas dock när det gäller att arbeta strategiskt med e-förvaltningsfrågor. Omedvetenhet på politisk och verkställighetsnivå om vikten av att arbeta proaktivt med arkivfrågor resulterar i att professionerna exkluderas. Tillsyn kan ses som ett verktyg för att bibehålla och ytterligare stärka arkivariernas professionella jurisdiktion samt att bidra till en ökad medvetenhet i organisationerna. Fokus för e-förvaltningsutvecklingen har främst legat på verksamhetsnytta med betoning på den interna verksamhetsutvecklingen i organisationen, samt relationen till den enskilde medborgaren. Nya möjligheter att fånga och använda information väcker dock frågor kring informationens legala status i relation till offentlighets- och arkivlagstiftningen. Att strategiskt verka för offentlighetsinsyn och säkra informationen i ett vidare perspektiv som en del av ett kulturarv tycks inte ha samma dignitet. Arkivmyndigheternas framtida roll är oklar. Avhandlingen bidrar med ny kunskap om relationen e-förvaltningen och arkiv- och informationshantering ur ett praktiskt, legalt och arkivvetenskapligt perspektiv. Avhandlingen kan därför vara praktiskt användbar på politisk och verkställighetsnivå när det gäller att öka medvetenheten om dessa frågor i offentlig sektor. Avhandlingen bidrar även till teoriutveckling inom den arkivvetenskapliga forskningen genom kombinationen av det teoretiska ramverket med arkivteori och professionsteori. ; The result presented derives from four years of research conducted within the Centre of Digital Information Management (CEDIF) at Mid Sweden University. During this time I have been involved in two research projects; the CEDIF project and the GOINFO project. Without funding, this research had not been possible. Therefore, I would like to thank EU Objective 2, the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, the County Administrative Board of Västernorrland, Härnösand Municipality, Sundsvall Municipality and Mid Sweden University – who all funded this research. ; CEDIF ; GOINFO

Innovationen treiben das Wachstum von modernen Volkswirtschaften und schaffen dadurch Wohlstand. Integraler Bestandteil und Basis für Innovationen sind Kreativität, Ideen sowie neue Kombinationen von bereits bekannten Zusammenhängen. Diese Bestandteile manifestieren sich in dem, was als geistiges Eigentum (Intellectual Property, IP) bezeichnet wird. Seien es (technische) Erfindungen, angewandtes Design oder Markenschutz – alle sind sie wichtige Aspekte der Innovations- und damit IP-Strategie von Unternehmen. Um die Investitionen in geistiges Eigentum und Innovationen vor Nachahmung zu schützen, verwenden Unternehmen gewerbliche Schutzrechte (Intellectual Property Rights, IPR) wie Patente, eingetragene Warenzeichen, Gebrauchs-, Geschmacksmuster oder auch urheberrechtlichen Schutz. Bisherige Forschung untersucht den Nutzen von Patenten als Anreiz zur Innovation, die Motive, die insbesondere große Unternehmen mit Patentanmeldungen verfolgen und wie Unternehmen ihr geistiges Eigentum formal (IPR) und informell (bspw. durch First-to-Market, Geheimhaltung, sogenannte Komplementärgüter etc.) schützen (können). Darauf aufbauend beschäftig sich die Dissertation mit der Relevanz geistiger Eigentumsrechte (IPR) für Unternehmen und insbesondere mit dem Einfluss von Verletzungen dieser Schutzrechte auf Unternehmensverhalten und -strategie. Damit wendet sich die Arbeit diesen relevanten und bisher wenig erforschten Sachverhalten zu. Überblick Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Zunächst analysiert die treibenden Faktoren für Verletzungen gewerblicher Schutzrechte, wie bspw. Patente, eingetragene Warenzeichen oder Designs. Der zweite Teil betrachtet die Auswirkungen jener Verletzungen auf die Innovationsstrategie von Unternehmen und die Unternehmensperformance. Methodik und Daten Die Arbeit verwendet einen quantitativen Ansatz und ökonometrische Methoden zur Datenanalyse. Die einzige Ausnahme stellt die qualitative multiple Fallstudie dar, die sich auf Interviewanalysen gemäß der Grounded Theory stützt. Die verwendeten quantitativen Datensätze sind Daten des Mannheimer Innovationspanels (2005-2011). Zur Analyse der Daten wird im ersten Teil auf Logistische und Ordered Logit Regressionen zurückgegriffen, während im zweiten Teil Propensity Score Matching als zusätzliche Methodik Anwendung findet. Ergebnisse Meine Arbeit zeigt, dass Unternehmen, deren Innovationsprozess interne und externe Informationen, Fähigkeiten und Ressourcen miteinander vereint (Open Innovation), einem größeren Risiko der Verletzung ihrer IPR ausgesetzt sind als Unternehmen, die auf allein auf interne Fähigkeiten und Ressourcen zurückgreifen (Closed Innovation Paradigm). Unternehmen sehen sich durch die Verletzung von geistigen Eigentumsrechten (IPR) oder die Nachahmung von ungeschütztem geistigem Eigentum (IP) verschiedenen Risiken ausgesetzt. Diese Risiken werden qualitativ in einer multiplen Fallstudie erarbeitet und dann empirisch überprüft. Des Weiteren stellt die Dissertation heraus, dass Unternehmen, die sich strategisch als Preisführer aufstellen, mit keiner signifikant höheren Verletzung ihrer IPR rechnen müssen als alle anderen Unternehmen. Anders sieht es bei Unternehmen aus, die sich strategisch differenzieren wollen. Diese müssen mit einer erhöhten Patentverletzungsrate und Nachahmung von nicht eingetragenen und damit nicht geschützten Marken rechnen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass sowohl die Unternehmensstrategie als auch die Innovationsstrategie einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Verletzungsvorkommnisse haben. Die Dissertation weist Wege auf, diese Informationen zu einer gewinnbringenden Unternehmensstrategie zusammenzuführen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit legt nahe, dass die Verletzung von IPR mit einem höheren Umsatz assoziiert ist, wobei auf bekannte umsatztreibende Faktoren kontrolliert wird. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Annahmen, die die Politik momentan maßgeblich beeinflussen. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Unternehmen mit Erfahrung mit Verletzung von IPR oder Nachahmung von IP tatsächlich ihre Forschungs- und Entwicklungsstrategie anpassen. Unternehmen, deren IP nachgeahmt wird, schrecken von Partnerschaften in Forschung und Entwicklung zurück während Unternehmen, deren geistige Eigentumsrechte verletzt wurden, tendenziell mehr Forschungskooperationen eingehen. Interpretation Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation haben Konsequenzen sowohl für die Politik als auch die Führung von Unternehmen. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass Unternehmen mit einer Open Innovation Strategie ihr IP und IPR Management unbedingt dieser Strategie anpassen müssen und Forschungs- und Entwicklungskooperationen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen (bspw. durch Verträge) durchführen sollten. Insbesondere Unternehmen, die eine Diversifizierungsstrategie verfolgen, müssen ihre IP und IPR Strategie entsprechend ausrichten. Die politischen Institutionen wie Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung sollte auf die aktuellen Gegebenheiten reagieren und über eine Reform des Patentrechts nachdenken. Der Wert von Patenten bestimmt sich danach, wie schnell, kostengünstig und aussichtsreich sie durchsetzbar sind, da sie sonst als Ausschlussrecht an Bedeutung verlieren. An der ökonomischen Durchsetzbarkeit von Patenten scheint es in den meisten Patentsystemen jedoch zu mangeln – andernfalls würden weniger Patentverletzungen auftreten, wie das auch bei Markenverletzungen der Fall ist. Eine leichtere Durchsetzung von Patentrechten würde für mehr Transparenz und Rechtssicherheit sorgen. Diese Transparenz und Rechtssicherheit wiederum könnten zu einem entscheidenden Standortvorteil für Volkswirtschaften werden. ; Innovation drives growth of modern economies and creates welfare. A crucial part of and prerequisite for innovations are creativity, ideas and new combinations of already known inventions. These parts manifest themselves in so called Intellectual Property (IP). (Technical) inventions, applied design or trademark protection – all are important aspects of the innovation strategy of a company and, consequently, also part of the IP strategy of companies. To protect the investments into creating IP and innovations from imitation, companies can employ protection rights (IPR), e.g., patents, trademarks, designs, or copyright. Extant research analyzes the benefit of patents as an incentive to innovate, the motive to patent (especially of big firms) and how companies (can) protect their IP employing formal (IPR) and informal methods (first to market, secrecy, complementary goods, etc.). Based on this body of literature, this dissertation investigates the relevance of IPR for companies and focuses especially on the driving factor for IPR infringement and the influence of IPR infringement on company behavior and strategy. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to research in a rather emmerging area. Overview This dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part analyzes the driving factors for IPR infringement while the second part of this dissertation investigates the impact of this infringement on company performance and strategy. Methods and data In this thesis, I mainly follow a quantitative approach and employ econometric models for analyzing data. The only exception is the qualitative multiple case study which is based upon interview analysis according to Grounded Theory. The employed quantitative data sets are Data of the Mannheim Innovation Panel (2005-2011). For analysis, the first part employs logistic and ordered logit regressions, while the second part also makes use of propensity score matching as an additional method. Results My work shows that companies following the open innovation paradigm by combining internal and external information, abilities and resources, are at the same time also facing IPR infringement contrasting to companies that focus entirely on their own internal capacities and resources (closed innovation paradigm). Companies see themselves exposed to different risks by IPR infringement. These risks are evaluated on a qualitative basis. Moreover, my results suggest that companies acting strategically as cost leaders are not facing a significantly higher likelihood of IPR infringement. Contrasting, companies who strategically differentiate themselves from their competitors are facing significantly more patent infringement and need to protect their brands and designs as they are likely to get copied without such protection. Summing up, company strategy and innovation strategy have a significant influence on the incidences of IPR infringement and IP imitation. The second part of this doctoral thesis shows that the infringement of IPR comes together with higher sales volume while controlling for commonly known sales drivers. This result is contrasting to the commonly accepted viewpoint of IPR infringement negatively influencing affected companies which is very influential on politics. Moreover, the results show that companies adjust their R&D strategy in terms of cooperation according to their experience with legal copying and illegal infringement. Companies whose IP has been legally copied shy away from R&D collaboration while companies whose IPR has been illegally infringed actively seek more cooperation. Interpretation The results of this doctoral thesis have implication for policy and management of companies. Companies with an open innovation strategy have to adjust their IP strategy accordingly and collaborate with others under controlled conditions (e.g., by contracts). Especially companies following a diversification strategy have to adjust their IP and IPR strategy accordingly. Political institution, e.g. legislation and jurisdiction, should act upon the recent developments and think about a reform of the patent system. The value of patents depends on how fast and costly the enforcement is as without a working enforcement mechanism patents lose their value as an exclusion right. However, an economically viable enforcement seems to be missing in the current system – registered trademarks and designs are far less the subject of infringement and show how an exclusion right can indeed work. An easier enforcement mechanism for patents could create more transparency and legal certainty. Both, transparency and legal certainty regarding IPR could become important competitive factors for economies.

Over the last decade, claims of workplace harassment have received greater attention.[1] Sometimes called "workplace bullying," such harassment is commonly defined as behavior by a perpetrator that may involve repeated verbal abuse, offensive conduct that may threaten, humiliate, or intimidate a target, or efforts to sabotage a target's performance.[2] As commonly defined, the subject behavior is intentional, results in physical or psychological harm to the target, and makes the target's job performance more difficult.[3] At times, perpetrators, who may include administrators and faculty members, combine their efforts to abuse and harass the target, a phenomenon known as "mobbing."[4] Both federal and state statutory law currently provide remedies for such behavior where it is motivated by discriminatory animus and the target is a member of a protected class (such as gender or national origin).[5] But no U.S. jurisdiction currently recognizes a cause of action against this sort of behavior when it is not linked to discrimination—in contrast to several European countries that provide remedies for workplace bullying untethered to discriminatory animus. Even though legislation to provide a remedy for such behavior has been introduced in several states, it has not been enacted, and it is often accompanied by strong opposition from employer interests.[6] Courts have likewise been reluctant to expand the law to accommodate such claims.[7] This Article discusses the development of harassment claims that might be pursued in a judicial forum, with an emphasis in the academic context. It suggests that special characteristics, including a decentralized environment, a focus on academic pursuits, and a hierarchical intellectual environment, may allow such behaviors to go unchecked at an academic institution.[8] At the same time, it cautions that categorizing behavior as workplace bullying is necessarily a nuanced determination and that, therefore, any statutory or administrative measures must take care to protect academic freedom. The free exchange of ideas in teaching and research (and faculty and departmental governance) bears the potential at all times to offend powerful and not-so-powerful internal and external interests alike. Accordingly, any measure designed to deal with workplace bullying must recognize this concern and preserve intellectual and creative discourse. That said, like discrimination, behavior that takes the form of harassment or bullying simply has no place on a college campus. Thus, this Article urges academic institutions to raise awareness of workplace harassment and suggests remedial mechanisms to counteract and prevent this problem. [1]. See David C. Yamada, Workplace Bullying and American Employment Law: A Ten-Year Progress Report and Assessment, 32 Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J. 251, 251–53 (2010). [2]. Definition of Workplace Bullying, Workplace Bullying Inst., http://www.workplace bullying.org/individuals/problem/definition (last visited Nov. 7, 2011). [3]. Michael E. Chaplin, Workplace Bullying: The Problem and the Cure, 12 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 437, 445 (2010); Katherine Lippel, The Law of Workplace Bullying: An International Overview, 32 Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y J. 1, 2–3 (2010) (contrasting the scholarly definition of workplace bullying, which addresses frequency and duration of negative behavior and excludes isolated events or equal strength interactions, with the lay definition of bullying as negative behavior that harms the target). [4]. Audrey Williams June, 'Mobbing' Can Damage More Than Careers, Professors Are Told at Conference, Chron. of Higher Educ. (June 11, 2009), http://chronicle.com/article/ Mobbing-Can-Damage-More-Than/47736/. The distinction between bullying and mobbing has been explained: Workplace mobbing is like bullying, in that the object is to rob the target of dignity and self-respect. Here, however, it is not a single swaggering bully that the target is up against, but the juggernaut of collective will. The message to the target is that everybody wants you out of here. Bullies often play leading roles in mobbing cases, whether as targets or perpetrators. Kenneth Westhues, Summary for the Workplace Mobbing Conference (Waterloo Anti-Mobbing Instruments, Novotel, Brisbane), Oct. 14–15, 2004, at 1, available at http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/ ~kwesthue/wami.pdf. Thus, mobbing is group harassment, "a process of abusive behaviors inflicted over time." Sousa v. Roque, 578 F.3d 164, 167 (2d Cir. 2009). Despite the original distinction between workplace bullying and mobbing, the two terms often are used interchangeably. Jordan F. Kaplan, Help Is on the Way: A Recent Case Sheds Light on Workplace Bullying, 47 Hous. L. Rev. 141, 144 (2010). [5]. See Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2006); Alex Long, State Anti-Discrimination Law as a Model for Amending the Americans With Disabilities Act, 65 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 597, 601 (2004). [6]. For example, the Society for Human Resource Management reportedly opposed such legislation in New York on the grounds that it is generally "bad for business" and specifically that (1) human resource professionals are dedicated advocates for employees; (2) employers have adequate incentives to combat workplace harassment because it affects the health and morale of the workforce (as well as the image and profitability of the employers); (3) employers have studied the issue and many have codes of conduct and dispute resolution mechanisms to address it; and (4) such legislation would undermine existing efforts to combat the problem, strain employer-employee relationships, and increase the cost of doing business―given that employers will be called upon to defend frivolous lawsuits from unscrupulous employees or incur liability for lost wages, medical expenses, emotional distress, punitive damages and attorney's fees. See G. Namie, SHRM Opposes Anti-Bullying Healthy Workplace Bill, Healthy Workplace Bill (June 18, 2010, 4:34 PM), http://healthyworkplacebill.org/blog/?p=144. [7]. See Thomas v. N. Telecom, Inc., 157 F. Supp. 2d 627, 635 (M.D. N.C. 2000) (noting that workplace conduct rarely supports a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED")); see also Crocker v. Griffin, No. COA09-1000, 2010 WL 1961258, at *4–5 (N.C. Ct. App. May 18, 2010) (action brought by four former employees listing twenty-eight acts of supervisor involving "yelling, shouting, or saying insulting or demeaning things" did not state an IIED claim). One court has affirmed a verdict in favor of a plaintiff on an assault theory while allowing an expert witness to testify as to the presence of workplace bullying. Raess v. Doescher, 883 N.E.2d 790, 796 (Ind. 2008). No one rationale completely supports the result in the case. The panel majority determined that the plaintiff failed to properly object to the expert's testimony on workplace bullying and therefore any error was forfeited. Id. at 797. It further determined that that the phrase "workplace bullying" was a general descriptive term that could be a form of IIED. Id. at 799. Another member of the panel majority found the plaintiff's objection sufficient, but any error in admissibility harmless because the expert's testimony went to the merits of an IIED claim which the jury rejected. Id. (Sullivan, J., concurring in result). A dissenting member of the panel determined that the objection had been preserved, and that the testimony concerning workplace bullying was erroneous and not harmless. Id. at 801–02 (Boehm, J., dissenting). [8]. See Piper Fogg, Academic Bullies, Chron. of Higher Educ., Sept. 12, 2008, at B10.

The UN Convention on the rights of the child speaks not only about needs but about the rights of children from the moment of a birth. The Convention covers a wide scale of the rights consolidated in three basic categories: - The right to life, - The right for survival and development, - The right for protection and participation. The Convention provisions assume that children should live in the environment providing for realization of their rights starting from the right for a name and citizenship and ending with the medical and sanitary care and education. They have the right to shelter from torture, exploitation, arbitrary detention, and unreasonable deprivation of family care. Children have the right to participate in decisions concerning their lives and to participate in the life of the local community. The Convention is not the hierarchy of the rights and therefore, one right cannot possible have a higher priority in comparison with the other right. The Convention demonstrates that all rights of the child are equally important. Rights complement each other and provide for survival and development of the child. The countries-signatories to the Convention make a commitment to respect and ensure the whole complex of rights stipulated by the Convention for each child within the limits of the state jurisdiction without any discrimination (UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1989, ARTICLE 2(1)). The state and the family are responsible for guaranteeing, respecting, and realizing the rights of the child. It is widely accepted that the state has a central and a primarily beneficial role in the protection of young people. Therefore, even if children experience extreme abuse or are neglect from their families the state authorities are supposed to provide comfort to those children. In the field of childhood studies there has been plentiful debate about the role of the state in children´s lives. Less attention is given to the ways in which the state is a source of risk for children (BOYDEN 2007, P. 240). The present research tries to show that with an effort to limit the influx of illegal migrants to their own countries many governments fail to realize their obligations towards migrant children. In many cases for reasons of national security they try to limit the rights of the child, putting at stake a notion of childhood as a life phase free from political blemish: in legal terms at least, children are the bearers of rights that cannot be compromised or alienated by circumstance. There are 192 countries of the world ratified the UN Convention on the rights of the child, including five Central Asian states. (ALSTON/TOBIN 2005, P. 10) Having joined the UN CRC, Central Asian countries have undertaken a wide range of obligations requiring serious revision of the current legislation, of the corresponding mechanisms for coordination of the child protection system and monitoring of the rights´ implementation. However, the UN Committee on the rights of the child in the concluding observations to periodic reports provided by the countries marks that there are still a number of problems in this area: - In countries of Central Asia the national legislation does not always fully comply with principles of the UN Convention on the rights of the child; - Lack of necessary financial and human resources, lack of the comprehensive approach in the child protection hinders the work of coordinating structures involved in the child rights protection (UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTER 2006, P. 31). - Lack of the statistical data on children, first of all, about the most vulnerable groups of children, hinders monitoring of the Convention implementation. Due to these existing problems the issues of children especially in need of assistance fall out of the focus of the governments. These children become «invisible» which means that the rights of these children will not be satisfied even at the level of basic needs such as sufficient nutrition, health care, school education and family care. The reasons causing such situations are lack of the data about children in the state agency of statistics, lack of the records about these children during development of the state program, duplication of functions of various departments and ministries. In 2006, countries of Central Asian initiated the Forum on child protection to overcome these problems. Issues of social policy, protection and inclusion of children, creation of the social protection system and overcoming of fragmentation were discussed. The Forum has demonstrated that it is an effective instrument for interstate cooperation and exchange of experience. Hereafter, it can serve as an impulse to conduct the integrated Forums (Forum on education, Forum on maternity and child health, Forum on child protection). The regional analysis of child protection systems shows that there is a fragmentation of the current child care systems. There is a multitude of actors, not necessarily well coordinated that have to respond to complex family situations and different child protection problems. Reforms of current child care systems into a continuum of services that provide individualized responses, rather than collectivist responses is one of the important regional lessons learned to strengthen the current system response. There are many implications for governments in this work: - They must be driving the vision for change and articulate operational plans, guiding principles for the reform as well as targets for the coming years. - Governments also need to be active in enforcing what are the core responsibilities of the state. This includes setting standards for the operation for the system, carry out gate-keeping functions, accreditation, provide support to planning, costing and budgeting at regional and local levels, defining the minimum package of services; and development of targeted social policies to support most vulnerable families - To overcome fragmentation and ensure proper coordination of the work, governments are also responsible for bridging gaps between sectors, coordination and facilitating institutional and professional capacity development. This includes regulate allocation of resources (decentralization with equity), define obligations of the different sectors (including responsibilities of the professionals encompassed in job descriptions), ensure continuum of services between the different actors (includes identifying missing services and functions) and improve professional competencies (job descriptions, training, lessons learned, sharing potential good practices, etc.) - Finally, governments need to take full responsibility for review of quality of services provided through monitoring of services (beyond financial monitoring), development of methods for result-based management, support to systems for data collection, provide opportunities for "competition" in service provision between state actors and NGOs. Having signed the UN Convention on the rights of the child, the governments of all Central Asian countries have undertaken to respect the rights of children, including the right to the proper standard of living. The governments of Central Asia should be aware of necessity to input funds in development of children because children are the future. Since 1998, the region enjoyed economic growth while the economic recession was left behind. Taking the economic growth into the account as well as reduction of the birth rate, today all Central Asian countries have a unique chance to invest in education and public health for the future of their children. In the long-term prospect these investments will allow the younger generation to make their own investment.