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International Law in its current form is dominated by positivism and voluntarism; yet, it has accepted a number of concepts from the Natural Law tradition that seem on the face of things to ill-fit the dominant normative complex. Of primary concern here are the Natural Law notions of categorical obligation that have been brought into International Law in the form ofjus cogensrules. A number of interesting questions present themselves. What are positivists doing talking about categoricals? How have they found a way to make this fit within their larger doctrine? Have positivists adopted the language of categorical obligation, but only the language, not the correlative practices? Is it simply a matter of smuggling in alien concepts and shoehorning them despite the lack of fit, or have they created something new that only seems not to fit? Ultimately, what we find is that International Law has accepted this idea in a form that ultimately is limited by voluntarism's insistence on the voluntary and specific character of all obligations.

International law and the operations of the international financial institutions / Daniel D. Bradlow -- International financial institutions and international law : a third world perspective / B.S. Chimni -- Responsibility of international financial institutions under international law / Eisuke Suzuki -- International financial institutions before national courts / August Reinisch and Jakob Wurm -- Rethinking international financial institution immunity / Steven Herz -- Regulation and resource dependency : the legal and political aspects of structural adjustment programmes / Celine Tan -- International law and public participation in policy-making at the international financial institutions / David B. Hunter -- International financial institutions and human rights : select perspectives on legal obligations / Siobhán McInerney-Lankford -- Indigenous peoples and international financial institutions / Fergus MacKay -- Worker rights and the international financial institutions / Jerome I. Levinson -- International environmental law, the world bank, and international financial institutions / Charles E. Di Leva -- Conclusion : the future of international law and international financial institutions / Daniel D. Bradlow an David B. Hunter

"A textbook summary of how international investment law developed over the past fifty years may go something like this. States signed thousands of largely similar international investment agreements (IIAs) to protect the property of their investors abroad. Most of these IIAs allowed foreign investors to sue host states via investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) for treaty breaches. ISDS was barely used until the late 1990s. When ISDS claims finally surged, states realized that their treaties offered greater investment protection than intended. States reacted by narrowing the commitments offered in newly concluded agreements. This backlash against investment arbitration resulted in a "new generation" of IIAs that rebalanced investment protection and host state regulatory autonomy"--