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Racial profiling has been increasingly cited in the clinical and social science literatures to describe race-based differences in medical diagnoses and treatment. However, the extent to which racial profiling in medicine is an empirical reality is debated—partly because the term itself is used to describe competing processes of bias. This article distinguishes between two such processes that influence race-based treatment recommendations: racial profiling and racial valuation. Through a systematic analysis of the role of race in the pharmacological treatment of hypertension, it illustrates that both mechanisms—to varying degrees—help explain race-based trends in treatment for the disease. Analyses are based on data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected during and soon after the period in which such treatment became validated and encoded in national guidelines. Findings indicate a nuanced process by which sex/gender mediates not only the effect of race on treatment recommendations but also the mechanism through which racialized treatment operates. They also suggest that over time, drugs may take on a racial character, leading to the systematic identification of certain drugs with specific races, driving treatment patterns that conflate race with legitimate medical criteria.

"Race, Gender and the Body in British Immigration Control provides the most detailed account of the virginity testing controversy in the late 1970s, and demonstrates that this abusive practice, which was endured by South Asian women for more than a decade, was part of a wider culture of mistreatment and discrimination that occurred within the immigration system authorized by the state. Using recently opened government documents, Smith and Marmo offer a unique insight into this matter and uncover the extent to which these women were scrutinized, interrogated and subject to physical examination at the border. Combining cutting edge criminological theory and historical research, this book proposes that the contemporary British immigration control system should be viewed as an attempt to replicate colonial hierarchies upon migrants in the post-imperial era. For this reason, the abuses of human rights at the border became a secondary issue to the need of the post-imperial British nation-state to enforce strict immigration controls"--

Medical expenditure is perceived as a major obstacle for people wanting to access healthcare services in general, and in particular periodic general health examinations (GHE). However, the extant literature concerning expenditure on periodic health examinations in Vietnam is rather scarce and lacking in specific figures. Therefore, this article aims to examine the price people are willing to pay to take GHE periodically. From analyzing a dataset of 2,068 subjects collected from Hanoi and its vicinities, our study confirms that demographic factors (gender, job status, marital status) and socioeconomic factors (health insurance, low belief in healthcare quality and perceptions on public's health status) have significant effects on GHE fees. The probability of people accepting to spend a larger sum (>VND2mn) for periodic GHE is relatively low (<24%), and it appears that people are eager to benefit more from health insurance, and tend to spend less when being insured. Also, the skepticism towards the quality of health care services reduces the likelihood to accept higher medical expenses. On the other side, job and marital status all boost the demand on monitoring health status of individuals, thence, impacting positively on people's willingness to pay for a physical exam. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

When momentous events take place on the international scene, there are predictable pressures on those who have reputations as international lawyers to give opinions as to the legalities. There are phone calls from reporters, perhaps even student rallies, to say nothing of inquiries from academic colleagues (especially those who ignore the field most of the time). The recent episode in Grenada gives one an opportunity to evaluate what can be done under those pressured circumstances to give an enlightening and useful judgment as to what international law has to say about such an event. As any professor knows, the time constraints of examinations make a difference in the rate at which students can analyze problems, just as there are differences in the amount of information they can dig out of the stacks when a short period is allocated to the exercise. The space limitations that are imposed on the product also make it hard to put forth a coherent and nuanced argument. The more one knows about the topic, the less easy it is to wrap up the matter neatly and certainly. Legal foundations ought to underpin or contain one's judgments about policy, but they can do that only if there is some real finality to them. How does one grade the performance of the international law community under this test?

Objective: the objective of this study is (re) thinking health actions transiting in that territory, and, in fact, such actions include the entire universe of feelings, doubts and uncertainties that permeate male thinking when it comes to the rectal exam. Method: the method is the design of test characterized as a reflective exercise on a theme, seeking a new way of looking at the subject. Results: masculinity is constructed by the influence of the social imaginary, and cannot ignore symbolic aspects that affect the decision to take the examination. This examination does not only affect the prostate, it touches on the symbolism of the aspects of what is "being a man". Conclusion: it is for health professionals to understand what happens in the "man's world" in order to think about health actions to reduce morbidity and mortality rates of this disease that has been affecting the health and quality of life of men.

The self-concept has emerged as an important component of organizational paradigms. This article reviews the conceptual meanings of self-esteem and self-efficacy, clarifies the relation-ship between the two perceptions of the self, and discusses how an understanding of them can lead to better organization management. An empirical examination explored the intervening role of organization-based self-esteem in the relationship between generalized self-efficacy and explored two outcomes-employees' job performance and job-related affect (job satisfaction). Organization-based self-esteem emerged as the stronger predictor of ratings of performance and employee satisfaction, and it appears to act as a mediator in the relationship between generalized self-efficacy and these employee responses. The managerial implications of these results are discussed.

As the recycling industry has expanded in Ontario, allegations of an inconsistent approval process for Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) have surfaced. An inconsistent approval process for MRFs could potentially have serious environmental, spatial, social and political consequences at the local, municipal and provincial levels. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the claims of inconsistencies in the planning approval process for MRFs. Through an examination of the provincial legislation governing MRFs, a comparison of planning policies regulating MRFs in ten selected municipalities, and an in-depth analysis of the actual planning treatment of 89 MRFs in the City of Mississauga, the findings of this study provide partial support to the allegation that MRFs are inconsistently approved in Ontario. Although this research did not find any differential treatment of MRFs in Mississauga or contradictions between the Environmental Protection Act and the new 3Rs Regulations, it did reveal that municipalities have tended to adopt varied planning strategies to manage MRFs within their communities. As a result, this research reveals the need to clarify the required municipal planning procedures regulating MRFs to ensure a consistent planning approval process for these land uses in Ontario. This study should prove useful for other researchers investigating the planning treatment of MRFs and other waste management facilities in Ontario.Dept. of Geography. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1994 .S56. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 33-04, page: 1162. Supervisor: Gerald Romsa. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1994.