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The paper outlines a brief history of the advancement of Orthodox Christianity and Old Belief in Uganda. It also characterizes Orthodox Christianity (and Old Belief) for the followers as a true, "non-Western" religion. It is explained by two factors: the cultural differences specific to precolonial Africa and the new features rooted after the introduction of Western culture. Relying on the study findings, the authors demonstrate the importance of studying the Orthodox cultural legacy in Africa for a better understanding of its future course of development.

Die Kriege in Afrika sind zumeist von außen betrachtet worden. Diese Perspektive reduziert die Hauptleidtragenden von Kriegen, die Zivilisten, auf die Rolle des Opfers. Am Beispiel des ugandischen Bürgerkriegs zu Beginn der 80er Jahre wird gezeigt, daß Zivilisten mitnichten passiv sind, sondern aktiv versuchen, ihr Überleben selbst in Zeiten hoher Gewaltintensität und gesellschaftlicher Verwerfungen zu sichern, gegebenenfalls sogar zu verbessern. Das Spektrum der von der Zivilbevölkerung verfolgten Strategien ist dabei sehr vielfältig und umfaßt durchaus auch sich widersprechende Verhaltensweisen, wie zum Beispiel Kollaboration und Widerstand. Zumeist sicherten die Zivilisten ihr Überleben jedoch durch ihre große Mobilität (Flucht und Wechsel der Fronten). Der Bürgerkrieg im Luwero-Dreieck wird zudem in den historischen Kontext eingeordnet. (prb)

Agricultural policy is at the heart of poverty-focused macroeconomic policy in Uganda. Women are central to agricultural production in the country, and agriculture is critically important to women's well-being. It is therefore crucial that Ugandan agricultural policy become more gender-aware, after having long been 'gender-blind'. The research on which this paper reports sought to contribute to building national capacity for gender analysis in Uganda. The promotion of non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAE), one of the keystones of current macroeconomic policy in Uganda, was the subject of field study. Increasing agricultural production is crucial for the country's development, and NTAE promotion is now considered an important agricultural intensification strategy, given the demonstrated risks of over-reliance on world markets for the traditional cash cropscoffee, tea and cotton. But the implications of gender structures for the success of the NTAE promotion strategy, and the implications of this policy shift for gender relations and women's well-being, are not well understood. The research thus sought to provide information that would contribute to 'engendering' agricultural policy. It addressed two broad sets of questions concerning the efficiency and equity of the NTAE policy. First, how would current gender relations, including the gender division of labour and control over resources, affect the NTAE promotion strategy? What factors would be necessary for the desired supply response to policy initiatives to materialize? Second, how would the NTAE strategy, as currently conceived, affect women's well-being and their standing in the household and in society? What would be required for the NTAE promotion strategy to not only contribute to aggregate production, but to do so without adversely affecting any groups in society? Besides reviewing the implications of recent data and research for these questions, the project also carried out participatory rural appraisal exercises and conducted two village surveys in order to address them. The paper begins with an overview of the analytical approach of the research and then provides information on the national context in Uganda, including the agricultural sector economic policy, and gender issues and public policy. It goes on to look at the rural sector in Uganda, including gender roles in agriculture. Macroeconomic policy in Uganda is then discussed, as is the potential for and the constraints on an agricultural export-led growth strategy. The findings of the field studies are then described, in particular the factors limiting productivity in the smallholder sector. The paper concludes by describing an 'ideal' NTAE strategy-one that would lead to agricultural intensification, with increased inputs (labour and non-labour) resulting in increased outputs. Production for own consumption would either remain at current levels, or the income from marketed crops would be sufficient to allow sufficient purchase of food. At this time, however, rural Uganda is not reflected in this scenario. Constraints on increased productivity exist both in terms of input-seasonal labour shortages, lack of access to inputs, lack of credit, lack of knowledge-and in terms of incentives-lack of confidence in markets and pricing, high marketing margins, large price swings resulting in non-ability to purchase food prior to the harvest season. Women's labour supply is very inelastic, and additional labour burdens on women are likely to be detrimental to the well-being of others in household. Thus increased NTAE production, in the absence of additional inputs, must come from crop switching or an increase in men's labour. The field research found some indication that the gender division of labour is less rigid than is often believed, and that men are prepared to participate more fully in all aspects of agricultural production if the incentives to do so are adequate. But will this imply that men will 'take over' women's crops to the detriment of women's position in the household? This remains an open question. Indeed, there is also some indication that women do not welcome the loss of autonomy resulting from more co-operative household production systems. The paper argues, however, that a more equitable distribution of labour burdens within smallholder households certainly has the potential to benefit women. What Uganda is likely to experience is a shift to a more integrated and co-operative household in the smallholder sector. Whether this will imply a loss of women's autonomy, or an increase in women's influence in a larger sphere, will depend on the characteristics of the particular men and women who are members of each household, as well as on the strength of government initiatives to further the educational, legal, and social status of women.

This is a conference paper. ; Community management has for a long time dominated the scene of rural water supplies in developing countries. However, it has failed to produce the desired results in terms of sustainability and functionality, and it is time to question the very nature of the management model instead of blaming practitioners and governments for poor implementation. Private sector involvement offers many possibilities in terms of increased motivation and efficiency, but is not suitable in all communities. Especially in poorer communities, retaining some community management structures can be the only way to make operation and maintenance affordable. In addition, the committees and private operators need adequate and continuous support to perform their roles in an effective way. This study looks at four management models in Uganda that involve the private sector to illustrate some of these points.

In Uganda, corruption, bribery, low-quality services, the exclusion of citizens from managing public expenditure and the mobilisation of revenues triggered tax evasion, tax avoidance and protests for a long time. As a result, the government recently digitalised its systems of revenue extraction in local urban authorities. In fact, this study's empirical findings show that the idea of digitalising local urban fiscal institutions in Uganda has strengthened not only the formalisation of the informal sector, but also the provision of public services and citizen participation, and has moreover alleviated the avoidance and evasion of taxes and fiscal leakages. Andrew Matsiko is a beneficiary of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Grant for his PhD research in political science at Münster University. He lectured at Bugema University, Uganda and is a member of IPSA: Research Committee 05: Comparative Studies on Local Government and Research Committee 10: Electronic Democracy. Andrew Matsiko's research interests include state building and taxation, local comparative and regional politics, comparative research methods, digitalisation and hybrid political participation.

The objective of this paper is to explore stakeholders' acceptance of criteria for setting priorities for the health care system in Uganda. A self-administered questionnaire was used. It was distributed to health workers, planners and administrators working in all levels of the Ugandan health care system. It was also distributed to members of the public. Participants were asked how strongly they agreed or disagreed with 18 criteria that could be used to set priorities for allocating health care. A total of 408 people took part. (InWent/DÜI)

Uganda's economy underwent significant structural change in the 2000s whereby the share of non-tradable services in aggregate employment rose by about 7 percentage points at the expense of the production of tradable goods. The process also involved a 12-percentage-point shift in employment away from small and medium enterprises and larger firms in manufacturing and commercial agriculture mainly to microenterprises in retail trade. In addition, the sectoral reallocation of labor on these two dimensions coincided with significant growth in aggregate labor productivity. However, in and of itself, the same reallocation could only have held back, rather than aid, the observed productivity gains. This was because labor was more productive throughout the period in the tradable goods sector than in the non-tradable sector. Moreover, the effect on aggregate labor productivity of the reallocation of employment between the two sectors could only have been reinforced by the impacts on the same of the rise in the employment share of microenterprises. The effect was also strengthened by a parallel employment shift across the age distribution of enterprises that raised sharply the employment share of established firms at the expense of younger ones and startups. Not only was labor consistently less productive in microenterprises than in small and medium enterprises and larger enterprises across all industries throughout the period, it was also typically less productive in more established firms than in younger ones.