Kaffa and Tana in the system of italian international trade in XIII – XV centuries ; Кафа и Тана в системе итальянской международной торговли XIII-XV вв. ; Кафа і Тана в системі італійської міжнародної торгівлі XIII-XV ст
During many centuries the Northern Black Sea and the Crimea were in the center of Intercontinental trade relations between Europe and Asia. In XIII – XV centuries the main role in these processes played Italian Maritime Republic – Genoa and Venice. Due to the trading activities of Italian merchants, trading in the Black Sea region has become a brand new one: from regionally locked it started correlating with the global trade communications.In the formation of the Crimean trading factories Italians were guided by a certain, however well-thought-out doctrine: take hold of important points in two ways.– first: those who are surrounded with comfortable havens,– second: closing or intercept local trade routes, which further combined with global trade arteries.An important place in a harmony of the connections within Black sea region and the world-wide (those which are beyond the Bosphorus), occupied Genoese Kaffa (Feodosia) and the Venice Tana (Azov). In these ports began and ended regular navigation of Genoa and Venice.In implementing its international trade Genoese relied on a network of colonies, trading stations, harbors, which served as a warehouse and transshipment points.The above mentioned geographical characteristics of the trade relations of the Black Sea region suggests that Kafa being the center of the Genoese outposts in the region, controlled not only the market of international but the regional trade.Kafa embodies the essential characteristics of the global economic development, held an exclusive position, maintaining their trade in the direction West-East and North-South.The first provided the distribution Levantine and European goods, in the second – the local, the black sea market.Due to its profitable geographical location (almost exactly close to all the coasts of the Black sea), Kafa had some advantages in the organization of trade.It became the main point for Venetian galleys, carried out centralized taxation of ships which sailed in all directions, including the Venetian, which sailed to Thani. The influence of the city grew in the periods when the Tana closed by frequent Italian-Horde and disputes between Venice and Genoa.At these times the government of Kafa, backed by its fleet and garrison, had the exclusive opportunity to monitor sailing in the sea of Azov.From the second half of the XIV century with an overall deterioration in the economic conjuncture and crisis leading countries of the Black Sea basin, including the Golden Horde and the state Ilhan, there is a decline in the development of world trade. Direct ties with Italian cities are multistage and developed mainly with transshipment on the Bosphorus. Kafa spreads up with its eastern and western coast of the Black Sea. For Venice citizens the crisis in the middle of the XIV century also led to a change in the orientation of Gales' routes. Increasingly, the vessels are directed to Tanya but not to Trebizond, and this trend continues until the middle of XV century. Even during the closure of Tanya Venice wished to stay in the northern Black Sea and Crimea.Thus, in the XIV century regionalization of trade took place. In the XV century this process deepens and it is associated with the collapse of the Golden Horde, which provide connectivity to the East, the formation of national states in the Black Sea basin (eg, Moldova), the growing role of Turkey as a major political and economic force in the region.In studies of the foreign historians trading activity in Kafa is considered in terms of its accumulative functions on Kafa's markets followed by a centralized exports to Western and Eastern Mediterranean.While Kaffa, according to O. G. Yemanova, played a significant role in the supply of raw materials, its own crafts, food, security of the population of the city itself and dependent factors, metabolism within the Black Sea region and finally to export not only the southern, Mediterranean area but also in the North. ; Проанализирована роль ведущих центров итальянской торговли в черноморском регионе – генуэзской Каффы и венецианской Таны – в системе итальянской международной торговли XIII – XV вв. ; Проаналізовано роль провідних центрів італійської торгівлі у чорноморському регіоні – генуезької Кафи та венеційської Тани – в системі італійської міжнародної торгівлі XIII – XV ст.
