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AbstractThis paper addresses the possible consequences for racial and ethnic disparities of the growing reliance on risk assessment tools for sentencing in juvenile justice systems. These tools consider both legal factors (i.e. criminal history) and personal background factors (e.g. household composition, parents' arrest history, the youth's mental health, attitudes, school status, and current employment status) to predict the likelihood of recidivism, which then informs punishment decisions. Because they decontextualize race, the associations between race and risk factors linked to race could possibly create higher risk scores and harsher punishments for minority youth.

In his State of the Union Message on January 9, 1959, President Eisenhower declared his purpose of intensifying efforts "to the end that the rule of law may replace the rule of force in the affairs of nations" and of making proposals for "a re-examination of our own relation to the International Court of Justice."

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal evidenciar o papel da perícia criminal, sobretudo da perícia criminal contábil, como instrumento jurídico e técnico-científico de combate à criminalidade e auxílio à justiça, sendo elaborado em uma abordagem qualitativa, subsidiada por pesquisa bibliográfica e análise indireta de dados. Em uma sociedade em que a criminalidade avança no sentido de se especializar para garantir altos ganhos e a consequente impunidade, é papel do Estado buscar meios de combate ao crime organizado. Nesse sentido, a perícia criminal contábil tem o importante papel de elucidar os crimes que ocasionam o maior prejuízo para a sociedade, àqueles que envolvem sonegação, desvio ou ocultação de dinheiro, que deveriam ir ao encontro do interesse público e da efetivação de políticas públicas. O Código de Processo Penal é taxativo quanto à necessidade de perícia criminal nos casos em que a infração deixar vestígios e, sendo a contabilidade a ciência responsável pelo registro, controle e caminho do patrimônio, a perícia criminal contábil ocupa lugar central nos processos que envolvem crimes contra o sistema financeiro ou contra a ordem econômica e tributária. Dessa forma é cada vez mais necessário que os Estados invistam nas carreiras das polícias técnico-científicas e na contratação e especialização de peritos criminais, que elaborarão laudos capazes de interpretar vestígios, produzindo provas em favor da verdade. AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to highlight the role of criminal forensics, especially forensic accounting, as a legal and technical-scientific instrument to combat crime and assisting justice, being elaborated in a qualitative approach, subsidized by bibliographical research and documental. In a society that criminality progresses in order to specialize guaranteeing high gains and the consequent impunity, it is the role of the state to seek ways of combating organized crime. In this sense, criminal accounting expertise has the important role of elucidating crimes that cause the greatest harm to society, to those involving evasion, misappropriation or concealment of money, which should meet the public interest and the implementation of public policies. The Code of Criminal Procedure is taxactive regarding the need for criminal expertise in cases where illegality leaves traces and, the accounting being the science responsible for registration, control and patrimony path, forensic accounting occupies central place in the processes which involve crimes against the financial system or against the economic and tributary order. In this way it is increasingly necessary for States to invest in the careers of technical-scientific police and in the hiring and specialization of criminal experts, who will produce reports capable of interpreting traces, producing proof for the truth.

Human rights advocates have long pressed for international institutions to prosecute crimes against humanity. With its global reach and mandate to investigate and prosecute some of the world's most severe crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity) the creation of the International Criminal Court in 2002 was hailed as a landmark event in the evolution of truly global society. Supporters argue that the ICC and other transnational tribunals will deter the commission of atrocities and contribute to global peace and stability, and they laud its independence and its potential to check the arbitrary use of power against the powerless. To better understand how international criminal courts function and determine their broader implications for global society, this book examines the factors that led to the creation and evolution of international criminal courts, the nature of the support for and opposition to such institutions, and how they function.

There was no change in the personnel of the Supreme Court during the 1957 Term. Nor was there any let-up in attacks upon the Court arising from its recent decisions regarding such touchy subjects as racial segregation in public schools, loyalty programs, the powers of legislative investigating committees, and subversive persons and activities. A great deal of this criticism travelled a pretty low road, but some came from high and responsible sources, such as Learned Hand. Of great weight was a resolution adopted by the annual Conference of (State) Chief Justices on August 24, 1958, by a vote of 36 to 8, which affirmed its faith in traditional federalism and urged the Supreme Court to "exercise one of the greatest of all judicial powers—the power of judicial selfrestraint—by recognizing and giving effect to the difference between that which on the one hand, the Constitution may prescribe or permit, and that which, on the other, a majority of the Supreme Court, as from time to time constituted, may deem desirable or undesirable …."

1. Introduction -- 2. Criminal Anthroposcenes: Why Scenes Matter and the Matter of Scenes -- 3. Establishing Shots: Detecting Anthropogenic Fog in Modern Crime Scene Photography -- 4. #Sickbear: Photographing Polar Bears as Ideal Nonhuman Victims -- 5.Dark Tourism in Iceberg Alley: The Hidden Ecological Costs of Consuming Iceberg Deaths -- 6.Passenger Security and Spacetime: Touring the Northwest Passage in the Wake of Colonialism and Climate Change -- 7. Conclusion.

Introduction --European Union Trade Mark Law: The Directive and the Regulation --Trade Marks in Europe and the Court of Justice of the European Union --Formalities and the Definition of Goods and Services --Absolute Grounds --Distinctiveness Acquired Through Use --Relative Grounds --Loss of Rights: Requirement of Use, Conversion to Generic Indication --Scope of Protection, Limitations, and Enforcement --Parallel Imports --Trade Marks and Competition Law --The Interaction with Other Areas of the Law --The New Trade Mark 'Package' --Conclusion.