Suchergebnisse

The research is based on current interna­tional legislation, legislation of EU and legislation of foreign countries. On the grounds of this documentary basis the notion of e-commerce is analyzed, legal relationships related to this notion, the use of electronic documents and electronic signatures is discussed.The internationalization of international economic relations and globalization have necessitated the international unification and harmonization of legislation in the field of electronic document circulation, the purpose of which is to exchange infor­mation between participants in relations located in different states. In this regard, it is impossible to ensure the effective legal regulation of these legal relations within one country without taking into account the existing approaches in international practice and foreign legislation. The basis for the harmonization of rules on electronic documents and their use in contractual relations are the reasons of an economic and legal nature. One of these factors was the emergence and development of new means of communication, with the result that economic relations went beyond the frame­work of individual states and ceased to be tied to a specific national territory.Among the reasons specific to this area, it should be noted the emergence of new ways of certifying authentic documents and new forms of documents, through the exchange of which it is possible to conclude, execute contracts, perform other legally significant for civil and international circulation of actions. The advantages of using new technical tools have necessitated the consolidation of legal requirements for such use. However, the publication of special acts at the domestic level will not contribute to the development of international trade, since the right of each state has its own characteristics, due to the centuries-old traditions and modern interests of the state in various fields.The adoption of the EU Directives and their implementation in the national legis­lation of the EU member states led to the fact that if the electronic document circula­tion was initially widely used in the USA, then later it became the most popular in the countries of Western Europe. Thus, it can be stated that in international law, sig­nificant results have been achieved in the unification of the norms on electronic docu­ment circulation. Uniformity in the regulation of electronic information exchange is achieved not only through the unification of standards, but also through private unifi­cation by the parties to information exchange contracts using electronic means.Strengthening the mutual influence of national economies and legal systems requires the improvement of the norms of national legislation in this area so that they meet inter­national standards. The existing differences in national legal regimes governing the elec­tronic exchange of information may, to a large extent, limit the ability of commercial en­terprises to enter international markets. Under these conditions, the importance of using foreign experience to improve the national legislation increases. Based on international experience in this area, it is necessary to build a legal regulation of electronic document circulation, which would regulate those relations that cannot be settled by the partici­pants of legal relations themselves. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the principles of technological neutrality and functional equivalence. ; На основании международного законодательства, наднационального законодательства ЕС и законодательства за­рубежных стран проведен анализ сущности и содержания электронного документо­оборота, определены правоотношения, составляющие это понятие, исследованы по­нятия и использования электронных документов и электронных подписей. ; На підставі міжнародного законодавства, наднаціонального законодавства ЄС і законодавства зарубіжних країн проведено аналіз сутності та змісту електронного документообігу, визначені правовідносини, що утворюють це поняття, досліджено поняття та використання електронних документів й електронних підписів.

This study draws on the findings of a survey conducted by the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS-Stat) in the framework of a joint project with the UNFPA – CISPop «Better Data for Better Policies».The paper aims to present the author's assessment of the level of harmonization between the national census programs across the CIS and the inter-comparability of their results in terms of total population size and its composition. The study is based on the analysis of methodological documents, which include census forms, manuals for census enumerators (census takers) and technical materials for census personal, that describes the concepts, definitions, and classifications used in national censuses. For countries where no censuses were taken, the authors used materials from pilot censuses and drafts of census documents.The study established that among countries there is a high degree of coherence of national census programs in terms of the key topics, concepts, and classifications used, as well as the wordings of the questions and their prompts. Simultaneously, the analysis allowed us to determine that national statistical services of the region focus on the expectations of their respective populations and take into account national legislation, local conditions, and traditions. First of all, nation-specific features manifested themselves in the formulation of questions concerning the economic, educational, and ethno-cultural characteristics of the population.Analysis of the materials of the works performed on the implementation of the 2020 round of population census programs across the CIS indicates that, based on the data of population censuses conducted in the past few years, it is possible to obtain harmonized data on the size and main characteristics of the population of countries, to provide international comparisons both within the CIS region, and between countries of the region and other countries of the world. International statistical community should be well ...

The role of teachers is recognised as crucial to the quality of education and student learning. Ensuring and improving the quality of their professionalism is therefore essential. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is critical to achieving this goal. This paper explores the CPD in Italy by analysing the results of the latest Teaching And Learning International Survey (TALIS) conducted by the OECD in 2018. After highlight- ing the relevance that CPD assumes in the Italian context, the paper examines the survey results and compares them with European and OECD countries. The contribution analyses participation rates, types of activities, content, and areas for which teachers express the greatest need for development. The paper also explores the impact of CPD, characteristics of the most effective activities, factors perceived as barriers to participation, and support measures received by teachers. Finally, it discusses the findings that emerged and outlines possible perspectives that can guide and improve policies related to CPD and the choices of those who design and implement it. ; Il ruolo dei e delle docenti è riconosciuto come determinante per la qualità dell'istruzione e per l'apprendimento di studenti e studentesse. È quindi fondamentale assicurare e migliorare la qualità della loro pro- fessionalità. Lo Sviluppo Professionale Continuo (Continuous Professional Development - CPD) viene identificato come lo strumento decisivo per raggiungere tale obiettivo. Questo contributo esplora lo stato del CPD in Italia analizzando i risultati dell'ultima Indagine internazionale sull'insegnamento e l'apprendi- mento (Teaching And Learning International Survey - TALIS) condotta dall' OCSE nel 2018. Dopo aver evidenziato la rilevanza che il CPD assume nel contesto italiano, si esaminano i risultati dell'indagine, operando altresì un confronto con i paesi europei e OCSE. Il contributo analizza i tassi di partecipazione, le tipologie di attività, i contenuti e le aree per le quali i docenti esprimono il maggior bisogno di sviluppo. Vengono inoltre esplorati l'impatto del CPD e le caratteristiche delle attività più efficaci, così come i fattori percepiti come ostacolo alla partecipazione e le misure di supporto ricevute. Sono infine discussi i risultati emersi e delineate le possibili prospettive che possono orientare e migliorare le politiche relative al CPD e le scelte di chi lo progetta e implementa.