Suchergebnisse

El objetivo general de este trabajo consiste en presentar el modo en el cual los reflectivistas repiensan y (de)construyen el concepto de poder en las Relaciones Internacionales. En tal sentido, se analiza de qué manera los distintos enfoques teóricos y debates de la disciplina dan lugar al poder desde un punto de vista ontológico y epistemológico. Así, se parte de la perspectiva racionalista para dar especial énfasis al enfoque reflectivista, transformando la noción de poder en las Relaciones Internacionales. El poder constituye un concepto sumamente complejo, pero fundamental para explicar y comprender la dinámica de las Relaciones Internacionales. Tradicionalmente, su estudio ha estado muy vinculado a los análisis de la escuela realista. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han suscitado numerosos debates al respecto, exigiendo ampliar el horizonte teórico con nuevos enfoques, y en consonancia con la dinámica internacional. Los enfoques reflectivistas nutren estos nuevos debates en la disciplina, teniendo en cuenta el carácter socialmente construido y mutable de las realidades de la vida internacional. En cuanto al diseño metodológico, el presente artículo consiste en un estudio de carácter cualitativo donde se seleccionaron los exponentes más relevantes de la corriente reflectivista, tanto moderada como radical: teoría crítica, feminismo y posmodernismo.


Abstract: The aim of this work is to present the way in which reflectivists rethink and (de)construct the concept of power in International Relations. In this sense, we analyze how they prompt power from an ontological and epistemological point of view. We start from the rationalist perspective to highlight the reflectivism approach, transforming the notion of power in International Relations. Power is an extremely complex concept, but fundamental to explain and to understand the dynamics of International Relations. Traditionally, the study of this concept has been connected to the analysis from the realist approach. However, in the last years, large debates have risen around it, expanding the theoretical horizon with new approaches in accordance with the international dynamics. Reflectivisms encourage these new debates in the field, considering the socially constructed and changeable nature of international life realities. The research is developed through a methodological design based on a qualitative method selecting the leading exponents of refectivism, moderate and radical: critical theory, feminism and postmodernism.
Key words: power; International Relations; reflectivism.


Recebido em: maio/2019
Aprovado em: janeiro/2020

"La ciberseguridad se ha instalado en nuestras vidas y está aquí para quedarse", "Como Estado estamos obligados a disponer de un sistema de ciberseguridad que gestione con eficacia los riesgos y sólo es posible con la colaboración del sector privado, de todos los ciudadanos y de organismos internacionales". Así se expresaba la embajadora en misión especial para la Ciberseguridad del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación durante la inauguración de la Jornada Empresarial Ciberseguridad: Las empresas frente al incremento de ciberataques. España no es ajena a estas circunstancias y registró en el año 2017 el mayor número de ciberataques de su historia. Por otro lado, la ciberseguridad es un tema incluido en la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional, aprobado por el Gobierno el día 1 de diciembre de 2017. El Consejo de Seguridad ha sido el órgano responsable de su elaboración. El Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad gestionará 135.000 ciberataques. Además, en base a los datos de la citada Institución, el cibercrimen "es un negocio muy lucrativo" que podría mover entre el 0,1 por ciento del PIB y un billón de euros. En el ámbito empresarial, Telefónica es la empresa en el Ibex-35 más implicada en la ciberseguridad, como se puede observar en los últimos informes anuales. El objetivo del artículo es la valoración de los intangibles para la ciberseguridad en la nueva economía con especial énfasis el ciberseguro ; "Cybersecurity has been installed in our lives and is here to stay", "As a State we are obliged to have a cybersecurity system that effectively manages the risks and is only possible with the collaboration of the private sector, of all citizens and of international organizations ". This is how the ambassador expressed her special mission for the Cybersecurity of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation during the inauguration of the Cybersecurity Business Conference: Companies facing the increase in cyberattacks. Spain is not immune to these circumstances and will register in 2017 the largest number of cyberattacks in its history. On the other hand, cybersecurity is a subject included in the National Security Strategy, approved by the Government on December 1, 2017. The Security Council has been the body responsible for its preparation. The National Cybersecurity Institute will manage 135,000 cyberattacks. In addition, based on the data of the aforementioned Institution, cybercrime "is a very lucrative business" that could move between 0.1 percent of GDP and one billion euros. In the business field, Telefónica is the company in the Ibex-35 most involved in cybersecurity, as can be seen in the latest annual reports. The objective of the article is the valuation of intangibles for cybersecurity in the new economy, we want to pay special attention aboutcybersecurity

The goal of the current study was to develop methods of estimating the height of vertical components within plantation coniferous forest using airborne discrete multiple return lidar. In the summer of 2008, airborne lidar and field data were acquired for Loblolly pine forest locations in North Carolina and Virginia, USA, which comprised a variety of stand conditions (e.g. stand age, nutrient regime, and stem density). The methods here implement both field plot-scale analysis and an automated approach for the delineation of individual tree crown (ITC) locations and horizontal extents through a marker-based region growing process applied to a lidar derived canopy height model. The estimation of vertical features was accomplished through aggregating lidar return height measurements into vertical height bins, of a given horizontal extent (plot or ITC), creating a vertical 'stack' of bins describing the frequency of returns by height. Once height bins were created the resulting vertical distributions were smoothed with a regression curve-line function and canopy layers were identified through the detection of local maxima and minima. Estimates from Lorey's mean canopy height was estimated from plot-level curve-fitting with an overall accuracy of 5.9% coefficient of variation (CV) and the coefficient of determination (R-2) value of 0.93. Estimates of height to the living canopy produced an overall R-2 value of 0.91 (11.0% CV). The presence of vertical features within the sub-canopy component of the fitted vertical function also corresponded to areas of known understory presence and absence. Estimates from ITC data were averaged to the plot level. Estimates of field Lorey's mean canopy top height from average ITC data produced an R-2 value of 0.96 (7.9% CV). Average ITC estimates of height to the living canopy produced the closest correspondence to the field data, producing an R-2 value of 0.97 (6.2% CV). These results were similar to estimates produced by a statistical regression method, where R-2 values were 0.99 (2.4% CV) and 0.98 (4.9% CV) for plot average top canopy height and height to the living canopy, respectively. These results indicate that the characteristics of the dominant canopy can be estimated accurately using airborne lidar without the development of regression models, in a variety of intensively managed coniferous stand conditions. ; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station; Program McIntire Stennis of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture ; Funding for this work was provided in part by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the Program McIntire Stennis of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

"GAO/NSIAD-85-121." ; "B-217828"--Prelim. p. ; "September 26, 1985." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 80 H781-33 ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Hearings held Apr. 25-26 and May 1-2, 1978. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Publication date stamped on cover. ; "B-159652." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Considers. a. Agreement for Cooperation for Mutual Defense Purposes Between the Government of the U.S. and the Government of Belgium. b. Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the U.S. and the Government of Argentina Concerning Civil Uses of Atomic Energy. c. Amendments to atomic energy cooperation agreements between the U.S. and Brazil, the Republic of China, Euratom, France, Greece, Israel, Portugal, the Republic of South Africa, Thailand, and the Federal Republic of Germany on behalf of Berlin. Classified material has been deleted. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part VII ; Considers. a. Agreement for Cooperation for Mutual Defense Purposes Between the Government of the U.S. and the Government of Belgium. b. Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the U.S. and the Government of Argentina Concerning Civil Uses of Atomic Energy. c. Amendments to atomic energy cooperation agreements between the U.S. and Brazil, the Republic of China, Euratom, France, Greece, Israel, Portugal, the Republic of South Africa, Thailand, and the Federal Republic of Germany on behalf of Berlin. Classified material has been deleted. ; Mode of access: Internet.