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This book provides an innovative account of how the globalization of production and the emergence of global value chains impacts on trade preferences, lobby strategies and the political influence of EU firms. It sheds new light on the complex EU-China trade relations

Preliminary Material /M.B. Rasch -- Introduction /M.B. Rasch -- Literature Review /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter One. The EU At The UN-The Coordination Process: Actors And Mechanisms /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter Two. The EU Factor In The Coordination Process /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter Three. Functioning Of The CFSP In Specific UN Bodies /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter Four. External Factors Changing The Basis Of EU Cooperation /M.B. Rasch -- Coherence Of EU Member States' Decision-Making-Voting Behaviour In The UN General Assembly: Introduction And Methodological Considerations /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter Five. Voting Coherence Of The EU As A Group /M.B. Rasch -- Chapter Six. Inside Europe: Voting Coherence Within The EU And With Other European Countries /M.B. Rasch -- Conclusions /M.B. Rasch -- Annex 1. List Of Interviews /M.B. Rasch -- Annex 2. Statistics On Voting Coherence /M.B. Rasch -- Bibliography /M.B. Rasch -- Index /M.B. Rasch.

Introduction -- 1. The theoretical framework of copyright propertization -- 2. Droit d'auteur, copyright and the historical epiphanies of propertization -- 3. The EU copyright model, or how to lose the compass in a systemic chaos -- 4. The different effects of copyright propertization: EU vs. Member States -- 5. The social function of copyright as property right -- 6. Building and harmonizing EU copyright law within the property framework: a four-dimensional experiment of systematization -- Conclusions-- Bibliography -- Index

Several studies have identified the factors that cause public deficits in industrial democracies. They consider that economic, political and institutional factors play an important role in the understanding of those deficits. However, the study of the determinants of excessive deficits remains practically unexplored. Since excessive deficits can have large negative spillover effects when countries are forming a monetary union without a centralised budget –as it is the case for a group of European countries – this paper tries to explore that gap in the literature by identifying the main causes of excessive deficits and the ways of avoiding them. Binary choice models are estimated over a panel of 15 European Union countries for the period 1970-2006, where an excessive deficit is defined as a deficit higher than 3% of GDP. Results show that a weak fiscal stance, low economic growth, the timing of parliamentary elections and majority left-wing governments are the main causes of excessive deficits in the EU countries. Moreover, the institutional constraints imposed after Maastricht over the EU countries' fiscal policy have succeeded in reducing the probability of excessive deficits in Europe, especially in small countries. Therefore, this study concludes that supranational fiscal constraints, national efforts to reduce public debts, growth promoting policies and mechanisms to avoid political opportunism and partisan effects are essential factors for an EU country to avoid excessive deficits. Finally, the results presented in this paper raise the idea that a good strategy for the EU countries to avoid excessive deficits caused by the opportunistic behaviour of their policymakers would be to schedule elections for the beginning or the end of the year. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - ...

In the European Union at the level of the European Commission the principle of gender equality, called gender mainstreaming, has been introduced in all areas of activities and policy. The term "gender mainstreaming" is the key and it has been accepted for the implementation of policies of gender equality in the EU Member States, that, according to the definition of the Council of Europe means reorganization, improvement, development and evaluation of political processes in a way that the perspective of gender equality is included in all policies at all levels and degrees, by the actors involved in political decision-making. Although women constitute the majority of the world's population, in the field of entrepreneurial activities they constitute the minority due to their socially, economically and politically inferior position with regard to men. Sex-related inequalities on the labor market and in entrepreneurial activities are connected to unequal educational and training opportunities which are further reflected to their choice of profession and possibilities for advancement. The change in social paradigms has radically altered the balance of powers between women and men in society at large, as well as in business. However, the fact is that there are fewer women entrepreneurs in relation to men. The aim of the paper is to identify the major obstacles encountered by women in a business. This paper also serves to support the entrepreneurship of women and to promote its development.

Defence date: 13 April 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Stefan Grundmann, EUI; Professor Catherine Barnard, Trinity College, University of Cambridge; Professor Carla Sieburgh, Radboud Universiteit. ; This thesis analyses European standardisation of services and its impact on private law. It tells a story of two paradoxes. First of all, the EU – in particular, the European Commission – would like European standardisation of services to improve the internal market for services. However, it is not actually taking any steps to guarantee that European standardisation of services facilitates free movement of services. With the New Approach for goods, European standardisation of goods has been made a tool for internal-market building. Such a regulatory approach has not been developed for European standardisation of services. As a result, it is difficult for the EU to exercise control over the reasons of stakeholders to start working on European services standards. An analysis of European standardisation in the healthcare and tourism sectors shows that parties start making European services standards for various reasons, which often have little to do with the improvement of the internal market. Therefore, the Commission cannot rely on European standardisation as a regulatory strategy to improve free movement of services. Secondly, because there is no European regulatory framework in which European services standards play a clear role, the parties which make European services standards become responsible for their application in law. They want their standards to play a role in private law – in particular, in contract law and in certification schemes. However, although stakeholders want European services standards to be applied in private law, they do not really care about the requirements which are imposed by private law. European services standards are not adopted in a legal vacuum – they regularly interact and clash with existing legal regulation. There is a real risk that European services standards might contain provisions which breach the free movement and competition law provisions. This will prevent their successful application in private law.

This valuable book examines the interaction between economic ideas and the policy-making process in Europe, centred around the creation of European Monetary Union. The essays cover three broad areas: early debates on European monetary integration, economic thought at the European Community institutions, and the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe. Core elements of the book are analyses of Europe's quest for exchange rate stability and of the debates on the nature of EMU and the path towards it. With the aid of crucial case studies, Ivo Maes goes on to chart the growing awareness among policymakers of the increasing interdependence between Europe's economies and the rise of a new medium-term, stability-oriented policy conception - both vital and necessary factors in the genesis of EMU. Drawing on the extensive experience of the author, both as an academic and a senior official involved in European economic policy-making, this book undoubtedly contributes towards a better understanding of the role of economic ideas in the process of European monetary integration. It will be an important addition to the literature on EMU and will be required reading for scholars and policymakers in the fields of economics, European studies and the history of economic thought