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Research on the (promised) effects of transitional justice efforts on victims of civil conflicts remains rare. This article seeks to advance the field of research in two ways. First, this article focuses on how Peruvian victimhood became politicized as a consequence of a promised transitional justice mechanism: the Peruvian reparation program. Second, by highlighting the diverse motivations of members of grassroots victims' organizations, it brings to the fore important lessons on the successes, and challenges of this transitional justice mechanism. Adapted from the source document.

"In 1895, forty-seven rebel military officers contested the terms of a law that granted them amnesty but blocked their immediate return to the armed forces. During the century that followed, numerous other Brazilians who similarly faced repercussions for political opposition or outright rebellion subsequently made claims to forms of recompense through amnesty. By 2010, tens of thousands of Brazilians had sought reparations, referred to as amnesty, for repression suffered during the Cold War-era dictatorship. This book examines the evolution of amnesty in Brazil and describes when and how it functioned as an institution synonymous with restitution. Ann M. Schneider is concerned with the politics of conciliation and reflects on this history of Brazil in the context of broader debates about transitional justice. She argues that the adjudication of entitlements granted in amnesty laws marked points of intersection between prevailing and profoundly conservative politics with moments and trends that galvanized the demand for and the expansion of rights, showing that amnesty in Brazil has been both surprisingly democratizing and yet stubbornly undemocratic"--

This dissertation examines how individuals and groups in Timor, including Timor's State, have been engaging with, talking about, commemorating, and creating historical narratives of the brutal 24-year Indonesian occupation of Timor from 1975-1999. While the dissertation begins with an examination of remembrance of Indonesian rule in Timor's immediate post-independence period, as conducted by Timor's truth commission (the CAVR), its focus is on the "post-transitional justice period" following the end of the CAVR's formal operations in 2005, and continuing to the present day. It focuses most specifically on the period from 2011-2012. I argue that there has been a shift in Timor's post-independence period from a CAVR-sponsored narrative of the past focused on human rights violations and suffering victims, to a narrative focused on Timor's struggle for independence from Indonesia and the veterans or heroes of that struggle. The dissertation explores how this narrative, which involves the allocation of various benefits to those deemed veterans, has been promoted or embraced by various actors in Timor for different purposes. Among other things, Timor's political leaders, who themselves are mostly veterans, have promoted a narrative of past resistance to Indonesian rule in order to maintain personal political power. The dissertation examines how the CAVR's previously dominant narrative of victims and veterans has come to be largely displaced from Timor's public sphere. I argue that a victim-veteran binary has developed in Timor, in which the victim has come to be defined in negative relation to the veteran as one who did not resist Indonesian rule and is devalued accordingly. At the same time, I show how the superficial displacement of an official narrative of victimhood and human rights by a heroic narrative of veteranhood in post-independence Timor, belies the fact that certain values of human rights and transitional justice have been incorporated into attempts to define veteranhood and to determine who are the most heroic Timorese.

Preliminary Material -- Introduction: An Alternative Perspective on Human Rights -- The Perspective of Dynamic Humanism -- Religious Values, Normative Precepts and Human Rights -- Human Rights Trends in the Western History of Ideas -- Ideological Contributions of Celtic Freedom and Individualism to Human Rights -- Dynamic Humanism and the Human Rights Struggle -- Globalization, Dynamic Humanism and Human Rights Activism -- Emotion: Love, Hate, and the Human Rights' Boundaries of the Law -- Slavery, Tolerated Exploitation and Human Trafficking -- Contextualizing Genocide, Apartheid, Racism, Mass Murder -- Contextualizing Torture -- Toward an Affection Process of Human Rights -- Family, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Affection Process -- Human Rights and Socio-Economic Justice -- Intellectual Property and Human Rights -- Truth, Reconciliation and the Fragility of Heroic Activism -- Transitional Justice: The Moral Foundations of Trials and Commissions in Social and Political Transformation -- Peace, Justice and Transition in Colombia -- Human Rights, Eco-Community Survival, Bio-Piracy and Indigenous Peoples -- Human Rights and Nuclear Weapons -- The Development of Human Rights and Private Sector Enforcement: The United States Experience -- Conclusions: Moving Ahead -- Index.

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