Suchergebnisse

The Italian Constitution defines property not as a fundamental right, but as a right "recognized and guaranteed by law… with the objective to secure its social function". For this reason, many authors have emphasized that its inclusion in the European Convention on Human Rights as well as in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, could be considered as a blameworthy return to ancient (and excessively liberal) views. In truth, as this paper will try to demonstrate, the notion of "social function" is not stranger to European Law, which even extents this concept and its significant implications to many other rights and freedoms protected in modern Charters of Rights. ; La Constitución italiana contempla la propiedad no como un derecho fundamental, sino como un derecho "reconocido y garantizado por la ley. con el objetivo de asegurar su función social". Por esta razón, muchos autores han subrayado que su inclusión en la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos, así como en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea, podría considerarse como un regreso censurable a antiguas (y excesivamente liberales) opiniones. En realidad, como se intentará demostrar en este trabajo, la noción de "función social" no es ajena al Derecho Europeo, que incluso extiende este concepto y sus significativas implicaciones, a muchos otros derechos y libertades protegidos en las modernas Cartas de Derechos.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO reviewed the Social Security Administration's (SSA) fiscal year 2000 performance report and fiscal year 2002 performance plan to assess SSA's progress in achieving five key outcomes important to the agency's mission. The five key outcomes are (1) providing timely, accurate, and useful information and services to the public; (2) making disability determinations more timely and accurate; (3) reducing long-term disability benefits as people return to the workplace; (4) providing timely information to decisionmakers on program policy issues, such as long-term solvency of trust fund; and (5) reducing waste, fraud, abuse, and error in the Supplemental Security Income program. Although it lowered and met its goal for the volume of 800-number calls processed, SSA did not report on its progress toward improving the accuracy of 800-number service because data were not yet available. SSA's strategy for meeting its fiscal year 2002 goals included training customer staff to be more accurate. However, in its fiscal year 2002 plan, SSA merged two accuracy indicators without sufficient justification, which may affect SSA's ability to monitor and manage performance. Even though SSA lowered the targets for about half of its goals, it still did not meet several of them, including goals for the volume and timeliness of disability hearings. SSA's measures were primarily output-oriented and did not directly convey SSA's progress. SSA's fiscal year 2002 strategies are more results-oriented and include goals and measures that are more clearly linked to its objectives. SSA has not developed performance goals for several indicators, including reductions in the number of disabled Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries receiving cash benefits. The plan should help SSA better track customer satisfaction with its research products. SSA's fiscal year 2002 strategies could be improved by including additional indicators of its antifraud efforts, such as tracing the number of civil and monetary penalties levied."

Sustainably achieving the goal of global food security is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. The current food system is failing to meet the needs of people, and at the same time, is having far-reaching impacts on the environment and undermining human well-being in other important ways. It is increasingly apparent that a deep transformation in the way we produce and consume food is needed in order to ensure a more just and sustainable future. This paper uses the concept of regime shifts to understand key drivers and innovations underlying past disruptions in the food system and to explore how they may help us think about desirable future changes and how we might leverage them. We combine two perspectives on regime shifts—one derived from natural sciences and the other from social sciences—to propose an interpretation of food regimes that draws on innovation theory. We use this conceptualization to discuss three examples of innovations that we argue helped enable critical regime shifts in the global food system in the past: the Haber-Bosch process of nitrogen fixation, the rise of the supermarket, and the call for more transparency in the food system to reconnect consumers with their food. This paper concludes with an exploration of why this combination of conceptual understandings is important across the Global North/ Global South divide, and proposes a new sustainability regime where transformative change is spearheaded by a variety of social–ecological innovations.

AbstractTheoretical theories underpin the governance effect of directors' and officers' (D&O) liability insurance include agency costs and stakeholder interests. Motivated by mixed evidence on the corporate governance effects of D&O, we ask whether and how the directors' and officers' (D&O) liability insurance affects corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in China, one of the largest and fastest growing economies in the world. We develop two contrasting hypotheses: (1) supervision and incentives versus (2) opportunism. To test these hypotheses, we rely on Chinese A‐share market data and fixed effect panel regressions, along with a battery of robustness checks, including Heckman sample selection bias, two‐stage least square instrumental variable (2SLS‐IV), difference‐in‐difference (DiD), propensity score matching (PSM) analyses. Consistent with supervision and incentives hypotheses and stakeholder theory, we find that D&O liability insurance significantly increases firm's CSR performance and firms renewing D&O liability insurance with the same insurers tend to have better CSR performance. Two possible mechanisms supporting this positive relation between D&O liability insurance and CSR performance are information transparency and accounting conservatism. Aside from theoretical contributions, our findings offer important practical contributions such as promoting D&O as external governance and ensuring the functions of D&O insurance comprehensively and correctly understood. Integrating D&O insurance with CSR can be viewed as an important business strategy by mitigating risks, enhancing reputation, ensuring legal compliance, and supporting responsible decision‐making.

Joshua Owolabi,1 Abebe Bekele2 1Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 2School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, RwandaCorrespondence: Joshua OwolabiDepartment of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, RwandaTel +250 781164365Email jowolabi@ughe.orgAbstract: This article is a descriptive and reflective piece on the strategic adaptations that facilitated and enabled the teaching of anatomy and related basic medical sciences to medical students in an African medical school that never shut down during the COVID-19 induced lockdown of the year 2020. The article considers the roles of educational technology, innovations, media and how these were used to achieve learning objectives with optimal outcomes during the lockdown. Specific technologies and innovations including the Anatomage Table, Complete 3D Anatomy software, and the use of High-Fidelity Mannequin were deployed to facilitate effective teaching of anatomy and related basic medical sciences. This was aided by the robust use of a learning management system – Canvas, as well as internet facility for connection, videoconferencing, online sessions and online-based assessment in a strategically organised manner. This system was dynamic enough to respond to changes in COVID-19 related government policies including the lockdown and social distancing-related adjustments in the physical settings. The outcome was that the teaching of medical students did not stop, and optimal results were achieved. The article considers the roles of educational technology and innovations as well as the media and how these were used to achieve learning objectives with optimal outcomes during the lockdown. It is believed that this experiential piece would inspire and inform other medical schools on the benefit of building robustly dynamic medical school systems as well as the use of innovations in times of challenges. The article also considers both the limitations and benefits of technology in teaching anatomy. Very importantly, specific tools, innovations, and technologies were considered as used, and the information provided might be a guide for other potential users. Ultimately, the lesson learned would be of use to us and we believe we could also benefit many others.Keywords: anatomy, basic medical sciences, medical education, COVID-19, Africa

A inicios de la modernidad la llamada "revolución científica", aquel hecho planetario acicateado por Copérnico, Galileo, Kepler y Newton, no supuso solo una ruptura en la comprensión del funcionamiento del cosmos, sino que vino aparejada de una auténtica transformación en la actitud básica del ser humano respecto del mundo. La astronomía fue pieza fundamental en la preparación del terreno sobre el que se desplegaría la transformación técnica que caracterizó a la modernidad desde el siglo XVI, pues contribuyó a constituir una imagen del mundo despersonalizada, en la que los intereses mecánicos adquirirían prioridad, lo cual se expresó fundamentalmente en los conceptos de conocimiento objetivo y ley natural.