Suchergebnisse

The procedural norms of constitutional law ensure the implementation of the right. This article examines the forms of implementation of the right, as well as their impact on the formation of a unified system of public relations in the course of setting goals and objectives of the state and society.

There is no life without water. Water is a driver for development: it is vital for human nutrition and health and essential for ecosystem management, agriculture, energy, economic development, peace, and security. Yet, billions of people around the world are continuing to suffer from poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Some 2.2 billion people around the world lack access to safely managed drinking water services, 4.2 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and 3 billion lack basic handwashing facilities. Many societies are further confronted with increasing water scarcity, lowering water quality and the indirect impacts of climate changes on water system functions and services. In addition, in many regions of the world, governance and institutions and financial resources dedicated to water management are insufficient for reaching a sustainable trajectory for water management. The current challenges related to water are therefore multi-dimensional, multi-scale and complex, and intertwined with the many other challenges of the sustainable development agenda. Addressing these complex challenges needs multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, and expertise from different scientific disciplines. This should be grounded on a thorough understanding of the water system, the water system processes and associated water services and functions. The Circle U. is a recently created European university alliance that aims constructing, by 2025 an inclusive, research-intensive and interdisciplinary European university. Students, staff and partners from civil society, businesses and the public sector will collaborate to jointly develop competencies and solutions for keeping Europe and the planet healthy, peaceful, democratic and prosperous. Louvain4water is a transdisciplinary consortium that develops basic and applied research, advanced training and services in the field of water at UCLouvain. The expertise available in the Circle U. alliance, or in local platforms of participating universities like the Louvain4water platform yields excellent opportunities for consolidating the science base needed to address the current water challenges. Yet, such expertise should be better mapped and linked in order to empower the capacities of participating institutions of the Circle U. alliance in addressing water challenges. The overall goal of this symposium is to strengthen the conceptual interdisciplinary scientific framework that is needed to address the current multidimensional water challenges and to bring together expertise from different partner institutions of Circle U. in the water science domain. The specific objective is to illustrate and discuss on how interdisciplinarity can be boosted to address the complex water challenges and to draw a roadmap to set-up interdisciplinary activities in the water science domain in the realm of Circle U.

There is no life without water. Water is a driver for development: it is vital for human nutrition and health and essential for ecosystem management, agriculture, energy, economic development, peace, and security. Yet, billions of people around the world are continuing to suffer from poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Some 2.2 billion people around the world lack access to safely managed drinking water services, 4.2 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and 3 billion lack basic handwashing facilities. Many societies are further confronted with increasing water scarcity, lowering water quality and the indirect impacts of climate changes on water system functions and services. In addition, in many regions of the world, governance and institutions and financial resources dedicated to water management are insufficient for reaching a sustainable trajectory for water management. The current challenges related to water are therefore multi-dimensional, multi-scale and complex, and intertwined with the many other challenges of the sustainable development agenda. Addressing these complex challenges needs multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, and expertise from different scientific disciplines. This should be grounded on a thorough understanding of the water system, the water system processes and associated water services and functions. The Circle U. is a recently created European university alliance that aims constructing, by 2025 an inclusive, research-intensive and interdisciplinary European university. Students, staff and partners from civil society, businesses and the public sector will collaborate to jointly develop competencies and solutions for keeping Europe and the planet healthy, peaceful, democratic and prosperous. Louvain4water is a transdisciplinary consortium that develops basic and applied research, advanced training and services in the field of water at UCLouvain. The expertise available in the Circle U. alliance, or in local platforms of participating universities like the Louvain4water platform yields excellent opportunities for consolidating the science base needed to address the current water challenges. Yet, such expertise should be better mapped and linked in order to empower the capacities of participating institutions of the Circle U. alliance in addressing water challenges. The overall goal of this symposium is to strengthen the conceptual interdisciplinary scientific framework that is needed to address the current multidimensional water challenges and to bring together expertise from different partner institutions of Circle U. in the water science domain. The specific objective is to illustrate and discuss on how interdisciplinarity can be boosted to address the complex water challenges and to draw a roadmap to set-up interdisciplinary activities in the water science domain in the realm of Circle U.

"Mimeographed." ; "Selected list of references": p. 59. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In a globalized world, unilateral environmental policies may fail to correct market failures from a global point of view. In this dissertation, I examine some mechanisms through which environmental regulations could lead to inefficient outcomes under free trade. I also investigate how particular environmental policies such as recycling policies can help to address other concerns at the country level. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I analyze how cross-country difference in waste taxes impacts the bilateral trade in waste between the member states of the European Union. I find that a higher asymmetry in the waste taxes is associated with a non negligible amount of waste exported from strict countries to lax countries. This result illustrates the harmful impact that "race to the bottom" behaviours can have under free trade. This result has important policy implications since these behaviours can lead to an insufficient internalization of the environmental damages caused by waste management activities. Recycling policies are implemented to reduce environmental impacts but they can also mitigate country dependence on foreign raw materials. In the second chapter, I find that recycling policies substantially reduce country dependence on foreign raw materials by stimulating domestic production of secondary raw materials. In the third chapter, I test empirically whether offshoring to low-production-cost countries reduces firms' propensity to innovate in clean technologies. I find that trade with low-cost countries may have significantly reduced green innovation in high production cost countries during the last decades. In the last chapter, I use micro-data on French manufacturing to test a major part of the assumptions made in the seminal work of Porter and van der Linde. I find evidence against the Porter Hypothesis although the negative impact of regulations on firm profitability is rather small. This is evidence of a necessary but not sufficient condition for the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. ; Les ...

In a globalized world, unilateral environmental policies may fail to correct market failures from a global point of view. In this dissertation, I examine some mechanisms through which environmental regulations could lead to inefficient outcomes under free trade. I also investigate how particular environmental policies such as recycling policies can help to address other concerns at the country level. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I analyze how cross-country difference in waste taxes impacts the bilateral trade in waste between the member states of the European Union. I find that a higher asymmetry in the waste taxes is associated with a non negligible amount of waste exported from strict countries to lax countries. This result illustrates the harmful impact that "race to the bottom" behaviours can have under free trade. This result has important policy implications since these behaviours can lead to an insufficient internalization of the environmental damages caused by waste management activities. Recycling policies are implemented to reduce environmental impacts but they can also mitigate country dependence on foreign raw materials. In the second chapter, I find that recycling policies substantially reduce country dependence on foreign raw materials by stimulating domestic production of secondary raw materials. In the third chapter, I test empirically whether offshoring to low-production-cost countries reduces firms' propensity to innovate in clean technologies. I find that trade with low-cost countries may have significantly reduced green innovation in high production cost countries during the last decades. In the last chapter, I use micro-data on French manufacturing to test a major part of the assumptions made in the seminal work of Porter and van der Linde. I find evidence against the Porter Hypothesis although the negative impact of regulations on firm profitability is rather small. This is evidence of a necessary but not sufficient condition for the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. ; Les politiques environnementales unilatérales, destinées à corriger les défaillances de marché, peuvent échouer dans un monde globalisé. Dans cette thèse, j'analyse plusieurs mécanismes dans lesquels certaines réglementations environnementales peuvent conduire à un équilibre sous optimal dans une situation de libre-échange. J'étudie également la façon dont certaines politiques environnementales telles que les politiques de recyclages peuvent contribuer à atteindre d'autres objectifs politiques à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le premier chapitre de cette dissertation, j'analyse l'impact des différences de taxation sur la gestion des déchets entre différents pays sur les échanges bilatéraux de déchets entre les pays membres de l'Union Européenne. Je trouve qu'une différence entre les taux de taxes a un impact non négligeable sur la quantité de déchets exportés des pays à fort niveau de taxation vers les pays à faible niveau de taxation. Ce résultat illustre l'impact néfaste que peuvent avoir, en situation de libre échange, les comportements stratégiques de type « nivellement par le bas ». Ce résultat a d'importantes implications en termes de politiques publiques car ces comportements stratégiques peuvent conduire à une sous internalisation des dommages environnementaux. Les politiques de recyclages ont originellement été mises en place pour réduire les impacts environnementaux du traitement des déchets. En réalité, elles peuvent aussi contribuer à la diminution de la dépendance en matières premières à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que les politiques de recyclages, qui stimulent la production locale de matières premières secondaires, ont un impact négatif substantiel sur les importations de matières premières métalliques. Dans le troisième chapitre, je teste empiriquement si la délocalisation vers les pays à faible coût de production diminue la propension des entreprises à développer des technologies vertes. Je trouve que la capacité d'importer des matériaux en provenance des pays à bas coût a réduit de manière drastique l'innovation verte dans les pays à coût de production élevé durant les dernières décennies. Dans le dernier chapitre, j'utilise des données sur les entreprises industrielles françaises pour tester empiriquement la majorité des hypothèses formulées par Porter et van der Linde. Mon analyse empirique rejette l'hypothèse de Porter bien que l'impact négatif des réglementations environnementales sur la profitabilité des firmes soit plutôt faible. Ce résultat constitue une preuve d'une condition nécessaire mais non suffisante à l'existence de havres de pollution.

To what extent are greek saving laws, resulting in payment cuts in the public sector (that is employment conditions), capable of overriding the applicable (german) law? a dispute arising from an employment relationship between the greek republic and an employee habitually carrying out work in germany, gave rise to preliminary questions having regard to the temporal scope of eu regulation no. 593/2008 (the 'rome i regulation')1 and, closely related thereto, the functional reach of article 9(3) of that regulation in respect of 'foreign' mandatory laws, in light of the principle of sincere cooperation enshrined in article 4(3) teu. An analysis of the advocate general's opinion and the court of justice of the european union's (cjeu) ruling is followed by critical commentary and suggestions for future eu legislative amendments to the rome i regime.

Abstract  A major challenge to developing therapeutic interventions for cognitive loss and dementia in aging individuals with Down syndrome (DS) is the selection of appropriate outcome measures. This report describes the adaptation of the Brief Praxis Test (a nonverbal cognitive test) as a primary outcome measure, as well as the selection of secondary outcome measures for a multicenter clinical trial of vitamin E in aging individuals with DS. Instruments were chosen to assess cognition, behavior, and clinical global function based on previous work in DS and in Alzheimer's disease. Measures of cognition included verbal and nonverbal memory, vocabulary, and orientation. An informant‐based measure of behavior and function was adapted from several existing rating scales, and the Clinical Global Impression was adapted for use with this group. This report also describes initial experiences using these measures with the participants who were enrolled in the clinical trial. As in other populations of persons with dementia, verbal learning, memory, and delayed recall proved to be highly associated with the presence of dementia in our study participants. With the exception of visual memory and orientation measures (which proved too difficult to use with portions of this cohort), the tests employed proved useful in the assessment of individuals across a range of premorbid levels of intellectual disability. The authors conclude that the measures chosen for the assessment of behavior and functional ability and the use of the Clinical Global Impression appear to be appropriate for this population and comparable to instruments that have captured pharmacological benefits in other disease groups.

The issue of risk management has gained attention in the field of administration due to the dissemination of international frameworks. In Brazilian federal public administration, risk management is a recent and expanding practice. This research analyzes how international corporate risk management frameworks have been adopted by the federal government through regulations and guidelines. The study adopts the concepts of coercive, normative, and mimetic forces from the neo-institutional theory, and examines the presence of international norms in the Brazilian regulations. Through a qualitative approach, content analysis in documents, norms, interviews, and seminars was used to identify traits of the COSO ERM and ISO 31000/2009 frameworks, which were chosen based on relevance. Results identify important actors pushing for the use of international frameworks, such as international organizations, professional associations, and public agencies, especially those related to government audits. Despite the strong international influence, the Brazilian norms are adapted to the organizations' context and allowing the maintenance of national autonomy. ; El interés en la gestión de riesgos ha crecido de manera constante, fortalecido por la difusión de modelos internacionales. En la administración publica federal de Brasil, el uso de la gestión de riesgos es reciente y se está expandiendo. Esta investigación analiza como las normas y directrices del gobierno federal adoptan los modelos internacionales de gestión de riesgos corporativos. Siguiendo la teoría neoinstitucional, se investigó la exposición a fuerzas coercitivas, normativas y miméticas, y la presencia de conceptos de normas internacionales en la reglamentación brasileña. Se utilizó el análisis de contenido en documentos, normas, entrevistas y seminarios para identificar los rasgos de los modelos COSO ERM e ISO 31000/2009, adoptados por su relevancia. Los resultados identifican actores importantes que ejercen presión para la adopción de modelos internacionales, como organizaciones internacionales, asociaciones profesionales y agencias públicas, especialmente las vinculadas a la auditoria gubernamental. A pesar de la fuerte influencia, la estructuración de estándares permite el mantenimiento de la autonomía nacional y su personalización en el contexto de las organizaciones. ; O interesse no gerenciamento de riscos tem crescido continuamente, fortalecido pela disseminação de modelos internacionais. Na administração publica federal brasileira, o uso da gestão de riscos e recente e encontra-se em expansão. Esta pesquisa analisou como modelos internacionais de gerenciamento de riscos corporativos são adotados pelas normas e orientações do Governo Federal. Aplicam-se os conceitos de forças coercitivas, normativas e miméticas da teoria neoinstitucional e observa-se a presença de conceitos das normas internacionais na normativa brasileira. Aplicou-se a análise de conteúdo em documentos, entrevistas, normas e palestras, afim de identificar traços do modelo do Comitê das Organizações Patrocinadoras de Treadway (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission [COSO]) para Gerenciamento de Riscos Corporativos (Enterprise Risk Management [ERM]), conhecido como modelo "COSO ERM", e do modelo da Organização Internacional de Normalizacao (International Organization for Standardization [ISO]), conhecido como Norma ISO 31000:2009, adotados por sua relevância. Os resultados identificam que importantes atores exercem pressões para adoção dos modelos internacionais, como os próprios organismos internacionais, associações profissionais e órgãos públicos, em especial aqueles ligados a auditoria governamental. Apesar da forte influência verificada, a estruturação das normas permite a manutenção da autonomia nacional e sua customização no contexto das organizações.