Suchergebnisse

Today, natural and manmade accidents and emergencies are continual challenges for humanity. Disasters and catastrophes are events, which can bring about serious fallbacks within society and jeopardise sustainable development. The occurrence of accidents is connected with uncertainty and thereby also with the concept of risk. Therefore risk assessment is an essential component on a national as well as international level. The scope of this dissertation embraces the development and current state of emergency risk assessment in Estonia as one of the 'new' members of the EU. This dissertation is composed of national, regional-local and organisational levels. Comparison with the UK as an 'old' member of the EU has an important place in the entire thesis. The objective of this dissertation was to survey the development of Estonian emergency risk assessment since the restitution of Estonia as an independent state, and examines the impact of legislation and guidelines from other states and international institutions. The research materials were the legislation, guides and standards of Estonia and other countries, where the requirements regarding emergency risk assessment were enacted or included, methodologies, risk assessments outputs and other relevant information sources. In comparative studies the public outcomes of the national risk assessments of Estonia and the UK as well as the risk assessments of selected larger cities and conurbations were used. The results of this study showed that the development of emergency risk assessment in Estonia can be divided into three clearly distinct periods, where in addition to the development of the national legal system foreign systems were also of key importance. The example of the Swedish risk assessment methodology enabled the application and distribution of emergency risk assessment on local, regional and national levels. The example of the UK's methodology enabled the unification and arrangement of approaches to risk ranking. The risks of epidemics or pandemics, severe weather conditions and floods were assessed as very high or high in the both countries: Estonia and the UK. The public outcome document of the British National Risk Assessment accomplished the broader aims of risk communication in comparison with the Estonian analogue. The studies in selected Estonian ISO 14001 certified organisations demonstrated that the identification of possible accidents and emergencies is performed in association with the identification of environmental aspects, and also considers external factors. Novel approaches in the dissertation are the comparative study of the national risk assessments of two countries and also the study specially addressed emergency preparedness and response in ISO 14001 certified organisations. ; Tänapäeval on loodus- ja inimtekkelised õnnetused ning hädaolukorrad inimkonnale jätkuvaks väljakutseks. Suurõnnetused ja katastroofid on sündmused, mis võivad anda ühiskonnas tõsiseid tagasilööke ning ohustada jätkusuutlikku arengut. Õnnetuste toimumine on seotud määramatusega ja sellest tulenevalt ka riski mõistega. Seetõttu on riskianalüüs kaasaegse elanikkonnakaitse oluline komponent nii riiklikul kui ka rahvusvahelisel tasemel. Käesoleva dissertatsiooni käsitlusala hõlmab Eesti kui Euroopa Liidu n-ö uusliikme hädaolukorra riskianalüüsi arengu kulgu ja praegust olukorda. Dissertatsioonis käsitletakse riskianalüüsi korraldamise ja teostamisega seonduvat riiklikul, regionaalsel, kohalikul ja organisatsiooni tasandil. Olulist rolli dissertatsiooniga haaratud uuringutes etendab Eestis praktiseeritava riskianalüüsi võrdlus Suurbritannia ja Põhja-Iirimaa Ühendkuningriigi kui Euroopa Liidu n-ö vana liikmesmaa vastavasisulise tööga. Dissertatsiooni põhieesmärgiks oli uurida hädaolukorra riskianalüüsi arengut Eestis alates taasiseseisvumisest kuni tänaseni, selgitades ühtlasi teiste riikide ja rahvusvaheliste institutsioonide õigusaktide, standardite ja juhendmaterjalide mõju. Uurimismaterjalideks olid Eesti ja teiste riikide ning rahvusvahelised õigusaktid, juhendmaterjalid ja standardid, kus olid sätestatud või kajastusid hädaolukorra riskianalüüsialased nõudmised, metodoloogiad, riskianalüüside väljundid ning muud asjakohased teabeallikad. Võrdlevuuringutes kasutati Eesti ja Ühendkuningriigi riiklike riskianalüüside ning samuti valitud suuremate linnade ja linnastute riskianalüüside avalikke väljunddokumente. Uurimistulemused näitasid, et hädaolukorra riskianalüüsi arengu Eestis saab jaotada kolmeks selgelt eristatavaks perioodiks, kus lisaks siseriikliku õigusruumi arengule oli võtmetähtsusega ka välisriikide süsteemide mõju. Rootsi riskianalüüsi metoodika eeskuju lõi eeldused hädaolukorra riskianalüüsi rakendamiseks kohalikul, piirkondlikul ja riiklikul tasandil. Ühendkuningriigi metoodika eeskuju võimaldas riskide tasemehindamise olulist korrastamist ja ühtlustamist võrreldes varasemaga. Nii Eestis kui ka Ühendkuningriigis hinnati väga kõrgeks või kõrgeks epideemiate või pandeemiate, tõsiste ilmastikutingimuste ja üleujutuste riskid. Ühendkuningriigi riikliku riskianalüüsi avalik väljunddokument täitis võrreldes Eesti analoogiga laialdasemaid riskikommunikatsiooni eesmärke. Uuringud Eesti ISO 14001 sertifitseeritud organisatsioonides näitasid, et õnnetuste ja hädaolukordade võimaluste väljaselgitamist teostatakse enamikul juhtudest koos keskkonnaaspektide väljaselgitamise ja nende olulisuse hindamisega, kusjuures võetaks arvesse ka väliseid tegureid. Dissertatsioonis on uudseteks lähenemisteks kahe riigi riiklike hädaolukorra riskianalüüside võrdlevuuring ja samuti uuring, mis on spetsiaalselt suunatud hädaolukorraks valmisolekule ja tegutsemisele nende puhul organisatsioonides, mis on sertifitseeritud ISO 14001 standardi nõuetele vastavuse osas.

Цель работы выявить и описать последствия избыточных форм политической регуляции для функционирования социальной организации. Объектом исследования выступает взаимодействие вуза и профильного министерства в текущем столетии. Предметом структурные и функциональные изменения в вузе, вызванные избыточной регуляцией, и противодействие ей. Эмпирическим основанием для исследования выступает коллекция из 67 биографических интервью с работниками вуза и студентами, собранных или предоставленных в распоряжение автора. Интервью собирались в три серии: в 2003, 2009 и 2010 гг., что позволяет проследить динамику процесса. Дополнительным материалом выступает количественный анализ нормативных актов, издаваемых профильным министерством.В работе показано, что реформирование высшего образования опиралось не столько на его изучение и реальную властную дистрибуцию внутри вуза, сколько на устойчивые мифы, присутствующие на политическом поле с позднего советского периода. Невозможность согласовать мифологические и реальные представления проявилась в стремлении политической структуры к выработке формальных показателей, позволяющих сделать подконтрольной всю (формальную и неформальную) деятельность вузов. Идеологическим обоснованием этой административной активности выступает «Болонский процесс» и вхождение в мировое образовательное пространство.Но вузы (особенно провинциальные) существуют не столько благодаря международному образовательному пространству, сколько благодаря вписанности в региональное сообщество. Разрыв этих связей при возрастании жесткости контроля приводит вузы к деградации. Это вызывает к жизни достаточно сложные «тактики избегания» со стороны вузов. Они стремятся, не вступая в конфликт с профильным министерством и получая от него финансирование, сохранить живительную связь с местом и привычную систему практик. Формой избегания выступает формирование административного «защитного слоя» внутри вуза, деятельность которого направлена исключительно на взаимодействие с министерством. Однако «защитный слой» начинает прорастать вглубь вузовской структуры, порождая все новые бюрократические образования, доходящие до уровня факультетов и кафедр. В результате время, которое преподаватель физически способен потратить на учебный процесс, сокращается, а сам учебный процесс обессмысливается. Единственным легитимным смыслом образования выступает свидетельство о социальной полноценности его обладателя. ; The object of the paper is identifying and describing the consequences of excessive forms of political regulation of social organization functioning. The object of research is the interaction between the university and the relevant ministry during the fist decade of the 21st ctntury. Structural and functional changes at the university caused by excessive regulation and counteracting it are the main subject of the article. The empirical base of the research includes 67 biographical interviews with the university staff and students, collected by the authors or provided to the author by his colleagues. Interviews were arranged in three groups: those taken in 2003, 2009 and 2010, which allows tracing the dynamics of the process. Quantitative analysis of the legal acts and other regulating documents issued by relevant ministry is additional material for the analysis. The author shows that the reform of higher education was based on sustained myths present in the political field since the late Soviet period rather than its detailed study and the real power distribution within the university. Inability to reconcile mythological and real led the political structure to develop formal indicators for control of every form (both formal and informal) of university activity. «Bologna Process» and «accession into the world educational space» are ideological base of this administrative activity.But, as the author shows, universities (especially provincial ones) function not so much due to being a part of international educational space, but owing to being integrated into the regional community. Breaking regional ties caused by increasing the control rigid-ity leads to degradation of universities. It generates a rather complex «avoidance tactics» onthe part of universities. They strive to avoid conflicts with the relevant ministry, which is the main source of funding, and at the same time to keep the life-giving relationship with the region and customary system of practices.Creation of special administration department acting as «protection layer» within the institution, which interacts with the Ministry, is becoming basic form of such kind of «avoidance practices». The «protective layer» however begins to grow deeper into the university structure, giving rise to new bureaucratic formations which gradually levels with faculties and departments. As a result, the time the teachers are physically able to devote to academic activities is reduced, and the academic activities become meaningless. The only legitimate meaning of education then becomes the testimony about the social consistency of its owner.

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the legal relationship of business concentration, dominant market position and its abuse, which indicates a violation of effective competition. Special attention is dedicated to the institute of conditional concentration, especially when giving permission for its implementation after the acceptance of the proposal of special conditions and measures that participants in the transaction are willing to undertake, and when Commission for Protection of Competition considers them as appropriate for the prevention of the risk of distortion of competition caused by the implemented concentration. The concentration of economic entities in a particular market is not prohibited - on the contrary, the assumption of the prevalence of positive business, compared to negative business effects is positive, in the field of distortion of market balance. Furthermore, the creation of a dominant position via concentration is not inadmissible, even in the case when its sole objective is the abuse of the market power that is the restriction of effective competition. Concentration will enter into the field of the legal regime of prohibition only if the abuse of a dominant position is committed by it. Therefore, unlike the restrictive agreement, as another form of violation of competition, which is familiar with the subjective-objective concept of prohibition, in the sense that the agreement is null and void if it, as a purpose or effect, has a significant distortion of competition - in the case of the abuse of a dominant position, the legal model of objective or effective or consequential prohibition is in force. The conclusion of this paper implies that there is a substantial and functional legal connection between the conditional approval of the concentration and the dominant position in the market, in the sense that the institution of conditional concentration also represents a matter of preventive supervision over business activities of market participant who has a dominant position - consequently making it possible to prevent its abuse, which would indicate a violation of effective competition. On the other hand, research results indicate the great importance, in terms of preventive and rational action, of the legal model which interrupts the examination of infringement procedure due to the acceptance of the proposal of obligation on the side of parties in order to eliminate possible violations of competition, with the conclusion that there is a significantly broader scope of application in cases of abuse of a dominant position in relation to restrictive, and especially horizontal agreements - representing, since 2013 when it was introduced in the domestic legislative environment, the current most important institute in the area of domestic competition law reform. ; Ovaj rad ima za predmet analizu pravnog odnosa poslovne koncentracije, dominantnog tržišnog položaja i njegove zloupotrebe, koja označava povredu efektivne konkurencije. Posebna pažnja povećena je institutu uslovne koncentracije, kada se daje saglasnost za njeno sprovođenje nakon što je prihvaćen predlog posebnih uslova i mera koje su učesnici transakcije spremni da preduzmu, a Komisija za zaštitu konkurencije ih smatra adekvatnim za predupređenje opasnosti narušavanja konkurencije usled sprovedene koncentracije. Koncentracija privrednih subjekata na određenom tržištu nije zabranjena - naprotiv, pozitivna je pretpostavka prevalentnosti pozitivnih poslovnih, u odnosu na negativne efekte u domenu narušavanja tržišnog balansa. Nije nedopušteno ni stvaranje dominantnog položaja koncentracijom, čak i u situaciji kada je njen isključivi cilj bila zloupotreba tržišne moći, odnosno ograničavanje efektivne konkurencije. Koncentracija će ući na teren pravnog režima zabrane samo ukoliko se njom objektivno izvrši zloupotreba dominantnog položaja. Dakle, za razliku od restriktivnih sporazuma kao drugog oblika povrede konkurencije, koji poznaju subjektivno-objektivni koncept zabrane, u smislu da je ništav dogovor koji za cilj ili posledicu ima značajno narušavanje konkurencije - kod zloupotrebe dominantnog položaja na snazi je pravni model objektivne, odnosno efektivne, odnosno posledične zabrane. Zaključak rada je da postoji supstancijalna i funkcionalna pravna veza između uslovnog odobrenja koncentracije i dominantnog položaja na tržištu, u smislu da se institut uslovne koncentracije istovremeno javlja i kao način preventivnog nadzora nad poslovanjem tržišnog učesnika koji ima dominantnu poziciju - konsekventno omogućavajući da se predupredi njena zloupotreba koja bi značila povredu efektivne konkurencije. Rezultat istraživanja ukazuje, sa druge strane, na veliki značaj koji u smislu preventivnog delovanja, ali i racionalnog postupanja, ima pravni model prekida postupka ispitivanja povrede konkurencije usled prihvatanja predloga obaveza stranke radi otklanjanja mogućih povreda konkurencije, uz zaključak da postoji značajno širi domen primene u slučajevima zloupotrebe dominantnog položaja u odnosu na restriktivne, a posebno horizontalne sporazume - predstavljajući, od 2013 godine kada je uveden u domaći legislativni ambijent, aktuelno najznačajniji institut u domenu reforme domaćeg prava konkurencije.

Research on Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Development involves assumptions about the potential of such technologies to engender social transformations and development. Corporate organisations have financed studies that seek to understand the impact of such technologies in a bid to push for their business agenda (Castells et al., 2007; Vodafone, 2005; ITU, 2004) and also act as a means of helping developing nations eradicate poverty levels in the wake of the millennium development goals (MDGs). This kind of development is seen as synchronic, without considering the target populations' involvement in decision making, and also tends to dictate what development should look like in the eyes of most development economies where such ICTs like mobile telephones have come from. Such development is also considered as being linear in nature (Melkote and Steeves, 2003; Donovan, 2011). This thesis is an attempt to advance the second kind of development that is diachronic in nature, which pays attention to the interrelationships of human technology rather than the former that privileges technology as engendering social transformations and development. This kind of development has been conceptualised as maendeleo, a Swahili term that denotes process, participation, progress and growth. Unlike the first perspective of development that views technology as causing changes, maendeleo sees social transformations and development as an interaction between mobile telephony users and their specific contexts. It is a localised understanding of development from the participants' encounters with mobile telephony in their everyday life. This thesis thus examines the role of mobile telephony in the social transformation and development of the Marakwet people of rural Kenya, using ethnographic methods of data collection and assemblage theory as theoretical framework. Historically the Marakwet community of Kenya suffered from decades of insecurity due to cattle-rustling with their neighbours. Since its advent in Marakwet a decade ago, mobile telephony still remains complex. On one hand, it is seen as answering the insecurity question by allowing users to alert each other in case of an invasion, but at the same time is seen as the source of more insecurity, especially since mobile phones can also aid the enemies to cattle-rustle. Physical meetings that are the domain of most Marakwets are also affected by the technology, with it being seen as reducing the need for social gatherings, yet enhancing it at the same time. Mobile money transfers, discussed as M-PESA, have not been spared either regarding services deemed to boost development and bring about social cohesion, on one hand, while still believed to cause disharmony within households and also be a 'risky' endeavour with lack of sufficient money deposit security, on the other. Twenty-five ethnographic interviews were conducted with 12 households, taking into account age, gender, literacy levels and the length of time the device had been accessed by users. The interviews were complemented with data obtained from 5 focus group discussions among homogeneous groups (women, men, clan elders, girls and boys). The findings show that mobile phone is implicated in everyday life of the people of Marakwet, challenging concepts such as co-presence, power and gender relationships, interpersonal networks and also the idea that the use of mobile telephony in the region incorporates older modes of communication models such as the community horn. Mobile telephony influences and is influenced by all areas of community life: health, education, and agriculture, religion forming assemblages of people (users), financial institutions, government and mobile phone service providers. This thesis challenges the dichotomisation of society into micro (individual or household) and macro (national or societal) that ignores the intermediate or meso levels. The boundaries suggested by such categorisation are blurred by communication technologies that re-define terms, such as time and space, public or private places, here and there. In a way, macro and micro distinctions also assign power to macro forces to determine the micro, which in the advent of technologies, the micro can only be changed if they so wish and not necessarily because change has been decided, packaged and delivered to them via mobile telephony or any other communication technologies. Instead, it is how they negotiate power, gender relations, cultural inclinations and socio-economic dispositions in their domesticated use of mobile telephony that facilitates social change and development. Key words: Assemblage, Maendeleo, M-PESA, Social transformation, Co-presence, Development and Sharing.

This thesis expands on the status of legal protection of landscape in the two Countries. The Constitutional level of landscape preservation is older and specific in Italy, in France it is most recent and environment based in general. In regards to the ordinary legislation, beyond the Alps, we find a large number of institutions of preservation, differing according to the asset or the considered territory. There are overabundant administrative/urban instruments, that often provide only a formal protection and create some doubts. However, the preservation is high for some assets or areas, such as those in charge of the "Architectes des Bâtiments" or for the coastal areas. It is important the role of the administrative judge. On the contrary, in Italy, the fundamental tools (constrains, urban planning and permission) work for assets and protected territories in a generalized way. The planning has been little and badly implemented, while the permission has been used by the Regions with ease. However, the absolute right to the landscape presents itself in both Countries. In the conclusion, in regard to France, we advance, amongst other things, a specific system of legal permissions, the reduction of urban/environment documents, the introduction of more binding regulations and a specific scheduling. In regard to Italy, we think it appropriate to create a landscape planning, or better, to unify the landscape planning to the local urban one, creating a coordination, missing for the time being. In addition, we advance that authorization will be on State exclusive jurisdiction. The regulations could rise to the higher rank of "Landscape State Property", to be considered not as property regimen but as binding statute of priceless value and eminent domain assets for several respects. ; Dans cette étude nous avons approfondi le statut de la protection juridique du paysage dans les deux pays. Le niveau constitutionnel de protection est plus ancien et spécifique en Italie, plus récent en France et voué généralement à l'environnement. Quant à la législation ordinaire, au-delà des Alpes on retrouve une multiplicité d'instituts de protection, différents selon le bien ou le territoire considéré. Les instruments administratifs et urbanistiques sont excessifs qui assurent souvent une protection seulement formelle et engendrent une incertitude. Toutefois la protection est élevée pour certains biens ou zones, et en particulier pour les zones du littoral ou pour celles soumises à la compétence des « Architectes des Bâtiments ». Le rôle des juges administratifs est prépondérant : En Italie, en revanche, les instituts fondamentaux (la contrainte, la planification et l'autorisation) gèrent généralement les biens et les territoires protégés. La planification a été peu et mal appliquée, tandis que l'autorisation a été gérée avec une extrême légèreté par les régions. Toutefois, même après la Convention Européenne paysagère, il apparaît dans les deux Pays un véritable droit dédié au paysage. Dans les conclusions, on propose notamment pour la France un système spécifique d'autorisations, la réduction des documents urbanistiques et environnementaux, l'introduction d'une discipline plus contraignante et un aménagement spécifique. Pour l'Italie la réalisation de l'aménagement du paysage est indispensable ou mieux encore, la planification du paysage pourrait être unifiée à l'aménagement urbanistique local, on créerait ainsi un lien qui n'existe pas. En outre, on propose que l'autorisation devienne exclusivement compétence de l'Etat. L'ensemble de ces règles pour protéger le paysage pourraient s'élever au rang de « domaine du paysage » compris non comme régime propriétaire mais comme statut engageant pour les biens d'une valeurs inestimable et d'utilité sous de multiples aspects. ; La tesi intende approfondire la protezione giudica del paesaggio nei due Paesi. Senza trascurare il contributo offerto da altre discipline nel corso degli anni.Non è un caso che in Francia il paesaggio è considerato un tema di studi a parte intera. Fondamentale prendere in considerazione il livello costituzionale di tutela, avanzato e specifico in Italia, recente e relativo all'ambiente in generale in Francia. Interessante anche il contributo della Convenzione europea del paesaggio di Firenze e le definizioni di paesaggio offerte da diverse discipline. Il paesaggio è proiettato verso la qualificazione di vero e proprio diritto, anche fondamentale. Il lavoro continua con lo studio analitico di numerosi istituti che connotano la protezione nei due paesi. La Francia si caratterizza per un sistema che potremmo definire binario, uno dedicato alla generalità dei territori e l'altro alle numerose zone particolarmente sensibili. L'Italia presenta invece una certa omogeneità di protezione per tutti i territori presi in considerazione. Nel corso della tesi si effettua una comparazione dei due sistemi, pur tenendo conto delle evidenti differenze. Nelle conclusioni si sottolineano punti di forza e di debolezza e si prospetta qualche ipotesi di miglioramento dei due sistemi giuridici.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the dynamics of operation of the Bipartite Committees in health care in the Brazilian states. METHODSThe research included visits to 24 states, direct observation, document analysis, and performance of semi-structured interviews with state and local leaders. The characterization of each committee was performed between 2007 and 2010, and four dimensions were considered: (i) level of institutionality, classified as advanced, intermediate, or incipient; (ii) agenda of intergovernmental negotiations, classified as diversified/restricted, adapted/not adapted to the reality of each state, and shared/unshared between the state and municipalities; (iii) political processes, considering the character and scope of intergovernmental relations; and (iv) capacity of operation, assessed as high, moderate, or low. RESULTSTen committees had advanced level of institutionality. The agenda of the negotiations was diversified in all states, and most of them were adapted to the state reality. However, one-third of the committees showed power inequalities between the government levels. Cooperative and interactive intergovernmental relations predominated in 54.0% of the states. The level of institutionality, scope of negotiations, and political processes influenced Bipartite Committees' ability to formulate policies and coordinate health care at the federal level. Bipartite Committees with a high capacity of operation predominated in the South and Southeast regions, while those with a low capacity of operations predominated in the North and Northeast. CONCLUSIONSThe regional differences in operation among Bipartite Interagency Committees suggest the influence of historical-structural variables (socioeconomic development, geographic barriers, characteristics of the health care system) in their capacity of intergovernmental health care management. However, structural problems can be overcome in some states through institutional and political changes. The creation of federal investments, varied by regions and states, is critical in overcoming the structural inequalities that affect political institutions. The operation of Bipartite Committees is a step forward; however, strengthening their ability to coordinate health care is crucial in the regional organization of the health care system in the Brazilian states. ; OBJETIVO : Analisar a dinâmica de funcionamento das Comissões Intergestores Bipartites em saúde, nos estados do Brasil. MÉTODOS : A pesquisa compreendeu visitas a 24 estados, observação direta, análise documental e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes estaduais e municipais. A caracterização das comissões de 2007 a 2010 considerou quatro dimensões: (i) institucionalidade, classificada como avançada, intermediária ou incipiente; (ii) conteúdo das negociações intergovernamentais, qualificado como diversificado/restrito, aderente/não aderente à realidade estadual e compartilhado/não compartilhado entre estado e municípios; (iii) processo político, considerando o caráter e a intensidade das relações intergovernamentais; e (iv) capacidade de atuação, avaliada como elevada, moderada ou baixa. RESULTADOS : Dez comissões apresentaram institucionalidade avançada. O conteúdo das negociações foi diversificado em todos os estados e na maioria aderente à realidade estadual. Entretanto, um terço das comissões expressaram assimetrias de poder entre esferas de governo. Relações intergovernamentais cooperativas e interativas predominaram em 54,0% dos estados. As dimensões de institucionalidade, conteúdo das negociações e processo político influenciaram a capacidade de atuação das Comissões Intergestores Bipartites na formulação da política e na coordenação federativa em saúde. Predominaram comissões com capacidade de atuação elevada nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e comissões com capacidade de atuação baixa no Norte e Nordeste. CONCLUSÕES : A variação regional entre as comissões sugere a influência de condicionantes histórico-estruturais (desenvolvimento socioeconômico, barreiras geográficas, características do sistema de saúde) na sua capacidade de coordenação intergovernamental em saúde. No entanto, em alguns estados, observou-se a possibilidade de superação de parte das dificuldades estruturais por meio de transformações institucionais e políticas. A realização de investimentos federais diferenciados por macrorregiões e estados é fundamental para a superação de desigualdades estruturais que repercutem nas instituições políticas. A atuação das CIB constitui um avanço, mas o fortalecimento de sua capacidade de coordenação federativa em saúde é crucial para a organização regionalizada do sistema de saúde nos estados brasileiros. ; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca Departamento de Administração e Planejamento em Saúde ; Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Preventiva ; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca Escola de Governo em Saúde ; Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina ; Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Departamento de Saúde Coletiva ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Preventiva ; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio Laboratório de Educação Profissional em Gestão em Saúde ; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo Departamento de Ciências da Saúde ; UNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Medicina Preventiva ; SciELO

Статья посвящена комплексным подходам к пониманию реализации принципов земельного права и законодательства, разработке путей достижения состояния надлежащего землепользования, экономическим и административным средствам, способам и приемам воздействия на участников земельных отношений. ; Problem setting. One of the main institutions of land rights, without a doubt, you should call the Institute of ownership. Domestic legislation is the implementation of land ownership as a set of powers considering the entity on the ownership, use and disposal of land. Out of these powers is particularly important use it. This is due primarily to the fact that the use of a removal of mineral properties directly from the land. That is, the implementation of the said powers may speak not only of ownership as a set of objective and subjective features, but also consider land as a specific resource. When talking specifically about the actual implementation of land use rights, the observance of public interest, which is to save the state of the area, the environment, ecosystems, etc., occupies an equal, if not a priority, a place in the system of interest with the private. Recent research and publications analysis. At different times, the problems of implementing the principles of land law to disclose how modern Ukrainian scientists and lawyers of other countries and times, including A. Getman, G. Bashmakov, I. Ikonytska, M. Krasnov, P. Kulinich, A. Miroshnichenko, N. Titova, S. Shemshuchenko, M. Shulha and many other scientists. Paper objective. Тhe separation criterion value principles of land law, public policy analysis in the field of purposeful and rational land use and development trends of the state's influence on social relations in order to create lawful behavior of land relations Paper main body. Тask of the state is the statutory principles of land law. In turn, the rights of owners and users of land considered to implement the removal of properties from the land so that in addition to satisfying their own interests, and there was also a strict observance of the laws of the land. However, not only the principles of statutory land law refers to national goals and qualitative monitoring their implementation. Again, given the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, which establishes a special significance in the system of national land values may be argued that the quality of this control should be maximum, since it deals with the main national wealth. Unfortunately, the existing system is currently monitoring the use and protection of land, perfect. This is perhaps also due to a large number of land offenses related to incompliance legislation ensuring the proper, efficient and effective use of land in Ukraine. Difficulties in controlling owners and users of land sufficient focus on this inappropriate. The main thing is, what should be emphasized is the inability of the state to ensure the proper use of all land. Thus, the state appears as a goal not only to exercise control over land use and protection, but also to ensure the proper use of land. Provision is, first and foremost, a normative character. And in this case we talk about failure that purpose, that is, the lack of regulatory consolidation responsibilities of owners and users of land, is not correct. The list of responsibilities which make land targeted, efficient and effective, available and one that meets the needs of today. But this raises the question of execution of these duties. Conclusions of the research. Еnsure compliance with state legislation aimed at implementing the principles of land law in the use of land by the respective subject is essential. Specifying the composition of such principles, narrowing their list to the principles of trust, rational, efficient use of land, priority requirements of environmental safety, economic pluralism, it should be noted that it is these principles is not given any advantage in the system of land law, this prioritization is impossible. The following specification is caused primarily by the fact that in this study are considered from principles whose implementation occurs when the use of land. But to reduce the importance of practical implementation of the aforementioned principles and should not be, because it is designed to provide a wide range of interests. In addition, as has been proven, these interests are significant not only for the state but for the whole of its population.

Цель: Развитие цивилизации приносит с собой ряд новых, ранее неизвестных человечеству, угроз. Одна из наиболее серьёзных и характерных угроз нашего времени, а именно XX и XXI веков это угроза загрязнения. Данная статья является попыткой представить Национальную Систему Обнаружения Загрязнений и Оповещения, а также её функционирование на фоне характеристики угроз загрязнения в существующих системных условиях в Польше. Введение: В новейшей истории мы испытали многие бедствия, последствием которых были загрязнения. В нашу историю вписаны трагические промышленные аварии (Бхопал, Чернобыль), которые принесли смерть тысячам людей. Организации, деятельность которых основана на том, чтобы посеять ужас среди населения, целенаправленно запугивают целые сообщества с использованием всех возможных средств, в том числе и тех, которые считаются оружием массового поражения. В статье описаны государственные решения, принятые для противодействия этим угрозам, в частности Национальная Система Обнаружения Загрязнений и Оповещения (KSWSiA). Авторы представили состав KSWSiA и её задачи, принимая за отправную точку начала действующее законодательство. Очень важным для функционирования KSWSiA является объединение в единый организм многих действующих в области кризисного управления структур, а также спасательных служб, как гражданских, так и военных, которые до сих пор не работали согласованно, а их действия координирует диспетчерский центр. Такое решение должно оптимизовать их деятельность и обеспечить эффект взаимодействия. В статье рассмотрен также способ совершенствования Национальной системы обнаружения загрязнений и оповещения благодаря проведению учений и тренировок, а также указаны необходимые перспективы её развития. Выводы: KSWSiA является живой системой, меняющейся в зависимости от вызовов, потребностей и задач, которые перед ней ставят. Представленные в статье решения относительно её функционирования должны быть предметом постоянного наблюдения, а также совершенствоваться в случае возникновения такой необходимости. Конечно, эти решения стоит пропагандировать, учитывать их в процессе обучения персонала для спасательных служб и центров кризисного управления, а также пытаться внедрять в организациях, занимающихся аналогичной проблематикой, но нефункционирующих в рамках национальной системы, например в органах местного самоуправления. Создание измерительной системы предназначенной для обнаружения загрязнений и внедрение её на разных уровнях в учреждениях и в службах, занимающихся проблематикой кризисного реагирования информативной системы PROMIEŃ действительно стоит усилий.Aim: The development of civilization is accompanied by new threats, which were previously unknown to mankind. One of the major and characteristic threats in the XX and XXI century, is the threat of contamination. This article describes the national system for detection of and warning about contamination hazards, and its operation within prevailing systems which exist in Poland. Introduction: In the recent past we experienced the effects of many natural disasters, which culminated in the contamination of the environment. Tragically, industrial accidents (Bhopal, Czarnobyl), led to thousands of casualties. Organisations, whose modus operandi involves the sowing of terror, focus on intimidation of whole communities utilising all available means, including weapons of mass destruction. This article identifies the national approach adopted to counter such threats, in particular the National System for Contamination Detection and Alarm (NSCDA). The NSCDA and its tasks are described in context of responsibilities laid down by law. It is essential for the effective operation of the system for participating services engaged in operations, who previously discharged their responsibilities in an uncoordinated way, to be functionally aligned and controlled by one body. The work of uniformed and non uniformed rescue services should be co-ordinated by a Dispatch Control Centre in order to optimise operational functionality and secure synergy. Additionally, the article describes approaches for improving the NSCDA through training and exercises, proposes essential development perspectives. Conclusion: The NSCDA has functioned since 2006 and is a living system, which is adapted to changes, depending on the challenges, needs and tasks which emerge over time. Solutions presented in this paper should be constantly monitored and emerging environmental changes should influence appropriate changes to the system. Such adaptations should be propagated and incorporated in the training syllabus for personnel undergoing training in rescue techniques as well as crisis management. Equally, organisations which are also concerned with such problems, but currently not integrated within NSCDA e.g. Local Government Authorities, should implement such changes. It is appropriate to develop a monitoring system dedicated to the detection of contamination threats as well as engage the information system PROMIEN, at different levels, institutions and services involved with the problem of crisis response.

Цель: Представление возможности межсекторного сотрудничества в области обеспечения общественной безопасности. Безопасность государства является переменным состоянием, а развитие цивилизации придает ей междисциплинарный характер. К угрозам жизни и здоровью людей относятся естественные угрозы, например, вызванные наводнениями. Чувство безопасности является одной из основных потребностей человека. Общественная безопасность находится в пределах полномочий общественной администрации. За проведение спасательных действий отвечают субъекты, осуществляющие экспертную медицинскую помощь и Государственная Пожарная Служба, а оказывать поддержку им могут общественные организации. В организациях водных спасателей работают квалифицированные специалисты, у которых есть знания и навыки проводить спасательные работы на воде. Миссия Добровольной водно-спасательной службы (WOPR) заключается в проведении действий, направленных на сокращение числа тонущих людей в польских водоемах. WOPR проводил спасательные действия во время общественных угроз, стихийных бедствий и технических аварий, в том числе наводнений, и организовал обучения для спасательной службы. WOPR сотрудничал с Министром Национальной Обороны, Главным Комендантом Полиции, Руководителем Бюро Охраны Правительства, Главным Комендантом Пограничной Службы, Начальником Национальной Спасательно-Гасящей Системы. Соглашение по вопросу регулирования принципов сотрудничества KSRG и WOPR с целью создания условий оптимального использования технических и организационных возможностей для эффективного сотрудничества и взаимодействия в области реализации их собственных задач и обеспечения соответствующих условий безопасности плавающих людей, купающихся и занимающихся водным спортом, были основой для включения организационных единиц WOPR в систему кризисного управления. Группы реагирования WOPR были готовы вести надзор определённых секторов, учитывая характер и масштабы угроз общественной безопасности, участвовать в спасательных действиях во время стихийного бедствия. В малопольском воеводстве WOPR и PSP сотрудничали во время действий, направленных на борьбу с наводнениям, была проведена совместная подготовка и учения пожарных и водных спасателей. Методы: Анализ исследований, правовых актов и документов, техники опроса явные и открытые. Выводы: 1. Межсекторное сотрудничество в области спасения на воде должно развиваться. 2. Следует совершенствовать технику и унифицировать водно-спасательное оборудование. 3. Следует проводить совместные учения для разных субъектов, действующих при спасении на воде. 4. Следует использовать знания, навыки и опыт инструкторов WOPR при обучении пожарных водных спасателей. 5. Следует проводить в различных средах профилактические меры в сфере безопасности на воде.Aim: To identify areas of potential co-operation between organizations engaged with safety of the public. Introduction: Public safety requirements are changing and as civilization develops such requirements take on an interdisciplinary character. Among the dangers to people's life and health one encounters natural hazards e.g. caused by flooding. The sense of security is one of human's primary needs. Public safety lies within the competency area of public administration. The Polish State Fire Service (PSP) and medical rescue teams are responsible for undertaking rescue activities. They may be supported by non-governmental institutions. Water rescue organisations have at their disposal qualified personnel with knowledge and skills necessary to undertake water rescue activities. The mission of the Water Rescue Voluntary Service (WOPR) is to reduce the number of victims who drown in Polish waters. WOPR has led rescue activities during periods of general alert, natural catastrophes and technical failures including floods, and organised the training of rescue services. The organisation has collaborated with the Polish Ministry of Defence, Police Service, Government Protection Department, Border Guard Service and the National Firefighting and Rescue System (KSRG). An agreement concerning co-operation between KSRG and WOPR focused on the creation of optimal conditions to exploit technical and administrative potential, to secure an effective discharge of individual responsibilities as well as ensure a safe environment for people participating in water sport and leisure activities. The outcome from this agreement culminated in the integration of WOPR crews into the crisis management system. WOPR reaction crews are engaged with overseeing dedicated sectors and, depending on type and magnitude of public hazard, join in rescue operations during environmental disasters. In the Małopolskie Voivodship WOPR and PSP personnel co-operated during flood operations and took part in numerous joint training courses and exercises for firefighters and water rescue personnel. Method: An analysis of studies, legal acts and documents and public surveys. Conclusions: 1. Interdisciplinary co-operation, within the scope of water rescue activities, should be developed. 2. Water rescue techniques should be perfected and equipment standardised. 3. Joint exercises should be organised and all personnel engaged in water rescue activities should participate. 4. The knowledge, skills and experience of WOPR instructors should be harnessed in the training of firefighters engaged in water rescue work. 5. It is appropriate to implement preventative water safety measures for a range of different circumstances.

В статье на основе анализа крестьянских писем, опубликованных в периодических изданиях Куйбышевской и Ульяновской областей в 1946 году, предпринята попытка выявить наиболее острые социальные проблемы послевоенного сельского общества Среднего Поволжья. Автор полагает, что советская периодическая печать действовала в рамках определенной политической конъюнктуры и заранее заданных идеологических клише, но, несмотря на это, на ее страницах публиковались письма, содержащие критику сложившейся практики колхозного руководства, торговли и культурного обслуживания населения. В своих письмах в советские периодические издания (областные и районные газеты) крестьяне сообщали о злоупотреблениях должностных лиц, их пьянстве и разгульной жизни. Автор отмечает, что основной закон сельской жизни Устав сельскохозяйственной артели нарушался не только должностными лицами, но и рядовыми колхозниками. В частности, это выражалось в хищении социалистической собственности. Анализ крестьянской корреспонденции позволяет сделать вывод о том, что не только вопросы колхозного строительства волновали крестьян, но и проблемы функционирования культурных и досуговых учреждений. Чаще всего, обращаясь в периодические издания, сельские жители просили посодействовать в открытии клуба или обращали внимание общества и власти на недобросовестное исполнение своих должностных обязанностей работниками культпросвета. По мнению автора статьи, наиболее остро в послевоенном сельском социуме стояли вопросы соблюдения закона должностными лицами колхозной и сельской администрации, торгово-бытового обслуживания и культурного строительства. На основе проведенного анализа крестьянских писем автор приходит к выводу колхозники, остро чувствуя веяния времени, через печатный орган пытались получить различные дивиденды: сместить неугодного председателя колхоза, получить определенную материальную выгоду и удовлетворение от торжества закона. На наш взгляд, обращаясь в газеты и сообщая о фактах нарушения основ колхозного строя высшими должностными лицами артели, колхозники стремились побудить политическое руководство к реформированию колхозной сферы, давали понять, что существующее положение на селе не отвечает требованиям большинства населения. А, обращая внимание общества на сложившуюся практику неудовлетворительного исполнения должностных обязанностей работниками торговли и культурных учреждений, сельские жители подчеркивали свое законное право на получение достойных услуг, гарантированных гражданам СССР. ; In the article, on the basis of analysis of peasants letters published in the periodicals of Kuibyshev and Ulyanovsk regions in 1946, the author made an attempt to determine the most pressing social problems of the post-war rural society of Middle Volga. The author supposes that the Soviet periodicals acted within certain political conditions and predetermined ideological cliches, but, in spite of this, they published letters criticizing the accepted practices of the collective farm management, trade, and cultural public services. In their letters to the Soviet periodicals (regional and local newspapers) the peasants reported on the corrupt practice of public officials, their drunkenness and pimple coverer. The author notes that the basic law of rural life the Charter of the Agricultural Artel was violated not only by officials but also by ordinary farmers. In particular, it was expressed by stealing of socialist ownership. The analysis of peasants' correspondence allows to make a conclusion that the farmers worried about not only the issues of collective farm development, but also about the questions of cultural and leisure facilities. More frequently, when writing to periodicals, the villagers asked to assist in opening of a club or called attention of the society and the authorities to the improper performance of duties by cultural and educational workers. In the author's opinion, the most acute problems in the postwar rural society were the problems of law observance by collective farm officers and the village administration, trade and consumer services, and cultural development. Based on the analysis of peasant letters, the author comes to the conclusion that the farmers, having quick senses of mood of the times, tried to get different dividends through the press organ: to demote undesirable chairman of a collective farm, to get some material benefit and satisfaction in the result of the rule of law. In our opinion, writing letters to the newspapers and reporting violations of the fundamental principles of collective farm by the officials of the farm, the farmers wanted to encourage political leaders to reform the collective farm sphere, to make it clear that the current situation in rural areas do not meet the requirements of the majority of population. Drawing public attention to the accepted practice of the improper performance of position obligations by the commercial workers and workers of cultural institutions, the villagers emphasized their legal right to get services guaranteed to the citizens of the USSR.

Введение: показывается, что важным аспектом кризиса современной цивилизации является кризис международного права. Это выражается в неспособности международного права адекватно реагировать на современные вызовы и обеспечивать стабильный миропорядок. Цель: выявить факторы, обусловливающие и углубляющие кризис международного права. Методологической основой исследования являются философские принципы материализма, диалектики (развития, всеобщей связи, детерминизма), общенаучный метод анализа, синтеза, частнонаучный метод сравнительно-правовой. Кроме того, в работе применены формационный и цивилизационный подходы к осмыслению права. Результаты: дается феноменологический анализ кризиса международного права и показывается, что указанный кризис проявляется в правовом нигилизме и цинизме, практике двойных стандартов, нарушении договорных обязательств и других феноменах антиправовой культуры. Как свидетельствует история человечества конца XX и начала XXI века, наиболее опытным субъектом, практикующим правовой нигилизм и двойные стандарты в международной политике, являются США. Выводы: по мнению автора, существуют три группы факторов, обусловливающих кризис и девальвацию международного права: доктринальные, цивилизационные и геополитические. И если доктринальные факторы являются условием для возникновения различных нарушений норм международного права, то цивилизационные и геополитические факторы играют определяющую роль в разрушении международного права. По мнению автора, особенности становления и развития капитализма в США, а также статус этого государства в современном мире способствовали формированию у американцев политического и правового мышления, отличного от народов континентальной Европы. В условия биполярного мира склонность политической элиты США решать сложные межгосударственные проблемы силовыми методами сдерживалась Советским Союзом. Развал СССР имел негативные юридические последствия для международного права. Правовой нигилизм, практика двойных стандартов стали распространенным явлением в условиях монополярного мира. Неравномерность исторического процесса способствует смещению центра мировой истории с Нового Света в Азию. Этот процесс породил геополитический кризис. США, невзирая на международное право и международные институты, пытаются всеми доступными средствами остановить центробежные тенденции и вернуть человечество к монополярному миру. Подобная активность Америки ведет к разрушению цивилизации права и возврату человечества к пещерному праву силы. ; Introduction: the paper demonstrates that the crisis of international law is an important aspect of the crisis of modern civilization. This is expressed by inability of international law to respond to modern challenges and to ensure a stable world order. Objective: to reveal the factors, which determine and intensify the crisis of international law. Methodological framework: of the research is based on the philosophy of materialism, dialectics (development, universal communication, determinism), scientific methods of analysis and synthesis and comparative legal method. Moreover, the author applies formational and civilizational approaches to the interpretation of the law. Results: the paper presents a phenomenological analysis of the crisis of international law and shows that the crisis is appeared in the legal nihilism and cynicism, in the practice of double standards, in the violation of contractual obligations and other phenomena of the illegal culture. Based on the history of the humanity of the late XX and early XXI centuries the research suggests that the United States is the most expert subject, which practices legal nihilism and double standards in international politics. Conclusions: according to the author, there are three groups of factors, which contribute the crisis and devaluation of international law. These groups include doctrinal, civilizational and geopolitical factors. Doctrinal factors cause various violations of international law. In turn civilizational and geopolitical factors are crucial in its destruction. According to the author's opinion, peculiarities of the process of settling of capitalism in the United States, as well as the status of the state in the modern world, contributed to the formation of the American political and legal thinking, which is different from the continental Europe. In the situation of a bipolar world the tendency of the political elite of the United States to solve complex international problems by force was restrained by the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union had negative legal consequences for international law. Legal nihilism, the practice of double standards has become a widespread phenomenon in the situation of monopolar world. The non-uniformity of historical process contributes to the displacement of the center of world history from the New World to Asia. This process gave rise to geopolitical crisis. The United States are trying by all means to stop the centrifugal tendencies and return the humanity to a monopolar world despite international law and international institutions. Such activity leads to the destruction of civilization based on right and to the return to the cave law of force.

In our context, continuous training of teachers is a priority to meet the needs of improving the quality of education. In this perspective , despite the socio-economic constraints that created the implementation of neoliberalism in our country poses a priority to find a new vision the social, cultural and economic development, from the reflections, consensus and redefinitions the teaching profession and its social function, and general education and society we need. A conception of the teacher must distinguish three dimensions: intellectual, educator and citizen, which are exercised in practice together and exert a reciprocal influence on each other. The teacher as an intellectual must be presented as a committed for the reproduction and development of culture, science, arts and humanities, and all kinds of cultural expression and the problems around them. This will allow the teacher to exercise its dimension as a teacher, studying and researching educational and pedagogical phenomena in different contexts facing reflecting and contributions of science and technology comprising performing critical assessments that allow rethink their practices and provide teachers. Also, the teacher as a citizen should be submitted as an active social actor and committed to the defense of public education, expressing a strong background of its public awareness and forming a vision of the future stars of national political life. In this sense the teacher, school and society should be a leader and motivating example for students to worry about social problems, the common good and values necessary to improve the quality of life in society. In this context and perspectives, governments and teachers unions are the ones to prioritize teacher training and pedagogical struggle, in order to contribute to better educational purposes , with a real remote school autonomy visions of privatization, with an educational community more reflective and committed to educational issues, with new pedagogical approaches of representative institutions, with continuous quality training based on reflections and ongoing research , and great knowledge of the context and the specificities of students. ; En nuestros contextos, la formación continua de los docentes es prioritaria para responder a las necesidades de mejora de la calidad de la educación. En esta perspectiva; a pesar de los condicionamientos de carácter socioeconómico que ha creado la aplicación del neoliberalismo en nuestro país; se plantea como prioridad buscar con una nueva visión el desarrollo social, cultural y económico, a partir de las reflexiones, consensos y redefiniciones de la profesión docente y su función social, y en general de la educación y sociedad que necesitamos. Una concepción sobre el maestro debe distinguir una triple dimensión: intelectual, pedagogo y ciudadano, las cuales se ejercen en la práctica de forma conjunta y ejerciendo una influencia recíproca entre sí. El maestro como intelectual se debe presentar como un comprometido por la reproducción y desarrollo de la cultura, ciencia, arte y humanidades, y todo tipo de manifestación cultural y la problemática que las rodea. Esto le permitirá al maestro ejercer su dimensión como pedagogo, estudiando e investigando los fenómenos educativos y pedagógicos, en los diversos contextos que afronta, reflexionando y comprendiendo los aportes de la ciencia y tecnología, realizando apreciaciones críticas que le permitan aportar y replantear sus prácticas docentes. Asimismo, el maestro como ciudadano se debe presentar como un actor social activo y comprometido con la defensa de la educación pública, expresando una sólida formación de su conciencia ciudadana y una visión de formador de futuros protagonistas de la vida política nacional. En este sentido el maestro, en la escuela y en la sociedad debe ser un líder y ejemplo motivador para que los estudiantes se preocupen por los problemas sociales, el bien común y los valores necesarios para mejorar la calidad de vida en la sociedad. En este contexto y perspectivas, son los gobiernos y los gremios docentes los que deben priorizar la formación docente y la lucha pedagógica, con el propósito de contribuir con mejores propósitos educacionales, con una verdadera autonomía escolar alejada de las visiones privatizadoras, con una comunidad educativa más reflexiva y comprometida con los temas educativos, con nuevos planteamientos pedagógicos de instituciones representativas, con formaciones continuas de calidad basadas en reflexiones e investigaciones permanentes, y en el gran conocimiento del contexto y de las especificidades de los estudiantes.

La formación investigativa, se presenta como una exigencia actual de las universidades modernas para el desarrollo científico-tecnológico orientado al beneficio individual y colectivo en la sociedad. En este contexto, se observa que las prioridades y orientaciones de los desarrollos científicos y tecnológicos, están condicionados y dependen principalmente de las estructuras económicas y políticas de cada institución o país. En este sentido, la universidad tiene mucho por hacer para lograr el desarrollo de nuestras sociedades, a partir del fortalecimiento de una formación académica que afronte los retos actuales y futuros de la sociedad. Sin embargo; entendiendo que la ciencia en su propio y auténtico sentido es la investigación, y considerando que está relacionada con capacidades que implica no sólo ser un consumidor y acumulador de conocimientos científicos, sino además, productor de nuevos conocimientos. El presente estudio describe y explica, utilizando un marco teórico-práctico y un marco metodológico de tipo ex-post facto, descriptivo, correlacional y explicativo, los desarrollos investigativos en los niveles de pregrado de las facultades de educación de las universidades, que se ven condicionados por los siguientes factores: las competencias docentes, fundamentadas escasamente en orientaciones pedagógicas modernas; el rendimiento académico de los alumnos, cuyas capacidades investigativas se encuentran insuficientemente desarrolladas; y el contexto académico-administrativo, poco flexible en cuanto a las TICs, insuficientemente implementado respecto a los sistemas tutoriales y de asesoría y escasamente equipado a nivel de bibliotecas especializadas,con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de prácticas investigativas de los alumnos. De manera general, podemos señalar que el estudio parte de la pretensión de estudiar, describir y explicar la realidad de las prácticas investigativas en las universidades y específicamente en las facultades de educación, en relación con los principales factores que la condicionan, planteando la hipótesis general de que, la competencia de la docencia universitaria, el contexto académico-administrativo y el rendimiento académico en investigación, son factores que influyen y condicionan significativamente la calidad de las prácticas investigativas de los alumnos de pregrado de las Facultades de Educación, de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y de la Universidad Nacional de Educación "Enrique Guzmán y Valle". ; The research training appears as a current exigency of the modern universities for the scientific development - technologically orientated to the individual and collective benefit in the society. In this context, it is observed that the priorities and orientations of the scientific and technological developments are determined and depend principally on the economic and political structures of every institution or country. In this respect, the university has very much for doing to achieve the development of our societies, from the strengthening of a career education that confronts the current and future challenges of the society. Nevertheless; understanding that the science in his own and authentic sense is the research, and considering that is related to capacities that it implies not being only a consumer and accumulator of scientific knowledge, but in addition, producer of new knowledge. The present study describes and explains, using a theoretical - practical frame and a methodological frame of type ex-post fact, descriptive, correlational and explanative, the research developments in the pregraduate levels of education faculties of the universities, which meet determined by the following factors:The teacher competences, based scantily on pedagogic modern orientations; the academic performance of students, whose research capacities are insufficiently developed; and the academic context-administrative, slightly flexible as for the ICTs, insufficiently implemented with regard to the tutorial systems and of advising and scantily equipped to level of specialized libraries, with the intention of improving the quality of research practices of students. In a general way, we can indicate that this study departs from the pretension to studying, describing and explaining the reality of the research practices in the universities and specifically in the education faculties, in relation with the principal factors that determine it, raising the general hypothesis of which, the competence of university teaching, the academic-administrative context and the academic performance in investigation are factors that influence and determine significantly the quality of the research practices of pregraduate students of the education faculties, of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and Universidad Nacionalde Educación "Enrique Guzmán y Valle".

Purpose – to evaluate the general networking and simulation approaches of modelling of systemic risk and the financial contagion and their ability to assess the banking sector resilience in the case of external economic shocks and collapse of idiosyncratic financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach – a general overview of research papers presenting concepts and methodologies of assessment of systemic risk of the banking sector. Findings – limitations of the networking approach and possible ways to improve modelling of systemic risk. The network approach cannot explain the causes of initial default of bank. On the other hand, assumptions made on LGD and interbank exposures are very strong. These features are important limitations of network and simulation approaches. Research limitations/implications – the application of reviewed methods in the case of Lithuanian banking sector falls, however, due to the lack of exhaustive data. On the other hand, until now, applied methods for systemic risk due to the lack of data have been limited. Also, because of this reason, there are difficulties to create adequate dynamic assessment for systemic risk models. Therefore, in assessing systemic risk of the banking sector, the same problem remains: is it possible to parameterize the financial crisis, its spread and speed and other characteristics according to quantitative methods. Knowing the liquidity, credit risk and other standards set in Basel Accords, it is also not enough to properly manage the systemic risk of the whole banking sector because for the proper activity of the banking sector not only characteristics related to capital requirements have influence on it, but also external (mostly the macroeconomic, political) factors. Practical implications – determination of the explicit connection based on quantitative methods determining the systemic risk of the banking sector would be exact and objective assessment and useful not only for the banking executives providing business trends, identifying potential sources of risk in the near future, but also for the rest part of society, both ordinary citizens and entrepreneurs with current accounts and deposits in banks. Originality/value – in essence, modelling of the systemic risk and analysis of instability causes of the banking sector applying reliable quantitative methods in Lithuania are not sufficiently developed. Researchers in other countries have established that a high threat of systemic risk is concentrated in the interbank market; many researches have been done to assess this risk, however, problems related to assessment of systemic risk and application of models always occur. The most common problem is the lack of information and assumptions, and constantly changing economic environment: emerging (or which may arise) new types of transactions, the new banking regulatory conditions and other financial innovations. First, whether the country's banking business is so dependent on each other to create the threat of the systemic risk between banks' assets and liabilities. Second, the banking sectors of the Baltic states are essentially controlled by large foreign banking groups, so there is no doubt that the international financial groups' liquidity problems could spill over to other banks in the Baltic states. On the other hand, a question remains essentially and completely unexplored: how and why such problems could spill over in the Baltic Sea region countries? Also, little attention has been paid to the reliability of interbank payment systems and to the analysis of this object as a potential source of systemic risk. ; Bankų tinklaveikos metodai gali būti naudingi vertinant bankų sektoriaus sisteminę riziką ir potencialius bankų žlugimo scenarijus atliekant visos finansų sistemos testavimą nepalankiomis sąlygomis, nors pakankamai ir nepaaiškina pradinių bankų žlugimo priežasčių. Šių metodų pritaikomumą ir tikslumą apriboja išsamių duomenų trūkumas. Tačiau juos taikant kartu su simuliacijos metodais galima išsamiai įvertinti bankų sektoriaus būklę sisteminės rizikos požiūriu. Net ir Centrinės bei Rytų Europos regione yra atlikti sisteminės rizikos vertinimai. Lietuvoje trūksta tokių tyrimų, iš esmės apsiribojama vien tik ekspertine nuomone, kad Skandinavijos šalių priežiūros institucijos patikimai prižiūri didelę įtaką turinčias finansų institucijas, veikiančias Baltijos šalyse. Tinklaveikos ir simuliacijos metodų taikymas siekiant nustatyti pagrindinius sisteminės rizikos šaltinius suteikia moksliškai pagrįstus, o ne tik ekspertinius vertinimus. Tačiau tokių tyrimų plėtrą stipriai riboja informacijos konfidencialumas, susijęs su bankų paslapties išsaugojimu. Kita vertus, dar nėra pakankamai išnagrinėta bendro kreditoriaus regione problema ir kiekybiškai įvertinama jų panikos ar kitokios nepalankios skolininkams elgsenos įtaka. Šiuos kiekybinius tyrimus, kaip ir daugeliu atveju, riboja informacijos konfidencialumas ir trūkumas bei nepakankamos kompetencijos priežiūros institucijose.

Определено, что один их трех этапов реализации Концепции развития здравоохранения до 2020 г. в Российской Федерации предусматривает активное развитие его региональной составляющей. Данный подход должен предусматривать, в частности, активное использование инновационных механизмов реализации комплекса региональных целевых программ в области здравоохранения. В составе блока болезней мочеполовой системы в современных условиях все более важную роль начинают приобретать болезни населения, приводящие к различным видам почечной недостаточности, в том числе к хроническим формам. Как результат положительной тенденции динамики заболеваемости в регионе необходимо отметить, что в 2014 г. в Омской области отсутствовали очереди в листе ожидания для пациентов для получения ими бесплатной специализированной медицинской помощи в области гемодиализа. Первый этап реализации функциональных стратегий оказания медицинской помощи в регионах России, по мнению автора, охватывает 1990-е гг. вплоть до 2000 г. Для данного этапа наиболее характерно отсутствие необходимой государственной политики в области здравоохранения, в том числе и оказания специализированной медицинской услуги в области гемодиализа. Второй этап функциональной стратегии оказания услуг гемодиализа в России необходимо определить с начала 2000-х гг. и до 2004-2006 гг. Третий этап реализации функциональной стратегии оказания в регионах специализированной медицинской помощи в области гемодиализа, по мнению автора, характеризуется отказом от типовых стратегий оказания медицинских услуг. Одновременно в качестве инновационной составляющей функциональных стратегий оказания специализированных медицинских услуг в области гемодиализа была определена система участия частного бизнеса на основе государственно-частного партнерства в сфере медицины. Таким образом, во многом благодаря реализации программы государственно-частного партнерства, заключенного между Правительством Омской области и ООО «Компания "Фестфарм"», в Омской области начиная с 2008 г. был обеспечен качественный рост оказания данной медицинской специализированной услуги. Согласно данным независимых опросов, которые проводились страховыми медицинскими организациями в стационарах и оказывающих помощь в амбулаторных исследованиях медучреждениях Сибирского федерального округа, 89 % жителей Прииртышья к началу 2013 г. удовлетворены качеством предоставления медицинских услуг. Разработан комплекс мероприятий по внесению изменения в действующую региональную функциональную стратегию оказания диализных услуг в регионе, предусматривающий открытие в г. Калачинске Омской области в 2013 г. отделения гемодиализа на базе БУЗ ОО «Калачинская ЦРБ». ; The article points out that one of the three stages of the implementation of the Concept of health development up to 2020 in the Russian Federation is aimed at the active development of its regional component. This approach should include in particular, the active use of innovative mechanisms for the implementation of the complex of regional programs in the field of health. Among the diseases of the genitourinary system diseases of the population, leading to various types of renal failure, including chronic forms, play an increasingly important role. As a result of positive trends in morbidity in the region it should be noted that in 2014 in the Omsk region there was no queue in the waiting list for patients to receive free specialized medical care in the field of hemodialysis. The first stage in the implementation of functional strategies of medical care in the Russian regions, according to the author, lasted from 1990's to 2000. This stage is characterized by the lack of state policy in the field of health, including the provision of specialized medical services in the field of hemodialysis. The second phase of functional strategy for the provision of dialysis services in Russia was since the early 2000's to 2004-2006. The third stage of the implementation of functional strategies is characterized by the rejection of the typical strategies of medical services. At the same time as an innovative component of the functional strategies for the provision of specialized medical services in the field of hemodialysis there was determined a system of private participation through public-private partnership in the field of medicine. Since 2008 in the Omsk region there was a qualitative increase in the provision of this service, largely due to the implementation of the program of public-private partnership between the Government of the Omsk region and the company «Festfarm». According to independent surveys conducted by medical insurance organizations in hospitals and medical institutions of the Siberian Federal district, 89 % of population of the Omsk region are satisfied with the quality of medical services by the beginning of 2013. The author developed a set of measures to change the current regional functional strategy for the provision of dialysis services in the region, involving the opening in Kalachinsk, the Omsk region, a branch of hemodialysis on the basis of BUZ PA «Kalachinsk CRH».