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The aim of this dissertation is to identity the sense of citizenship prevalent in the Philippines. Citizenship here is defined in two respects: an active dimension (exercis-ing voice) and a passive dimension (claiming rights or sense of entitlement). Findings from a series of problem-centered interviews with call center agents are complemented by the outcome of several annual surveys by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), especially the ISSP surveys on government (2006), social inequality (2009) and citizenship (2004) and validated by the analysis of media col-umns and societal artefacts over the last 10 years. While the first part of the dissertation analyzes why trade unions and other forms of collective interest representation hardly develop in the call center setting (economic citizenship), the second part identifies readiness to political action and expectations towards the state (political citizenship) in the context of an "informal security re-gime" (Geoff Wood). The main part of the study is followed by a postscript offering an outlook on opportunities and limitations of citizenship in the Philippine social and cultural context. The work contains several theoretical discussions of basic concepts and issues arising when sense of citizenship, especially in a non-European context, is analyzed. These include critiques on the theory of citizenship and on precarity, the middle class(es), citizenship in a non-western context, spaces of the political and post-national citizen-ship. In sum, a sense of citizenship is identified as full of requirements so that the stand-by citizen is rather considered the norm. The work comes to the conclusion that there is no general lack of a sense of citizen-ship among Filipinos. However as they have never experienced a comprehensive public service and consider such "unrealistic," their expectations as citizens are in practice low. The state is considered as enabler, not as provider, so that self-help is given priority. Such rather communitarian sense of citizenship is identified as con-niving with a neoliberal governementality of responsibilization. Only among those with a left political socialization can a sense of citizenship, as assumed in most schol-arly literature, be identified, with substantial expectations towards the state, demand of accountability and an identity as political subject (professional citizenship).

Sou shen ji is the most representative and influential work of the zhiguai genre, its historic and artistic value is unmatchable, compaired with other works of the same genre. The author, Gan Bao, is a very famous historian and scholar in Dong Jin dynasty. Among his numerous historical and literary works, it is Sou shen ji, who has had the biggest success. This work collects around four hundred and sixty-four stories independent one from each other, and the subjects are also very various, reflecting to some extent the mentality and the beliefs of the Chinese of the time. In this thesis, we have studied this work in a semiotic perspective, using the semiotic theory of Greimas. In the discursive part, we have done some analyses, from a discoursive and a cultural point of view, of the chinese conception of shen, from four categories : the gods who have a function (shen神), the immortals (xian仙), the ghosts (gui鬼), and the yaoguai妖怪, in order to draw a clearer picture of the conception of shen to the chinese. We can see that in the chinese culture, the conception of shen, located at the intersection of the religion, the politics, and the ethics, is not a concept defined in theological and transcendental termes. In the narrative part, we focus on the narrative features of the stories in Sou shen ji, and at the same time, we also try to build a narrative model which is more applicable to these stories and to the description of the intersubjective relationship. ; Le Sou shen ji搜神記est l'œuvre la plus représentative et influente du genre zhiguai志怪, sa valeur historique et artistique est incomparable par rapport aux autres œuvres pareilles. Son auteur Gan Bao幹寶est un historien et lettré très réputé sous la Dynastie Dong Jin. Parmi ses nombreuses œuvres historiques et littéraires, c'est le Sou shen ji qui a connu le plus grand succès. Cette œuvre recueille autour de quatre cent soixante-quatre récits indépendants l'un de l'autre, et dont les sujets sont d'une variété considérable, reflétant dans une certaine mesure la ...

В статье исследуется органический принцип евразийской философии, сформированный в 20-30-х гг. ХХ в., получивший развитие в теории этногенеза Л. Н. Гумилева. Органический принцип выступает здесь как основа особого стиля мышления, смыслополагания, и определенной методологии научного познания. Евразийская методология изучения развития социума позволяет установить характер связей между социальными процессами и явлениями живой природы. В статье раскрыты важнейшие составляющие евразийского органического принципа мышления: особая терминология и возможности ее применения для описания и прогнозирования социальных явлений. А также отмечены предпосылки изменения господствующего в современной науке стиля мышления. Автор раскрывает преимущества органического принципа евразийской методологии в решении национальных политических, социально-экономических и культурных проблем, а также возможные перспективы его использования для формирования научной методологии в XXI в. ; In the article, the organic principle of the Euroasian philosophy is studied. The organic principle acts as a basis of special style of thinking and a certain methodology of scientific knowledge here. The Euroasian methodology of studying of development of society allows establishing of the nature of communications between social processes and the phenomena of wildlife. In the article, the most important components of the Euroasian organic principle of thinking are shown: special terminology and possibilities of its application for the description and forecasting of the social phenomena. Prerequisites of change of the style of thinking dominating in modern science are also noted. The author considers advantages of the organic principle of the Euroasian methodology in solution of national political, social-economic and cultural problems and in possible prospects of its use for formation of scientific methodology. The organic principle of thinking creates complex idea of reality, which can appear before us new, party unknown earlier. Lack of division of sensual experience and "pure reason", irrational and rational in organic thinking is unconditional advantage of organic approach. Organic principle presented by the Euroasian philosophical organization of the beginning of the twentieth century and continued by Lev Gumilev in the theory of ethnogenesis acts as alternative developed in the west of one-dimensional, mechanistic methodology. It can be told with confidence that owning all of variety of intellectual traditions is necessary for the modern humankind to become capable to realize global ecological threats and negative consequences of influence of culture in which ethics of individualism prevails.

На современном этапе развития информационного общества все острее встает проблема осовременивания музыкально-воспитательного и музыкально-просветительского процесса, тесно связанных с общим состоянием музыкальной культуры, искусства, профессионального исполнительства и любительского творчества. В условиях стремительно развивающихся мультимедийных технологий возникает риск выхолащивания из сознания молодого поколения абсолютных ценностей, которые зафиксированы в произведениях искусства (в том числе музыкального). Настораживает и процесс формирования духовно-нравственного потенциала детей и молодежи в «эрзаце» технических инноваций. Однако и современное искусство, даже в большей степени, чем экономика или политика, ощущает на себе кризисные явления. Опасность разрушения системы наследования культурно-исторического опыта, дегуманизация личности и общества, разобщение поколений, разрушение духовных ценностей лишь частичный перечень проблем, который, как представляется, способен разрешить союз искусства, науки и педагогической мысли. В Кемеровском государственном университете культуры и искусств второй год подряд проводится Международная научно-методическая конференция «Музыкальная культура в теоретическом и прикладном измерении». Она посвящена рассмотрению проблем изучения музыкальной культуры в аспекте социально-исторических, искусствоведческих, и педагогических исследований. В докладах и сообщениях ученых и практиков, педагогов всех уровней системы музыкального образования и воспитания обсуждались различные аспекты современной теории и практики. ; At the present stage of development of information society, the subject of modernizing the musical educational and awareness raising process which is closely connected with state of musical culture, arts, professional and amateur performance art in general. there is a risk of hollowing out of the consciousness of the young generation of absolute values in the rapidly developing multimedia technologies, recording the works of art (including music). The process of formation of spiritual and moral potential of children and youth in ersatz technical innovation is alarming. However, contemporary art even more than economics or politics is aware of the crisis. The danger of destruction of the system of inheritance of cultural and historical experience, dehumanization of the individual and society, separation of generations, destruction of spiritual values is only a partial list of problems, which appear to mediate the union of art, science and educational thought. For two consecutive years, the International scientific-methodical conference Musical Culture in Theoretical and Applied Dimension was held in Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts. In the reports and messages of scholars and practitioners, educators of all levels of music education and upbringing were discussed various aspects of modern theory and practice.

Статья посвящена актуальной теме выбора наиболее эффективных методов обучения, которые позволяют сформировать знания, умения и навыки работы с текстами как направления профессиональной деятельности в области рекламы и связей с общественностью. В статье рассматриваются основные подходы к классификации PR-текстов; выделяются их типологические характеристики. Автор характеризует базовые составляющие общекультурной компетенции 2 и профессиональной компетенции 6 федерального государственного образовательного стандарта направления бакалавриата 031600.62 «Реклама и связи с общественностью». Изложение материала позволяет четко отследить взаимосвязь между когнитивной, методической, операциональной составляющими соответствующих компетенций. Автор статьи демонстрирует возможности использования методов активного обучения для формирования и оценки навыков составления PR-текстов на примере дисциплин «Теория и практика массовой информации», «Современная пресс-служба», «Работа с текстами в рекламе и связях с общественностью», «Основы политического спичрайтинга», читаемых в Казанском национальном исследовательском техническом университете имени А.Н. Туполева-КАИ. В исследовании рассматриваются особенности метода кейсов, деловой игры, тестирования как активных методов обучения в высшем учебном заведении. Примеры из личной педагогической практики иллюстрируют теоретические положения и рекомендации автора статьи. ; The article is devoted to the actual topic of choosing the most effective teaching methods that allow you to generate the knowledge and skills to work with the text as a part of professional work in the field of advertising and public relations. The article considers the main approaches to the classification of PR-texts; stands their typological characteristics. The author describes the basic components of common cultural competence (№2) and professional competence (№6) of the federal state educational standards of bachelor 031600.62 "Advertising and public relations." The presentation material allows you to clearly track the relationship between cognitive, methodological and operational components of the respective competencies. The author demonstrates the possibility of active learning methods using to develope and evaluate PR-texts writing skills on the example of disciplines: "Theory and practice of mass media", "Modern press-service", "Work with the texts in advertising and public relations", "Fundamentals of the political speechwriting», read in Kazan National Research Technical University named after AN Tupolev-KAI. The study examines the features of the method of case studies, role games, testing as active learning methods. Examples of personal pedagogical practice illustrate the theoretical principles and recommendations of the author.

Статья посвящена анализу путей поступления античного и византийского импортов на территорию Южного Урала и Прикамья на рубеже эр, а главное семантике изображений на Византийском и Сасанидском серебре нашего региона ряда религиозно-ритуальных символов сакрального характера. ; Purpose of the study is examination and specification of transition routs and clarification of semantics of images on the imported goods. Scientists studied antic and byzantine goods on South Ural and territory near Kama as long as there were the heritage of Greek and Roman antiquity. Tanais played the important role in the antic market with the Steppe, but after the Goths and Huns attacks in 3rd-4th centuries a. d., trade routs and connections passed through the Don and the Volga to the Steppe. This transition rout became the subject of the special researches. Silk Road, which influenced on China and Antic-byzantine world at the first part of 1 st millennium a. d., get through Great Steppe (through Uzboy, Ust-Urt, and Ural steppes). This theory has some defect, today it does not have convincing solution: regular trade is the part of the government policy, it suppose that there has been government at the region. However, in 6th-7th centuries near the Volga and the Kama in Hazaria and Volga's Bulgaria, where the most part of byzantine or Sassanid silver were found, no one was ready to play this role. There were not any other national formations in the near-Ural steppes. This condition is consequence of lack of permanent trading communication with East through the steppe and testify to heterogeneous contacts of South Ural's population with their neighbors. It suppose existence as commercial as different sporadic military-political contacts. Semantic of images on the imported goods is characterized with syncretism of cultural traditions of geographical neighbors. The other condition does not connected with politic, it applies to semantic of zoomorphic images at the east imported goods, which came to the region, where was the period of early islamization. When the representation of humans and animals was not yet forbidden. So in 2 nd-3 rd century most part of goods had it's own code of allegories as Christian Byzantium, as Vedic-Avestan circle.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Entwicklung der Dolmetschwissenschaft in Österreich seit 1950 aufzuzeigen. Der Fokus lag dabei ausschließlich auf Publikationen, die das Dolmetschen im diplomatischen und politischen Bereich thematisieren. Im Sinne der Polysystemtheorie wurde anschließend ein historischer Rahmen für die evaluierten Werke gegeben. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Aufschlüsse erhofft, die Phänomene offenlegen, welche durch quantitative oder qualitative Studien nicht sichtbar gemacht werden können. Selbst eine quantitativ-qualitativ ausgelegte Methode wird v.a. Lücken auf der Entwicklungsebene, wie etwa einen Publikationsrückgang oder gar eine völlige Abwesenheit wissenschaftlicher Auffassung, ohne Einbeziehung historischer, kultureller oder gesellschaftlicher Einflussfaktoren, vermutlich nicht klar deuten können. Die Polysystemtheorie sieht nicht nur die Erfassung und Auflistung einschlägiger Werke vor, sondern insbesondere die Untersuchung ihrer dynamischen Entwicklung und somit der Bewegungen innerhalb des Polysystems. Mithilfe sziento- und bibliometrischer Methoden können wissenschaftliche Leistungen von Ländern, Institutionen oder einzelnen AutorInnen gemessen werden, und somit ihre Position im dolmetschwissenschaftlichen Polysystem bestimmt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Autorin- zentrierte Analyse an Ingrid Kurz durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ihre Kooperation mit anderen AutorInnen anhand des Kamada-Kawai-Algorithmus illustriert, welchen u.a. das Programm PAJEK anbietet. Des Weiteren wurde eine Zitationsanalyse ihrer Publikationen mit dem Programm Publish or Perish durchgeführt, welches Daten aus Google Scholar bezieht. Anschließend werden einige der wichtigsten institutionellen Meilensteine kurz umrissen, bevor abschließend sprachliche und interdisziplinäre Interferenzen diskutiert werden. ; In the present study an attempt was made to show the development of Interpreting Studies in Austria since 1950. The analysis is focused exclusively on publications that deal with interpreting in the world of diplomacy and politics. Scientometric or bibliometric methods are used against the background of Even-Zohars polysystem theory, so as to focus on the dynamic development of and the movements within the polysystem from a diachronic perspective. Quantitative and qualitative analysis, or even their combination in what has been termed "mixed methods" do not suffice when explaining potential gaps in the developing process, such as publication declines or even a complete absence of scientific work in a given period. These phenomena can only be identified by observing potential historical, cultural or social factors. A historical framework was thus given to contextualize the evolution of Austrian scientific contributions to the field, to then focus on an author-centered analysis, taking Ingrid Kurz' scientific achievements as a case in point. Her collaboration with other authors has been illustrated by the Kamada - Kawai algorithm, which is part of the PAJEK program. Furthermore, a citation analysis of her publications was conducted with the program Publish or Perish, based on Google Scholar. The data provide the basis for outlining some of the most important institutional milestones before finally discussing linguistic and interdisciplinary interferences. ; vorgelegt von Marijana Mijic ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)369518

Статтю присвячено висвітленню особливостей становлення та динаміки розвитку ідей мультикультурного підходу в освіті Франції. Уточнено чинники його еволюційного розвитку шляхом конкретизації провідних етапів, аналізу методологічних засад мультикультурної освіти, відповідної стратегії та педагогічної практики Франції. Конкретизовано позиції французьких учених щодо розуміння сутності й педагогічної доцільності феномену «мультикультурна освіта», а також способів і моделей її ефективної реалізації.Статья посвящена особенностям становления и динамики развития идей мультикультурного подхода в образовании Франции. Уточнены факторы его эволюционного развития путём конкретизации ведущих этапов, анализа методологических основ мультикультурного образования как социального института, соответствующих стратегий педагогической практики Франции. Конкретизированы позиции французских учёных относительно понимания сущности и педагогической целесообразности феномена «мультикультурное образование».The article covers the problems of the multicultural approach making up and its dynamics of development in France. Factors of its evolution are specified via its main stages concretization, and methodological analysis of foundations of multicultural education as a social institution and respective educational practice strategy in France. French scholars' views concerning the essence and the phenomenon suitability of multicultural education are specified.The trend of reforms and directive documents, the content of curricula and educational programs initiated by the Government and the Ministry of Education of France show the topicality of multicultural approach ideas for the educational practice of the country's schooling system. The experience of France confirmed the effectiveness of application of pluralistic models in the process of multicultural education content construction and its technologies. The analysis of the development stages and specific features of multicultural approach ideas in France points out that multicultural education is in demand not only in the countries with a high level of immigration but also in multiethnic ones.Thereby the study and analysis of multicultural education in France prove the appropriateness of its application concerning the theory and practice of education in Ukraine. It is necessary to be flexible taking into consideration both advantages and disadvantages of French experience in the process of educational policy designing and implementation in the country. The exchange of ideas between the educational systems of France and Ukraine should avoid the corruption of national education achievements, of its specific features, cultural and historical uniqueness. The responsiveness to the ideas and principles of multicultural approach at all sectors of Ukraine's system of education can promote the achievement of this goal.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to critique several studies that claim to show that nomadic foragers engage in high levels of inter-group aggression. This is done through exploring four myths: nomadic foragers are warlike; there was a high rate of war mortality in the Pleistocene; the nomadic forager data support the "chimpanzee model" of lethal raiding psychology; and contact and state influence inevitably decrease aggression in nomadic forager societies.Design/methodology/approach– Using exact criteria, a sample of 21 nomadic forager societies is derived from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. This sampling method minimizes the chance of sampling bias, a shortcoming that has plagued previous studies. Only the highest quality ethnographic data, those classified as Primary Authority Sources, are used, which results in data on 148 cases of lethal aggression. The specifics of the lethal aggression cases are then discussedvis-à-visthe four myths to demonstrate the disjuncture between the data and the myths.Findings– All four myths are found to be out of step with actual data on nomadic forager war and peace. Overall, the default interaction pattern of nomadic foragers is to get along with neighbors rather than make war against them. The findings contradict both assertions that there was a high level of war mortality among nomadic foragers of the Pleistocene and the chimpanzee model's proposal that human males have a tendency or predisposition to form coalitions and make lethal attacks on members of neighboring groups.Research limitations/implications– Consideration of nomadic forager war and peace should be contextualized in terms of social organization, contact history (including ethnocide, displacement, and other factors), and the current situation faced by extant forager populations. As in other contexts, the introduction of alcohol at contact or subsequently has increased nomadic forager aggression.Practical implications– Propositions as to the aggressiveness of nomadic foragers should be viewed with skepticism because they are contradicted by data and a contextual view of nomadic forager social organization and ethnohistory.Social implications– The debate over nomadic forager war and peace is connected to larger debates in modern society about the nature of human nature and has real-world implications regarding foreign policy and political approaches toward war and peace.Originality/value– A critique of sampling, methodology, and theory is provided in this area.

Straipsnyje siekiama identifikuoti socialinius rizikos kontūrus žiniasklaidoje – juos išryškinti remiantis ne atomistine pavienių sričių rizikų analize, o holistiniu požiūriu. Straipsnio idėja yra grindžiama empirinio tyrimo, kuriuo buvo siekiama aprašyti, kokios rizikos ir kaip jos yra pristatomos televizijos naujienų laidose, duomenimis. Tyrimui įgyvendinti pasirinkta grindžiamoji strategija suteikia galimybę pateikti kompleksišką tiriamo reiškinio vertinimą, identifikuojant rizikų raiškos sritis, nustatant jų egzistavimą įgalinančius šaltinius, poveikį patiriančias aukas bei įvardijant valdysenos subjektus – asmenis ar institucijas, atsakingas už rizikos prevencijos vykdymą bei esamų padarinių likvidavimą. Materiali tyrimo išdava – simbolinis rizikų reprezentacijų žemėlapis, leidžiantis sistemiškai pavaizduoti rizikas, apie kurias buvo kalbama tyrimo metu analizuotuose televizijos naujienų pranešimuose. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, jog pasirinktame duomenų šaltinyje yra pristatomas platus teminis rizikų spektras, apimantis pavojus, tykančius įvairiose srityse: ekonominėje, politinėje, socialinėje, kultūrinėje, sveikatos, technologinėje, aplinkosauginėje / ekologinėje. Visų šių sričių rizikų reprezentacijos sudaro bendrą informacijos srautą, individus supažindinantį su realiomis ir hipotetinėmis grėsmėmis. Šio tyrimo duomenys atskleidžia naujų didesnės aprėpties tyrimų poreikį.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: rizika, žiniasklaida, rizikos komunikacija, grindžiamoji teorija, simbolinisžemėlapisSocial contours of risk in media: analysis of televisionnews messagesEimantė Zolubienė SummaryThe aim of this article is to identify social contours of risk presented in media. They are revealed referring not to the atomistic, but holistic approach. The idea of this article is based on the data of empirical research, whose purpose is to find out what kinds of risk and how are presented in TV news. The study implementation is based on the grounded theory, which enables to present the complex evaluation of the research object. Identifying risk sources, victims and governing entities (i. g. individuals or institutions, which are responsible for risk prevention and elimination of consequences). This article also presents visualization of the research data on the symbolic map of risks representations. It provides a systematic explanation of risks, which were represented in the analyzed television news messages. The results showed that a wide range of risks and threats were presented in television news, for example social, economic, political, cultural, environmental ones etc. Various risks representations create a common information flow, which makes people familiarized with hypothetical and real risks. The study results revealed a necessity of a new, wider coverage research.

[Italiano]: "Voice to the voiceless" è lo slogan che ha accompagnato nel 2006 il lancio di Al Jazeera English, finanziato dal'emirato del Qatar come l'omonimo canale in arabo, per proporre un punto di vista mediorientale sulle notizie direttamente nella lingua della globalizzazione. In un post-11 Settembre segnato da conflitti militari e identitari Al Jazeera English ha avuto il merito di introdurre un modello di informazione conciliatorio, lontano dai sensazionalismi e allo stesso tempo decentrato, o meglio dai molti centri, tutti localizzati in un `Sud` definito per opposizione al `Nord` culturalmente e politicamente egemone. Questo libro esplora le relazioni contraddittorie tra il canale e i modelli dell`informazione anglo-americana; tra le spinte democratizzanti dell`emittente, come durante le rivoluzioni del 2011, e le politiche del suo stato finanziatore; tra le aspirazioni universaliste e i nuovi regionalismi dell`informazione televisiva transnazionale. Questioni che vengono approfondite analizzando i contenuti del canale, in una prospettiva che mira ad arricchire il tradizionale approccio allo studio dell'informazione televisiva con quello della teoria postcoloniale e degli studi culturali ./[English]: "Voice to the voiceless" has been the slogan introducing the launch of Al Jazeera English. Like its Arabic sister channel, Al Jazeera English is funded by the Emirate of Qatar. Its mission is to offer a perspective of Middle Eastern affairs to a wide international audience, this time in the language of globalisation. In a post-9/11 era marked by military and identity conflicts, Al Jazeera English has had the merit to introduce a new model of television news that is "conciliatory", far from the polarised and hyperbolic ones, and at the same time de-centralised, shifting the focus to a 'South' defined in opposition to the culturally and politically hegemonic 'North'. This book explores how the channel adopts and yet reshapes the Anglo-American news standards; the contradictions between the channel's democratising push, as in the 2011 uprisings, and its funding state's conservatory policies; between universal aspirations and the new regional boundaries characterising the transnational news domain. These issues are all investigated analysing the channel's content, with a perspective that aims at enriching the traditional news media studies approach with views from postcolonial theory and cultural studies.

Abstrak Puspa Agro dibangun oleh pemerintah untuk kesejahteraan petani yang memberikan kesempatan kepada petani dengan menyediakan lapak, memproduksi serta menjual hasil panennya secara langusng kepada konsumen tanpa adanya perantara. Kenyataan dilapangan menunjukkan bahwa Puspa Agro masih saja didominasi oleh para pedagang yang bukan petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola- pola penguasaan lapak yang dilakukan oleh para pedagang di Puspa Agro. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian Kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi Edmund Husserl. Teori Pilihan Rasional Colleman digunakan untuk menganalisis permasalahan yang dikaji. Subyek penelitian ini adalah pedagang yang mendiami lapak Puspa Agro sebagai aktor utama penelitian ini. Pemilihan informan dilakukan dengan cara purpossive. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola-pola penguasaan lapak yang terjadi berupa adanya kepemilikan modal ekonomi, modal budaya dan modal sosial sebagai alat kemudahan akses para pedagang demi mendapatkan lapak yang diperuntukan bagi petani tersebut. Pemilihan pola penguasaan lapak merupakan suatu bentuk pilihan rasional setiap pedagang sebagai aktor utama dalam penguasaan lapak Kata Kunci: Pedagang, Penguasaan, Modal Sosial. ABSTRACT Puspa Agro was built by the Government for the welfare of farmers who provide opportunities to farmers by providing sellers, producing and selling his crop in langusng to consumers without intermediaries. The reality of the situation shows that it is still just Agro Puspa dominated by traders who are not farmers. This research aims to know the Palm of your mastery of the patterns made by the merchants of Puspa Agro. This research uses Qualitative research with approach of Phenomenology Edmund Husserl. Rational choice theory is used to analyze problems Colleman studied. The subjects of this study were traders who inhabit the lapak Puspa Agro research as the main actor. Selection of informants is done by means of purpossive. The results showed that the patterns that occur in the form of the Palm of your mastery of the ownership of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital as a means to ease access for traders to get the stall allocated to farmers. The selection pattern mastery of the stall is a form of rational choice each merchant as the lead actor in the mastery of the stall Keywords: Merchants, Mastery, Social Capital.

Many scholars, since the early 2000s, advocate for the integration of institutionalist and communitarian views of social capital generation in order to explain civil society dynamics, in particular in countries ? such as former communist states - characterized by transitional processes, with a relevant impact on the structure of societies, and by peculiar features of social networking. According to such a view, the civil society is the resultant of a combination of factors related to the social structure of the social community and the institutional environment, and the ways in which such levels interact. This view is, in a broader sense, an attempt at investigating in a more effective way the way in which social assets in society are generated, and their relation with socio-economic and sustainable development. However, attempted empirical analysis on the basis of such an approach have been mainly carried out at macro level, this way overlooking, to a large extent, the individual determinants of social capital and civic engagement, and the interplay of perceptions of community and institutions and social attitudes. The present paper is an attempt at conciliating the institutionalist and communitarian frameworks through a micro level-focused model, able to investigate the linkage between institutional climate and civic engagement and trust with the support of social psychology theories (in particular, social identity theory). In detail, the proposed approach emphasizes the linkages existing between perceptions of institutional behaviour and civil society empowerment on the one hand, and individual engagement and trust in the society and civil identity on the other; it also focuses on the way in which perceptions and attitudes are related to quality of life (measured in terms of well-being and job-related satisfaction). The analysis is based on over 2000 observations from two macrodistricts of the Russian Federation (Central and North Caucasus okrugs) and over 1000 from the Republic of Latvia. The proposed model investigates the possible causal chain existing between perceptions of civil society empowerment, trust towards institutions, civic engagement, trust and tolerance in the society, and quality of life perception, through a structural equation modelling-based quantitative approach for ordinal variables. Socio-demographic and socio-cultural features (e.g. ethno-religious self-identification, level of education, political affiliation, profession) are accounted for as control variables.

The importance of entrepreneurship in a social structure results from the characteristics of entrepreneurs in determining the needs of a society and making investments in that area. Therefore, entrepreneurship is one of the most important factors of the progress for any social structure. On the entrepreneurship, the economics gives increasing importance to the characteristics of social structure. This situation has similar importance on the requirements of entrepreneurship. Two points should be considered in this context while analyzing entrepreneur behaviors. The first one is that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs works with which social perception. The second one is that whether entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs use social environment they are in with different social groups. Beginning the transitional period from the industrial society to knowledge society in the world, the view of small enterprises can ensure competition efficiency and harmonization in especially social production area has become common. Therefore, ?small and medium enterprises' (SME) are started to be seen as enterprises that can accommodate changing conditions and fill demand gaps in the society quickly because of their dynamic structures. The importance of SMEs that involve great flexibility and productivity together at the international scale increases gradually. Thus, every country creates its own SME. Accordingly, this subject should be considered in terms of social culture since the SME-society relation involves originality for every society. Existing SME literature deals with SMEs independently from cultural structures of societies and considers them under the dominant economic theory. Thus, a standard SME and entrepreneur model approaching to all SMEs in all societies of the world with the same point of view occurs. Within the scope of the study, Turkey's process of social change was separated into mainly three terms starting from 1960 when the industrialization and urbanization rate increased. The effects of social structure characteristics of the terms on entrepreneurship are discussed. The discussion analyzes the policies of 9 different national development plans prepared by the governments and tried to be implemented in the terms between the years of 1963-2013 called as planned period and started at the same years in Turkey. This presentation is aimed at described the reflection of these policies, which are tried to be evaluated with social, economic, and spatial dimensions, on the local entrepreneur and local production spaces.

This dissertation presents a theory of teaching derived from the production and reception of translations, with a particular focus on the neophyte. The neophyte is described as either an individual who through the process of literary translation deepens his or her understanding of a new language, or a new reader of translations beginning to harvest a cosmopolitan worldview.Since its initial 1988 Iranian publication, Shahrnush Parsipur's Women without Men was first translated into English in 1998, then made into a film in 2009, and translated into English again in 2011 - an exceedingly peculiar circulation that stems from an equally complicated clash of international politics and cultural production. Using this text and its various iterations as case studies, I situate the works in both a theoretical network and literary tradition to then unpack operative hermeneutic principles. From the translations, I outline the unique pedagogical attributes obtained from the production and reception of translated works, with a marked advocacy of the neophyte on either end of this practice.First, the process of translation is traced from a critical reading of the source text and analysis of the renderings. The subjectivity and hermeneutics of the translators is then explored using material gathered from a symposium on Women without Men held at UC Irvine on February 14, 2014 with Parsipur, all three of her English translators, and other prominent scholars in the field. Discussions of the politics of translation, Iran, and America, with Parsipur's work as the central point of reference, resulted in fascinating insights from the author and translators that day.A problem that was brought to the fore during the Women without Men Symposium was the dearth of translated material from Eastern cultures in the West, despite the great fortitude going the other way. This necessitates cultivation of not just people who speak multiple languages, but also those who are using their competency, and perhaps even advancing it, in the translation of Eastern literatures for a Western audience. In my conclusion, in reference to this problematic I submit the experiences of the translators of Women without Men as testimony from exemplary neophytes serving as both creator and audience. My dissertation seeks to promote more translation projects, both as a method to learn languages, as well as an introduction to foreign concepts.