En el presente avance de investigación se indaga por el rol que han desempeñado las Instituciones Financieras Internacionales (IFIS) en la promoción de reformas institucionales en la región y las características de sus programas, que dejan entrever una particular forma de concebir las relaciones entre democracia y mercado a partir del concepto articulador de gobernabilidad. La indagación involucra a las IFIS más importantes: Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y Fondo Monetario Internacional. En últimas, los autores abordan esta temática para elaborar hipótesis sobre la configuración del Derecho Internacional, de las interrelaciones entre lo local y lo transnacional, para identificar la posición de las instituciones encargadas de la protección de los derechos humanos. ; The authors in the present article, ask about the role of the International Financial Institutions in the promotion of institutional reforms on Latin America and the characteristic of its programs, where we can find a particular form of conceive the relationship between democracy and market through the concept of governance. The analysis involve a reflection of the most important IFIS like: The World Bank, Interamerican Development Bank and International Monetary Fund.
Resumo: A primeira década do século XXI representou um período de novas tendências socioeconômicas e políticas na maior parte dos países da América Latina. O modelo econômico neoliberal – predominante nos anos 1990 – passou a perder força, abrindo espaço para o surgimento de uma nova agenda de desenvolvimento nos países da região. Essa mudança foi marcada pelo estabelecimento e crescente disseminação de programas sociais que buscavam combater as profundas deficiências sociais de suas populações. Com o tempo, os indicadores sociais começaram a mostrar os bons resultados dessas políticas, atraindo o interesse de especialistas do campo do desenvolvimento e da comunidade internacional nas experiências desses países, contribuindo para o reconhecimento internacional dos mesmos. Considerando esse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as experiências do Brasil e da Venezuela com o processo de internacionalização de seus modelos de desenvolvimento, mais especificamente, dos programas sociais que foram concebidos com a reestruturação de suas políticas econômicas na última década. A comparação dessas experiências ganha relevância uma vez que esse processo adquire características específicas em função da forma como cada país entende a sua inserção internacional. Por fim, a realização do presente trabalho passa por uma análise da relação entre políticas sociais e política externa, contexto no qual se prioriza a abordagem que entende a política externa como política pública, abrindo assim espaço para verificar a forte articulação entre essas esferas e as implicações decorrentes.Palavras-chave: Programas Sociais; Política Externa; Desenvolvimento; Brasil; Venezuela. Abstract: The first decade of the XXI century represented a period of new socio-economical and political tendencies in most countries of Latin America. The neoliberal economic model – that prevailed throughout the 1990s – began to lose its strength, opening the space for the emergence of a new development agenda in the countries of the region. This change was marked by the establishment and the increasing dissemination of social programs aimed to treat the social deficiencies of their populations. Over time, the social indicators started to show the good results of those policies, attracting the interest of specialists from the field of development and from the international community in the experiences of those countries, contributing to their international recognition. Considering that context, the main objective of the present work is to investigate the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela with the process of internationalization of their development models, more specifically, of the social programs that were conceived with the restructuration of their economical policies in the last decade. The comparison of these experiences becomes relevant once this process acquires specific features depending on how each country sees its international insertion. Finally, the realization of this work involves an analysis of the relationship between social policies and foreign policy, context in which we prioritize the approach that considers foreign policy as a public policy, opening thus space to verify the strong articulation between those spheres and the resulting implications.Key Words: Social Programs; Foreign Policy; Development; Brazil; Venezuela. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n2p407-434
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Die Abhängigkeit deutscher und europäischer Unternehmen von metallischen Rohstoffen ist hoch. Perspektivisch wird der Bedarf an diesen Rohstoffen noch steigen, da sie für die Energie- und die Mobilitätswende, die Digitalisierung und andere Zukunftstechnologien gebraucht werden. Die Versorgungssicherheit wird zudem von geopolitischen Entwicklungen beeinflusst. Hierbei ist Chinas zentrale Rolle in Rohstofflieferketten ein Unsicherheitsfaktor. Die Bundesregierung hat sich ambitionierte Nachhaltigkeitsziele gesetzt. Diese in komplexen mehrstufigen Lieferketten metallischer Rohstoffe umzusetzen ist schwierig, weil die Umwelt- und Menschenrechtsrisiken in diesen Lieferketten erheblich sind. Die Um- und Durchsetzung von Nachhaltigkeit sollte dennoch nicht dem Ziel Versorgungssicherheit untergeordnet werden. Vielmehr sollte die Bundesregierung eine strategische Rohstoffpolitik verfolgen, die Ansprüche an Nachhaltigkeit und Versorgungssicherheit miteinander verbindet. Dabei muss sie die beiden großen Herausforderungen in der Nachhaltigkeitsgovernance angehen: zum einen die Vielfalt an unterschiedlichen Standards und deren unvollständige Um- und Durchsetzung, zum anderen die fehlende Transparenz sowie vorhandene Machtasymmetrien entlang metallischer Lieferketten. Eine nachhaltige Rohstoffaußenpolitik sollte strategische Diversifizierung anvisieren und dabei internationale Partnerschaften mit Wertepartnern festigen, um so einseitige Abhängigkeiten zu reduzieren. Entscheidende Elemente dieser Politik sind Maßnahmen zur Steigerung von Transparenz und ein regulativer "Smart Mix". (Autorenreferat)