Suchergebnisse

Title IX, a piece of federal legislation passed in 1972, spurred dramatic growth in the opportunities for women and girls to participate in sports and athletics in the United States, especially in the 1970s. Whereas only 1 out of 27 high school girls participated in sports in 1971, by the end of the decade the figure was 1 out of 3. These breakthroughs were confined to the U.S. Women's sports activism did not emerge as a global phenomenon until the 1990s. A key factor in facilitating its emergence were the networks and coalitions encouraged by the United Nations World Conferences on Women, beginning with Mexico City in 1975 and especially Beijing in 1995. ; El Title IX, ley federal aprobada en 1972, estimuló espectacularmente el crecimiento de las oportunidades para las mujeres y las chicas a participar en los deportes y el atletismo en los Estados Unidos, especialmente en la década de 1 970. Mientras que sólo 1 de cada 27 chicas de secundaria participaban en deportes en 1971, a finales de la década, la cifra fue de 1 de cada 3. Estos avances se limitaron al activismo deportivo de las Mujeres de EE.UU, no emergiendo como un fenómeno mundial hasta la década de 1 990. Un factor clave para facilitar su surgimiento fueron las redes y ailanzas promovidas por las Conferencias Mundiales de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Mujer, iniciándose en la ciudad de México en 1 975 y especialmente en la de Pekín en 1995.

Розглянуто роль та місце професійного чиннику у рекрутуванніполітичних кадрів у сучасній Україні. Визначено основні тенденціїмотивації державних службовців. Встановлено політичні завданнярекрутування у державні служби ; The article examines the role and place of the professional political factor inthe recruitment of personnel in modern Ukraine. The basic trends of motivation ofcivil servants. Establish political objectives rektrutuvannyau public service. ; Рассмотрены роль и место профессионального фактора врекрутировании политических кадров в современной Украине.Определены основные тенденции мотивации государственных служащих.Устанавлены задачи рекрутирования в государственые службы.

Most (global) environmental governance arrangements face a potential trade-off between attaining their goals in terms of environmental improvement and the just distribution of their social costs and benefits. Yet, just as mitigation of ecological problems is a core requirement for any environmental governance scheme, schemes that do not take distributional questions into account are fundamentally flawed from a normative perspective. So far, however, these two objectives have by and large been analysed separately: On the one hand, there is a vast amount of studies which apply different indicators of effectiveness to assess the potential contribution of different governance arrangements to improving particular environmental problems. On the other hand, there is a growing, yet mostly theoretical, research interest in the just distribution of costs and benefits from environmental measures. The contribution of this paper is to bring these two strands of research closer together by including the dimension of distributive justice in a more comprehensive model of effectiveness. In terms of environmental improvements the model employs goal attainment as the benchmark indicator. Thus it recognizes that goals are socially set and that they may be changed over time as most environmental problems are so enduring that they can only be mitigated in a continuous process. Regarding distributive justice, the paper draws on normative theorists such as Rawls and Sen to derive criteria for the just distribution of costs and benefits from environmental policy measures. The overall model of effectiveness may then lay out minimum requirements for goal attainment and distributive justice. Where both these thresholds are met one could speak of comprehensive effectiveness. Finally, the paper will provide hints how this notion of effectiveness may be operationalised for empirical research.