Suchergebnisse

In a global change context, ecosystems are subjected to more and more severe human pressures. In this context, optimizing the biomonitoring of natural ecosystems has become a major scientific, political and societal issue. In the early 2000th, most of the freshwater bioassessment methods did not succeed in fulfilling the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive, for efficiently evaluating the ecological status of rivers with the main objective to maintain or to reach the good ecological status for all the water bodies. In the same time, a major advance in community ecology was the explicit consideration of the biological and ecological attributes of species (i.e. their ?traits?) to better explain the role of habitat characteristics in community assembly. The main goal of this PhD work was to establish how trait-based approaches, at different biological scales, could enhance the bioassessment of French streams. We have first focused on the utilization of potential bio-ecological traits of macrobenthic communities for (i) evaluating the ecological quality of rivers, (ii) assessing the risk of significant alteration of benthic assemblages by specific pressure categories and (iii) appraising the human pressure-drived functional homogenization process in benthic communities. We examined the potential of new traits (derived from stable isotopy, stoichiometry and proteomics) for depicting the benthic invertebrate responses to 'simple' anthropogenic pressures (i.e. acidification and organic contamination). We have demonstrated that using potential bio-ecological traits efficiently enhances the ecological monitoring of wadeable rivers, at large spatial scale (e.g. on National survey networks). The stable isotope and stoichiometry analyses, when applied at reach scale, have allowed to link biological traits (i.e. diet and development) to ecological functions provided by macrobenthic communities, such as nutriment and organic matter flows in rivers. Finally, the proteomic analysis, performed along an ...

The operation period of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended in 2015, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be in operation in 2016–2030. The sustainable development agenda contained 17 goals and covered a broad range of quantitative and qualitative objectives across social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. These include (i) ending poverty and hunger, (ii) sustainable consumption and production, (iii) improving health and education, (iv) making cities more sustainable, (v) combating climate change, and (vi) protecting oceans and forests. Sustainable food production, marketing, and other post-harvest management practices are important to achieving majority of the SDGs. This paper examines the required changing roles of private and public organisations, as well as international organisations, in 2016–2030 to enhance resilience of agricultural food value chains in Thailand. The Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP) of Thailand is a growth and development model characterised by its universality and inclusiveness; people-centred approach; moderation, moral values, and reasonableness; and knowledge and integrity. The SEP encourages a holistic farm management system to promote sustainability, food security, water conservation and biodiversity, development of human resources, risk management, investment, and expansion of businesses, thereby creating self-sufficiency at the household, community, organisational, and national levels. These objectives of the SEP are somewhat consistent with Goals 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDGs. The required roles of organisations to enable Thailand to achieve the SDGs towards enhancing the resilience of agricultural food value chains are presented, and the policy implications are highlighted.

The nation moral condition was apprehensive especially the awareness to the environment aroused Indonesian government to instill caring culture and loving environment by applying Adiwiyata Program. The purpose of this research was to know: 1) The implementation Adiwiyata Program in Junior high school 6 Tuban post awarded as Adiwiyata Independent school/Sekolah Adiwiyata Mandiri, 2) The strategy development of environmental caring characteristic, 3) The obstacles that have been found 4) The effort to resolve the obstacles. This research used qualitative approach of case study types. The research procedure divided into four steps; preparing, implementing, analyzing and writing the research report. The result shown that Junior high school 6 Tuban still strive to preserve Adiwiyata post awarded program as Sekolah Adiwiyata Mandiri. Strategy development of environmentally caring character in Junior high school 6 Tuban was carried out based on four aspects of Adiwiyata Program implementation, but each aspect has not been implemented optimally. These aspects could be optimized with the consistency and commitment of the school community. This consistency was enhanced by positioning students as the center in the implementation of Adiwiyata Program and added role model, reward and punishment as an alternative strategy to increase motivation in developing students' caring character.

Survey of developments in European institutions, in policies, and in the member states during 1987. (CP)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional communications were in crisis. Many businesses have ceased to exist or are on the verge of bankruptcy. Local governments, as well as businesses, were forced to work during the first month of severe quarantine. We had to quickly transfer most business processes to the online environment to ensure the social distance of employees and reduce the possibility of their infection.The author analyzed the international experience of using information and communication technologies for the effective development of communities and territories. The article analyzes the introduction of "Digital Agendas" as a regulatory framework for the implementation of digital transformation at the local level. The role of digital infrastructure and digital literacy as factors of implementation and use of information and communication technologies is highlighted.The experience of implementing an innovation cluster on the example of the city of Oulu (Finland) is considered.Steps are proposed for the territorial communities of Ukraine to accelerate the implementation of digital transformation. ; Під час пандемії COVID-19 традиційні комунікації зазнали кризи. Багато суб'єктів бізнес-діяльності перестали існувати, або опинились на грані банкрутства. Органи місцевого самоврядування, як і бізнес, під час першого місяця жорсткого карантину вимушено майже не працювали. Оперативно прийшлося переводити більшість бізнес-процесів у онлайн середовище задля забезпечення соціальної дистанції співробітників та зменшення можливості їхнього зараження.Автор проаналізував міжнародний досвід використання інформаційно комунікаційних технологій задля ефективного розвитку громад та територій. У статті проаналізовано впровадження «Цифрових порядків денних» як нормативно правову базу впровадження цифрової трансформації на локальному рівні. Виокремлено роль цифрової інфраструктури та цифрової грамотності як факторів впровадження та використання інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Розглянуто досвід впровадження ...

The growing presence of lanthanides in the environment has drawn the attention of the scientific community on their safety and toxicity. The sources of lanthanides in the environment include diagnostic medicine, electronic devices, permanent magnets, etc. Their exponential use and the poor management of waste disposal raise serious concerns about the quality and safety of the ecosystems at a global level. This review focused on the impact of lanthanides in marine organisms on reproductive fitness, fertilization and embryonic development, using the sea urchin as a biological model system. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to lanthanides triggers a wide variety of toxic insults, including reproductive performance, fertilization, redox metabolism, embryogenesis, and regulation of embryonic gene expression. This was thoroughly demonstrated for gadolinium, the most widely used lanthanide in diagnostic medicine, whose uptake in sea urchin embryos occurs in a time-and concentration-dependent manner, correlates with decreased calcium absorption and primarily affects skeletal growth, with incorrect regulation of the skeletal gene regulatory network. The results collected on sea urchin embryos demonstrate a variable sensitivity of the early life stages of different species, highlighting the importance of testing the effects of pollution in different species. The accumulation of lanthanides and their emerging negative effects make risk assessment and consequent legislative intervention on their disposal mandatory.

Foreword / RACHEL KYTE -- Foreword / JUDITH RODIN -- Acknowledgments -- About the authors -- Introduction: the norms of power and the power of norms -- The study approach -- Methodology of the study -- Discussing and researching gender equality : a brief introduction to the primary study concepts -- Creating and enforcing gender through norms, roles and beliefs -- Changing norms -- Overview of chapters -- References -- Gender norms -- The rules we live by : gender norms and ideal images -- Normative frameworks for household gender inequalities -- The good girl, the good boy -- Community-level views of gender norms -- References -- Negotiating the norms that bind : a winding road -- The quiet relaxing and changing of norms -- Timing is all: negotiating opportunities and gender-specific responsibilities -- Intergenerational transmission of the possibility of change -- Gender norms in transition -- "A woman should be beaten if she deserves punishment" -- A. extent and forms of domestic violence -- B. causes and consequences of domestic violence -- References -- Having and making choices -- Strategic life decisions : who has the final say? -- Investing in education : why should girls and boys go to school? -- Why should I leave school? : not my choice! -- From school to work : getting the first job -- A. You say, I say: the weight of adult voices on job decisions -- "First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes baby in a baby carriage" -- What is mine is yours : asset control and decision-making -- When does choice mean agency? -- References -- Empowerment -- What drives agency? : what crushes it? -- Step by step : climbing the "ladder of power and freedom" -- Perceptions of factors shaping agency -- Combinations of mobility factors -- Men's and women's interdependent agency and gender norm change -- References -- Structures of opportunity and structures of constraint -- Community factors that fuel agency -- Whose jobs? -- It takes a village : local economic dynamism and empowerment -- Impact of laws and local civic action on empowermen -- Change women need -- References -- Final thoughts -- Appendix a methodological note -- References

This article introduces an ongoing process of creation of the Unified Patent Litigation System (UPLS) in Europe and describes shortly the structure of the proposed European and European Union Patents Court (EEUPC). Current patent litigation systems in various European countries and deficiencies in the current systems are also described. The EEUPC will deal with the infringement and validity cases of European patents and EU patents. This article contains a detailed list of court actions over which EEUPC has exclusive jurisdiction, benefits of the new system as well as stakeholders' concerns.

Dansk sammendrag af rapporten Formålet med KADK: LAB er at etablere en fælles identitet på tværs af eksisterende værksteder/laboratorier, samt at sikre at disse repræsenterer state-of-the-art i forhold til ekspertise og faciliteter med særlig fokus på højteknologi. Ambitionen med KADK:LAB er at skabe mere værdi inden for det nære KADK-fællesskab (på tværs af de tre skoler), samt i relationen med eksterne partnere. KADK: LAB vil generere værdi ved at: ●Styrke den akademiske relevans inden for den håndværksmæssige og materiale fokuserede analytiske praksis. ●Skærpe ideen om at værksteder og laboratorier er miljøer til kritisk refleksion, der understøtter 'thinking through doing'. ●Anspore til innovation og vidensproduktion inden for værksteds- og laboratoriebaseret praksis ●Forholde sig kritisk og aktivt til nye tendenser og kulturer inden for værksteds- og laboratoriebaseret praksis, samt relevante politiske dagsordener. ●Stimulere synergien mellem værksteds- og laboratoriemiljøer Den værdi, som KADK: LAB genererer, vil blive anvendt til at opnå en tredelt vision, der er målrettet mod at: ●fremme Forsknings/KUV og undervisnings aktiviteter ●udvikle innovation inden for værksteds/laboratoriepraksis ●opbygge strategiske partnerskaber inden for og uden for KADK Visionen og anbefalingerne i rapporten er udviklet gennem en hørings- og udviklingsproces, der har involveret: ●Fire tidligere rapporter ●Interviews med medlemmer af KADK:LAB's arbejdsgruppe ●6 workshops med KADK:LAB's arbejdsgruppe ●3 workshops med repræsentanter fra hver skole ●1 workshop med studenter repræsentanter fra de tre skoler. ●Besøg til relevante eksterne akademiske og industrielle miljøer ●1 præsentation til KADK's styregruppe ●1 præsentation til KADK-rektoratet og skolelederne ●Hyppige møder mellem projektlederen (Mathilde Aggebo) og 'KADK: LAB skrivegruppen'. Rapporten præsenterer også en række anbefalinger til strategier, der sigter mod at realisere visionens mål, samt fremme en kultur der søger synergi på tværs af discipliner og miljøer, og som kan reagere aktivt og kritisk over for nye samfundstendenser og politiske dagsordener. Disse strategier er organiseret inden for seks hovedområder: 1. Grænsefladen mod Research / KUV 2. Grænsefladen mod undervisning 3. Rum 4. Organisation 5. Identitet 6. Budget og finansiering Et antal strategier bygger på og gentager anbefalinger fra tidligere relaterede rapporter. Disse er suppleret med strategier, der retter sig mod unikke muligheder, der er fremkommet i forbindelse med udviklingen af visionen for KADK: LAB. I alt præsenterer rapporten mere end 35 strategier. Nedenfor fremhæver vi otte af de mest fremtrædende: ●udvidelse af fysiske rum, der indeholder fleksible mock-up områder ●nøgle aftaler med det formål at kunne styre udviklingen af KADK:LAB i tråd med visionen ●facilitere og værtskaber for tværfaglige pilot forskningsprojekter ●styring af "åben" adgang til alle faciliteter gennem valgfrie kurser ●Fremme ekstern rådgivning til industri / praksis ●korte faglige efteruddannelseskurser inden for højteknologisk praksis ●løbende faglig udvikling af værksteds- / laboratoriepersonale ●etablering af en tværfaglig kandidatuddannelse med et højteknologisk fokus Gennem konkrete scenarier viser rapporten også, hvordan flere strategier med fordel kan gennemføres på samme tid og understøtte visionens mål. Vi præsenterer fire eksempler på sådanne scenarier: 1. 'Opblødning af grænser' 2. 'Residency' 3. "Tværfaglig uddannelse" 4. 'Udvidet netværk' ; Summary of Report The purpose of KADK:LAB is to establish a common identity across existing workshops/labs and ensure they represent the state-of-the-art in expertise and facilities, with a particular focus on high-technology. The ambition of KADK:LAB is to generate value within the immediate KADK community (across the three schools) and with external partners. KADK:LAB will generate value by: ●strengthening the academic relevance of making and materially focused analytical practices ●sharpening the idea that workshops and labs are spaces of critical reflection supporting 'thinking through doing' ●spurring innovation and knowledge creation within workshop and lab based practices ●critically responding to emerging trends and cultures within workshop/lab practices, and relevant policy level agendas. ●stimulating synergies between workshops and lab environments The value that KADK:LAB generates will be applied to achieving a three-fold vision that targets: ●advancing Research/KUV and Teaching activities ●nurturing innovation of workshop/lab practices ●building strategic partnerships within and beyond KADK The vision and recommendations presented in this report have been developed through a consultation and development process involving: ●Reference to four prior reports ●Interviews with members of the KADK:LAB Working Group ●6 workshops with the KADK:LAB Working Group ●3 workshops with staff representatives of each school ●1 workshop with student representatives from the three schools. ●Visits to relevant external academic and industry facilities ●1 presentation to the KADK Board ●1 presentation to the KADK Rectorate and Heads of Schools ●Frequent meetings between the Project Leader (Mathilde Aggebo) and the 'KADK:LAB writing group'. The report also presents recommended strategies aimed at achieving the ambitions of the vision, and fostering a culture that promotes synergies across disciplines and environments, and that can critically respond to emerging societal trends and policy agendas. These strategies are organised by six key areas: 1.Interface with Research/KUV 2.Interface with Teaching 3.Space 4.Organisation 5.Identity 6.Budget and Funding A number of the strategies reiterate recommendations made by previously commissioned reports. These are supplemented with strategies that target unique opportunities afforded by the prospect of KADK:LAB. In total, the report presents over 35 strategies. We highlight eight of the most prominent ones below: ●expansion of physical spaces to include flexible mock-up areas ●key appointments to steer KADK:LAB in line with the vision ●brokering and hosting cross-disciplinary pilot research projects ●managing 'open' access to all facilities through 'elective' courses ●fostering external consultancy to industry/practice ●offering Post-professional short courses in high-technology practices ●continued professional development for workshop/lab staff ●establishing a trans-disciplinary, high-technology focused, Master's level education The report also demonstrates how multiple strategies can be intersected through tangible scenarios that support the aims of the vision. We present four example scenarios: 1.'softening boundaries' 2.'residency' 3.'trans-disciplinary education' 4.'extended network'

The environments of the poor in southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific -- Table of Contents -- PART I: OVERVIEW -- Chapter 1. A New Triple-Win Option for the Environment of the Poor BY Aris Ananta, Armin Bauer and Myo Thant -- PART II: EAST ASIA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND REPUBLIC OF KOREA) -- Chapter 2. Poverty, Environment, and Climate Change in the Grasslands of China by Tsui Yenhu -- Chapter 3. Climate Change, Food Security,and Poverty in the People's Republic of China by Qi Gubo -- Chapter 4. The Physical and Social Environment of the Chinese Urban Poor by Wendy Walker, Madhumita Gupta, and Daniel Roberts -- Chapter 5. Benefiting the Poor, the Environment, and the Private Sector with Small Enterprises and Green Jobs in the People's Republic of China by Satoshi Sasaki -- Chapter 6. Environment, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Republic of Korea by Yong-Seong Kim -- PART III: PACIFIC ISLANDS -- Chapter 7. Climate Change Adaptation and Poverty Reduction in Small Islands of the Pacific BY Anjeela Jokhan and Murari Lal -- Chapter 8. The Role of Development Organizations in Pro-Poor Adaptation to Global Warming in the Pacific Islands by Paul Bullen -- PART IV: MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CAMBODIA, THAILAND, VIETNAM) -- Chapter 9. Poverty and the Environment in Rural Cambodia by Tong Kimsun and Sry Bopharath -- Chapter 10. Conservation Agriculture in Cambodia: A Triple-Win Option by Stephane Boulakia, Pen Vuth, Sann Vathana,Stephane Chabierski, and Olivier Gilard -- Chapter 11. Voices of the Poor on Climate Change in Thailand and Vietnam by Hermann Waibel, SongporneTongruksawattana, and Marc Voelker -- Chapter 12. Poor Thai Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change by Somchai Jitsuchon -- PART V: ARCHIPELAGIC SOUTHEAST ASIA (INDONESIA, MALAYSIA,PHILIPPINES) -- Chapter 13. The Political Economy of Environmental Policy in Indonesia by Arianto A. Patunru -- Chapter 14. Prospering in Environmental Degradation: An Illustration from an Upland Area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia by Aris Ananta, Haris Fadillah, Ahmad Yunani, Gusti Fahmi Adliansyah, and Danang Adhinata -- Chapter 15. Making a Living in the Face of Environmental Change: A Case in an Indigenous Community in Sarawak, Malaysia by Wong Swee Kiong and Ling How Kee -- Chapter 16. The Response of Rural Coastal Households to Typhoon Milenyo in the Philippines by Jonna P. Estudillo -- Chapter 17. Life Along Manila's Flooding Rivers by Emma Porio -- Chapter 18. Quantifying the Health Risks from Pathogens in the Flood Water in Metro Manila by Tran Thi Viet Nga and Kensuke Fukushi -- Chapter 19. Slum Poverty in the Philippines: Can the Environment Agenda Drive Public Action? by Marife Ballesteros.

The article proves that the modern task of state regulation of the food industry investment support is to create a free and competitive national market in which the rights of investors are reliably protected by an independent branch of government, which determines the relevance of this work. It is noted that investment attractiveness is a relative indicator. Yes, when choosing an investment object, not only its condition is important, but also the competitive environment with which it interacts. That is, to assess the position of Ukraine on the basis of international ratings in this case is insufficient. The investment attractiveness of those countries that surround it on a geographical basis also plays a significant role. Therefore, for comparison, countries were selected which meet the following criteria: territorially close countries of Western and Eastern Europe, for which all the above international ratings are calculated. For example, the Republic of Belarus is not part of them; a large number of European Union countries are members of the Organization for Economic Community and Development (OECD). This international organization unites only the countries of the world with the most developed market economy and democracy and automatically, on qualitative grounds, has significant advantages over Ukraine. We believe that the comparison is appropriate only with those countries that have closer conditions of socio-economic development. As we can see, the method of medians and weighted averages gives different results, however, the general trends are completely the same. In terms of investment attractiveness, Ukraine in 2019 ranked 11th among neighboring developing countries. Only Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina performed worse. According to almost all global rankings, except for the Global Competitiveness Index, Ukraine ranked penultimate. This indicates a lack of prospects for increasing foreign investment not only in the food industry but also in the economy as a whole. The scientific originality of this work is the development of technologies for foreign investment management based on interstate rating analysis, which, unlike existing ones, uses modern methods of generalization of decision theory and allows to determine the priority factors of investment attractiveness. ; У статті доведено, що сучасним завданням державного регулювання інвестиційної підтримки харчової промисловості є створення вільного та конкурентоспроможного національного ринку, на якому права інвесторів надійно захищені незалежною гілкою влади. Сформовано поняття та мету технології управління зовнішніми інвестиціями харчової промисловості. Запропоновано використання сучасних методів узагальнення теорії прийняття рішень, що дозволяє визначати пріоритетні чинники інвестиційної привабливості на основі міждержавного рейтингового аналізу. Зазначається, що інвестиційна привабливість є відносним показником. Так, при виборі об'єкта інвестування важливий не тільки його стан, а й конкурентне середовище, з яким він взаємодіє. Доведено, що чималу роль відіграє й інвестиційна привабливість тих країн, які її оточують Україну за географічним принципом. Тому для порівняння було відібрано країни, які відповідають таким критеріям: територіально близькі країни Західної та Східної Європи, для яких розраховані всі вищенаведені міжнародні рейтинги. Наприклад, Республіка Білорусь до них не входить; велика кількість країн Європейського Союзу є членами Організації економічного співтовариства та розвитку (ОЕСР). Ця міжнародна організація об'єднує лише країни світу з найбільш розвиненою ринковою економікою та демократією і автоматично, за якісними ознаками, має значні переваги перед Україною. Вважаємо, що порівняння доцільне лише з тими країнами, які мають більш близькі умови соціально-економічного розвитку. Як бачимо, метод медіан і середньозважених дає дещо інші результати, однак загальні тенденції абсолютно однакові. За інвестиційною привабливістю харчова промисловість в Україні у 2019 році посіла 11 місце серед сусідніх країн, що розвиваються. Гірше показали лише себе Албанія та Боснія та Герцеговина. Майже за всіма світовими рейтингами, окрім індексу глобальної конкурентоспроможності, харчова промисловість України посіла передостаннє місце. Це свідчить про відсутність перспектив збільшення іноземних інвестицій не тільки в харчову промисловість, а й в економіку в цілому.

This dissertation investigates the creation, adaptation, and demise of international regimes. Specifically, I ask why international regimes sometimes fail to fulfill their original purpose. Empirically, I examine the evolution and eventual failure of the Energy Charter (ECH), a multilateral regime that governs the Eurasian energy economy. Modeled after the European Steel and Coal Community, the original goal of the regime was to capitalize on economic complementarities in energy to integrate Gorbachev's reforming USSR (later Russia) with Europe and promote pan-European cooperation and peace. By 2010, integration had failed, and the regime itself had become a source of conflict. To understand this outcome, I focus on the foreign energy policy of Russia, a central state within the ECH, which actively participated in designing the regime in the 1990s but two decades later decided that it was no longer in its interest.Using data collected from interviews and archival searches during field research in Russia, Brussels, and Paris, I find that under President Yeltsin, low domestic sovereignty meant the state could not integrate key domestic players into ECH policy-making. This led Russia to conclude a bargain that it could not implement domestically. Under President Putin, high domestic sovereignty meant the state had sufficient capacity to corral these recalcitrant actors. However, the new policy that emerged compelled Russia to attempt to modify the ECH in ways that violated previously accepted norms, thereby alienating its European partners and undermining the regime. This study supports Hegemonic Stability theory which suggests that we can expect regime failure after major shifts in the distribution of power produce changes in the interests and policies of key states. I extend this finding by showing that Russian state power increased due to changes in elite conceptions about the legitimacy of state power. I demonstrate this by using over time comparisons between most similar cases, tracing the process through which ECH policy evolved, and examining intervening variables - state building strategies and elite identities vis-à-vis the state - that changed over time in unexpected ways. The shift in elite beliefs had a transformative effect on the structure of domestic politics, generating new patterns of authority, a higher level of state domestic sovereignty, and enhanced state power. Finally, state domestic sovereignty was associated with state capacity to organize domestic groups, behave as a unitary actor, and follow through on international commitments. To capture these developments, I use the concept of state identity which combines the level of domestic sovereignty (high or low) with elite beliefs about the state's role in the international system (regime maker or regime taker). This generates a typology of four state identities - master, pretender, disciple, and apprentice - that can be used to understand regime outcomes more generally. In political economy, I use the term mercantilist instead of master to connect my research with realist insights about the role of power in international political economy. I propose the term "mercantilist development" which refers to a state that attempts to fundamentally change the structure of the international economy in order to accumulate capital. Thus, mercantilist development helps us understand the micro-mechanisms through which the structure of the international system changes. Finally, I explore the factors associated with successful regime adaptation to accommodate rising powers, an especially pressing contemporary concern given that the balance of power is expected to shift considerably in the twenty-first century.

This paper offers a study on the impact of information and communication technologies in religious subject, as learning tools in their various courses of High-School. It also offers an evolutionary and evaluation vision of the process of implementation of the aforementioned technologies in religious education, from its beginnings with the Atenea program, to the latest guidelines set by the Autonomous Community of Madrid. ; Este artículo ofrece un estudio sobre el impacto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación[1] en la asignatura de religión, como herramientas de aprendizaje en primero y segundo de bachillerato. Se ofrece, además, una visión evolutiva y de evaluación del proceso de implementación de las citadas tecnologías en la educación secundaria, desde sus inicios con el programa Atenea, hasta las últimas directrices fijadas desde la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid.