Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Influence du réchauffement climatique sur les processus morphologiques dans les reliefs montagneux Jean-Louis Mugnier L'évolution climatique influence la morphologie des hautes montagnes de multiples façons, en particulier dans leurs parties hautes (Figure 1). En effet, la température de l'atmosphère affecte la température du sol qui contrôle le cycle gel/dégel. Cette évolution des températures affecte aussi les caractéristiques des précipitations-neige ou pluie-et l'occurrence d'événements extrêmes. Ces facteurs climatiques influencent la taille des glaciers, les processus morphologiques au voisinage de ceux-ci et les flux hydro-sédimentaires à l'aval. Aussi dans la suite je vais détailler l'évolution des températures dans les Alpes, le recul des glaciers qu'elles induisent, les changements de condition de la température du sol, leur rôle dans les instabilités gravitaires et enfin leur influence dans le bilan hydro-sédimentaire des rivières. Evolution des températures dans les reliefs montagneux Dans la plupart des montagnes du monde, le réchauffement depuis le début de l'ère industrielle est bien plus marqué que celui enregistré à l'échelle mondiale (Pepin et al., 2015) : Ainsi, depuis 1900, le réchauffement moyen de la planète a été estimé à 0,8°, alors que le réchauffement dans les Alpes a été supérieur à 1.5° (Figure 2). Cette évolution à la hausse se poursuivra quel que soit le scénario climatique envisagé à l'échelle mondiale (IPCC, 2014): pour le scénario le plus pessimiste (RCP 8.5, sans politique climatique), le réchauffement entre 1900 et 2100 pourrait atteindre 7.5° dans les Alpes (Taylor et al., 2012). Un scénario plus optimiste, avec une politique climatique visant à stabiliser les concentrations en CO2, (scénario RCP 6), conduirait à un réchauffement de 3,5° dans les Alpes. Dans tous ces scénarios, il apparait que le réchauffement alpin sera près de deux fois le double du réchauffement moyen mondial et que le réchauffement sera plus marqué l'été que l'hiver. Du point de ...

Browne, M orcid:0000-0002-2668-6229; Unsworth, CA orcid:0000-0001-6430-2823 ; Introduction: It is difficult to determine if, or when, individuals with stroke are ready to undergo on-road fitness-to-drive assessment. The Occupational Therapy – Driver Off Road Assessment Battery was developed to determine client suitability to resume driving. The predictive validity of the Battery needs to be verified for people with stroke. Aim: Examine the predictive validity of the Occupational Therapy – Driver Off Road Assessment Battery for on-road performance among people with stroke. Method: Off-road data were collected from 148 people post stroke on the Battery and the outcome of their on-road assessment was recorded as: fit-to-drive or not fit-to-drive. Results: The majority of participants (76%) were able to resume driving. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis using four subtests (three cognitive and one physical) from the Battery demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8311. Using a threshold of 0.5, the model correctly predicted 98/112 fit-to-drive (87.5%) and 26/36 people not fit-to-drive (72.2%). Conclusion: The three cognitive subtests from the Occupational Therapy – Driver Off Road Assessment Battery and potentially one of the physical tests have good predictive validity for client fitness-to-drive. These tests can be used to screen client suitability for proceeding to an on-road test following stroke.Implications for Rehabilitation:Following stroke, drivers should be counseled (including consideration of local legislation) concerning return to driving.The Occupational Therapy – Driver Off Road Assessment Battery can be used in the clinic to screen people for suitability to undertake on road assessment.Scores on four of the Occupational Therapy – Driver Off Road Assessment Battery subtests are predictive of resumption of driving following stroke. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This article aims to investigate the Grand Challenges which arise in the current and emerging landscape of rapid technological evolution towards more intelligent interactive technologies, coupled with increased and widened societal needs, as well as individual and collective expectations that HCI, as a discipline, is called upon to address. A perspective oriented to humane and social values is adopted, formulating the challenges in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Seven Grand Challenges are identified and presented in this article: Human-Technology Symbiosis; Human-Environment Interactions; Ethics, Privacy and Security; Well-being, Health and Eudaimonia; Accessibility and Universal Access; Learning and Creativity; and Social Organization and Democracy. Although not exhaustive, they summarize the views and research priorities of an international interdisciplinary group of experts, reflecting different scientific perspectives, methodological approaches and application domains. Each identified Grand Challenge is analyzed in terms of: concept and problem definition; main research issues involved and state of the art; and associated emerging requirements. BACKGROUND This article presents the results of the collective effort of a group of 32 experts involved in the community of the Human Computer Interaction International (HCII) Conference series. The group's collaboration started in early 2018 with the collection of opinions from all group members, each asked to independently list and describe five HCI grand challenges. During a one-day meeting held on the 20th July 2018 in the context of the HCI International 2018 Conference in Las Vegas, USA, the identified topics were debated and challenges were formulated in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Further analysis and ...

Classical and modern theories of identity, such as E. Giddens concept of self-identity, social identity of I. Hoffmann, non-reflective identity of M. Foucault, the theory of recognition and social imaginary of C. Taylor, the concept of imaginary communities of B. Anderson, the theory of «using the Other» and the exclusive identity of I. Neumann are analyzed.

As a result of the analysis, methodological benchmark principles for the conceptualization of identity phenomenonare defined. It is suggested to consider the phenomenon of identity as a multi-level construct, also, the principles of identity typology are developed. According to this typology, ontological (personal identity) and social (collective identity) dimensions of the phenomenon are distinguished. It is admitted that personal identity, in addition to being directly connected with emotions, is the result of an individual's personal experience. Meanwhile collective identity is a phenomenon of a social level, mental awareness of the existence of a community that shares common for an individual interests/values. As types of personal identity, the reflective, when the individual asks himself «whom I relate to/ want to relate myselfto?», and non-reflective – the individual unconsciously reproduces certain practices, patterns of behavior –forms of the phenomenon are analyzed. Within the framework of collective identity, it is suggested to distinguish between identities according to the institutional level (regional/local or national/state), as well as according to the attributes of a social group (ethnic, racial, linguistic, gender, etc.).

The attention is drawn to the further perspective of the social identity study precisely through the prism of the institutional level. In particular, the following research question is identified as an important aspect of the further research: how the features of the reproduction of certain formal and informal practices affect the formation and «renewal»/reconstitution of regional and national identities.

Education organisations are under constant pressure from policy-makers, political actors and the public to make their programmes responsive to the needs of the economy and society. In contexts of social change and where broader economic and societal issues such as high rates of unemployment are prevalent, this pressure is heightened, in part because of what Grubb and Lazerson (2004) have dubbed the 'Education Gospel' – that is, the faith that education can solve intractable economic and social problems. Typically, education organisations are expected both to provide a quality educational experience and to make their offerings relevant and informed by the needs of employers. The degree to which they succeed is very often measured in terms of the extent to which students who participate in the programme are deemed to be employable. However, exactly what employability means is widely contested, and there is a debate as to how much education organisations and their programmes can affect student employability (Taylor 2005; Watson 2014). This chapter contributes to that debate by exploring the ways in which different types of qualifications and programmes lead to different employment opportunities. The focus is not on the educational content and process as much as on the way the various actors in the labour market (specifically the students and the employers) make sense of the qualifications. This chapter draws on case study data from a project that sought to understand the relationship between student employability, curriculum and organisational responsiveness at a range of different South African education and training organisations.What emerges from the cases is that responsiveness and the way those responses impact on employability vary greatly and are contradictory in some respects. I argue that, to make sense of the diverse ways in which responsiveness works and the ways in which organisations enhance the employability of their students, an analysis is required of the ways in which educational qualifications and ...

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in The Polar Journal on 13 June 2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2154896X.2019.1618557 . ; A changing climate will impact not only the environment but all levels of governance thereof, including the context of the close to 400 multilateral environmental management agreements signed since the year 2000. For the Ocean, researchers project that the increasing sea surface temperatures will facilitate large changes in the marine food web, including large shifts in distribution patterns of marine life towards the north and cooler waters. These new distributions of marine resources have political consequences. But to what extent will these climatic stressors act as an external "shock" to existing management regimes in the Arctic? How resilient are the current Arctic management regimes? We illustrate these questions with a particular on-going case of the sharing of the Northeast Atlantic mackerel quota. The negotiation difficulties among Norway, the EU, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland and Russia initiated by the the vast expansion its distribution pattern gives us a hint of what is to come if business-as-usual scenarios of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) come to pass. We further focus our analysis on the Svalbard Fisheries Protection Zone, to learn from other environmental management regimes that have lived through exogenous shocks. Finally, we discuss the impact exogenous shocks have had on three different environmental management regimes: the impact of the ozone hole on the ozone regime, the impact of Black Forest death ("Waldsterben") on the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and the impact on Regional Fisheries Management Organizations of the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis inVehicle System Dynamics on APR 3 2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00423114.2018.1473617." ; [EN] The simulation of the pantograph-catenary dynamic interaction is at present mainly based on deterministic approaches. However, any errors made during the catenary stringing process are sources of variability that can affect the dynamic performance of the system. In this paper, we analyse the influence of dropper length, dropper spacing and support height errors on the current collection quality by applying a classic Monte Carlo method to obtain the probability density functions of several output quantities. The effects of installation errors are also studied for a range of train speeds. Finally, the pre-sag that, on average, produces the best behaviour of the system is identified, allowing for the uncertainty in the catenary installation. The results obtained show the convenience to consider variability in pantograph-catenary dynamic simulations. ; The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the FPU program offered by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deportes) [grant number FPU13/04191]. The funding provided by the Regional Government of Valencia (Generalitat Valenciana) [PROMETEO/2016/007] and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad) [TRA2017-84736-R] is also acknowledged. ; Gregori Verdú, S.; Tur Valiente, M.; Tarancón Caro, JE.; Fuenmayor Fernández, F. (2019). Stochastic Monte Carlo simulations of the pantograph-catenary dynamic interaction to allow for uncertainties introduced during catenary installation. Vehicle System Dynamics. 57(4):471-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2018.1473617 ; S ; 471 ; 492 ; 57 ; 4 ; Bruni, S., Ambrosio, J., Carnicero, A., Cho, Y. H., Finner, L., Ikeda, M., … Zhang, W. (2014). The results of the ...

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in The Communication Review on 2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714421.2019.1599642" ; [EN] During election campaigns, candidates, parties, and media share their relevance on Twitter with a group of especially active users, aligned with a particular party. This paper introduces the profile of ¿party evangelists,¿ and explores the activity and effects these users had on the general political conversation during the 2015 Spanish general election. On that occasion, the electoral expectations were uncertain for the two major parties (PP and PSOE) because of the rise of two emerging parties that were disrupting the political status quo (Podemos and Ciudadanos). This was an ideal situation to assess the differences between the evangelists of established and emerging parties. The paper evaluates two aspects of the political conversation based on a corpus of 8.9 million tweets: the retweet- ing effectiveness, and the sentiment analysis of the overall conver- sation. We found that one of the emerging party¿s evangelists dominated message dissemination to a much greater extent. ; The present research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [CSO2013-43960-R] [CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R]. The present research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain, under Grants CSO2013-43960-R ("2015-2016 Spanish political parties' online campaign strategies") and CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R ("Strategies, agendas and discourse in electoral cybercampaigns: media and citizens"). This work was possible thanks to help received from Emilio Giner in his task of extracting the corpus of tweets and from assistance provided by Mike Thelwall and David Vilares in the use of the SentiStrength application. We have benefited from valuable comments on drafts of this article from professors Joaquín Aldás, Amparo Baviera-Puig, Guillermo López-García, and especially Lidia Valera-Ordaz. ; Baviera, T.; ...

Purpose. Based on tracing dualistic tendencies in the history of the concept "self" formation, the paper aims to clarify in what way dualism – contradistinction of the self and sociality, in particular – is being overcome in phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches to the self. Methodology. The systematic and integrative approaches, hermeneutic, phenomenological and retrospective methods, comparative analysis, description and synthesis underlie the research conducted in this paper. Theoretical basis. The development of the concept "self" is traced based on historical retrospective of its definitions. The paper shows the influence of Kantian interpretation of the self upon the contemporary approaches, presents the comparative analysis of the most recent definitions of the self and illustrates the study results on the relation of the self to the body, the world, the narration and the identity with reference to Martin Heidegger, Paul Ricoeur and Charles Taylor in particular. Originality. An integration of phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches to the self is introduced in the paper. It is argued that phenomenological and hermeneutic interpretations can be represented as complementing each other, since they share the anti-dualist perspective and interweave in description of the key aspects of the self, particularly sociality and language. Conclusion. Dualism is overcome in the contemporary interpretations of the self as it is clear from the phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches example. There is no more acute opposition between the self and the world, the self and the body, the self and the social life of a person. The self is considered as "being-in-the-world" which unfolds through intersection of different dimensions: subjectivity, body, temporality, language and sociality. Sociality provides the self with a moral framework through identity and enables conditions for person's self-fulfillment, since the self reaches completeness only by transcending itself towards the others. The modern discovery of the self entails the need to invent a new type of solidarity.

In this paper, the classical Gurson model for ductile porous media is extended for strain-rate-dependent materials. Based on micromechanical considerations, approximate closed-form macroscopic behavior equations are derived to describe the viscous response of a ductile metallic material. To this end, the analysis of the expansion of a long cylindrical void in an ideally plastic solid introduced by McClintock (J Appl Mech 35:363, 1968) is revisited. The classical Gurson yield locus has been modified to explicitly take into account the strain rate sensitivity parameter for strain rate power-law solids. Two macroscopic approaches are proposed in this work. Both models use the first term of a Taylor series expansion to approximate integrals to polynomial functions. The first proposed closed-form approach is analytically more tractable than the second one. The second approach is more accurate. In order to compare the proposed approximate Gurson-type macroscopic functions with the behavior of the original Gurson yield locus, numerical finite element analyses for cylindrical cells have been conducted for a wide range of porosities, triaxialities, and strain rate sensitivity parameters. The results presented evidence that, for large values of the rate sensitivity parameters, the proposed extended Gurson-type models have the important quality to better predict the behavior of rate sensitive materials than the classical one. They also provide simpler and accurate alternatives to more traditional viscoplastic models. ; The authors are indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects EUIN2015-62556 and DPI2014-57989-P) for the financial support received which allowed conducting part of this work. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 Programme (Excellent Science, Marie-Sklodowska-Curie Actions) under REA Grant Agreement 675602 (Project OUTCOME).

Joseph Kampé de Fériet (1893-1982), a French mathematician of Lille, was an international specialist in fluid mechanics and was director of the Institut de mécanique des fluides de Lille (IMFL) from its creation in 1929. By familiarizing himself with this field and by addressing questions of an experimental nature through his work on ballistics, during his scientific wartime service to the Gâvre Commission (1915-1919), this scientist played a triple role in the institute. As a mathematician, he made a remarkable contribution to Taylor-von Kármán's statistical theory of turbulence using the theory of random functions due to Kolmogorov, Khintchine, and Slutsky. As an experimental scientist, he took part in the experimental work of the IMFL aiming on one hand to study atmospheric turbulence and, on the other hand, to validate the ideas of the school of Philippe Wehrle and Georges Dedebant. This school was formed within the Atmospheric Turbulence Commission, created by the Minister of Air in 1935. Finally, as director of the institute, he strengthened links with industry and society in Lille, in the same way that he reinforced links with military officers during his work in Gâvre.In our thesis, we will use the scientific and institutional career path of J. Kampé de Fériet – from his service at Gâvre (1915) up until the year of his resignation as director of the IMFL (1945) - as a prism by which we will answer further questions of a more general nature regarding fluid mechanics in France during the first half of the twentieth century. Some but not all of these considerations bring to light new elements that are common to ballistics and to other areas of applied mathematics. ; Joseph Kampé de Fériet (1893–1982) est un mathématicien lillois, spécialiste international en mécanique des fluides et directeur de l'Institut de mécanique des fluides de Lille (IMFL) depuis sa création en 1929. En se familiarisant avec ce domaine et avec les questions expérimentales grâce à ses travaux de balistique pendant sa mobilisation ...

This special issue originates from a transnational collaboration of scholars in philology, comparative literature, social theory, sociology, anthropology, ethnography, and media studies. The collection strives to advance a research agenda built on the nexus of three intellectual and academic domains: post-Soviet 'Russian cultural studies', the research paradigm put forward by Cultural Studies, as well as empirical methods developed in sociology. The collection illustrates the importance of expanding the experience of Cultural Studies beyond its established spheres of national investigation, while it also speaks to the necessity to re-evaluate the hegemony of the English-language academic and cultural production on the global scale. The collection offers insights into the gamut of cultural practices and institutional environments in which Russian cultural production happens today. It shows how cultural industries and institutions in Russia are integrated into the global marketplace and transnational communities, while they also draw on and contribute to local lives and experiences by trying to create an autonomous space for symbolic production at personal and collective levels. Through diverse topics, the issue sheds light on the agency, i.e. practitioners and participants, creators and consumers, of Russian cultural production and the neoliberal practices implemented on creative work and cultural administration in Russia today. The Introduction outlines the development of academic studies on Russian cultural practices since 1991; describes main political developments shaping the cultural field in Putin's Russia; and, finally, identifies the Cultural Studies debates the editors of the collection find most productive for investigations of Russia, i.e. the instrumentalization of culture and culture as resource. Relocated in an analysis of a post-socialist society, these conceptualisations seem increasingly problematic in a situation where local and federal policies governing cultural and creative work focus simultaneously on marketization and on nationalism as the main tools of legitimizing the federal government. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Biofuels on 2018, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1274163" ; [EN] The Brazilian government created the Social Fuel Seal (SFS) within the framework of the National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) launched in 2004. The SFS is a certification standard aimed at upgrading small farmers in the biodiesel value chain, and it was conceived as a response to the increasing concerns about the social aspects of biofuel production. In this article we discuss the institutional settings and explore the uptake, achievements and shortcomings of this instrument in the light of the official data and the academic literature. Specific aspects of the practical implementation of SFS are examined upon the base of interviews conducted with different stakeholders in the state of São Paulo. Dysfunctions in the overall operation of the SFS put under question the accomplishment of the social inclusion objective and awaken concerns about the sustainability of the role of family farmers in it. ; This work was supported by CAPES Foundation - Ministry of Education (Brazil) [grant number BEX 9604/13-8]. ; Planchez De Carvalho-Marcossi, G.; Moreno-Pérez, OM. (2018). A Closer Look at the Brazilian Social Fuel Seal: Uptake, Operation and Dysfunctions. Biofuels. 9(4):429-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1274163 ; S ; 429 ; 439 ; 9 ; 4 ; Huang, J., Yang, J., Msangi, S., Rozelle, S., & Weersink, A. (2012). Biofuels and the poor: Global impact pathways of biofuels on agricultural markets. Food Policy, 37(4), 439-451. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.04.004 ; Augusto Horta Nogueira, L., & Silva Capaz, R. (2013). Biofuels in Brazil: Evolution, achievements and perspectives on food security. Global Food Security, 2(2), 117-125. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2013.04.001 ; Labruto, N. (2014). Experimental biofuel governance: Historicizing social certification in Brazilian ethanol production. Geoforum, 54, 272-281. ...

309 316 15 3 ; OJS ; [EN] This paper documents the design and implementation of a controller for DC/DC Buck–Parallel Converter under the perspective of differential flatness and active disturbance rejection control approach based on GPI extended state observer. The main objectives of the proposed controller are to regulate the output voltage and a balance of currents for parallel converters. The hardware architecture of this controller was modelled using tools with a high level of hardware abstraction and implemented in a FPGA Artix-7 of the Xilinx Company. Finally, the performance of the proposed controller is shown through a series of experiments that consisted of subjecting the converter to various external, unknown and variant over time disturbances, and changes in system parameters. Cid-Pastor, A., Martìnez-Salamero, L., Alonso, C., Leyva, R., Singer S., 2007, Paralleling DC-DC switching converters by means of power gyrators, IEEE transactions on power electronics, no. 6, vol. 22, 2444-2453. Jaber, A., Qahouq, A., y Huang, L., 2008, N-phase sensorless current sharing digital controller, Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 1257-1262. Kailath, T., 1980, Linear Systems, Prentice-Hall Information. Lévine, J., Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Systems: A Flatness-based Approach, Springer Science & Business Media. Li, S., Yang, J., Chen, W.-H., Chen, X., 2014, Disturbance Observer-Based Control: Methods and Applications, CRC Press Taylor Francis. Linares-Flores, J., Barahona-Avalos, J.L., Sira-Ramírez, H. y Contreras-Ordaz, M.A., 2012, Robust Passivity-Based Control of a Buck-Boost-Converter/DC-Motor System: An Active Disturbance Rejection Approach, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, no. 6, vol. 48, 2362-2371. Qiao, L. y Jie, W., 2005, Implementation of a New Nonlinear Controller for DC-DC Converter Using Matlab and DSPACE DSP, IEEE ISIE, Dubrovnik, Croacia, 621-626. Sarvi, M., Derakhshan, M., Sedighizadeh, M., 2014, A new intelligent controller for parallel DC/DC converters, International ...

Since 2001, well over 2.1 million U.S. military personnel have served during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) (Elder, 2015). During the OEF/OIF/OND era, traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have become a hallmark injury of returning veterans in addition to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain (Mott, Mondragon, Hundt, Beason-Smith, Grady, & Teng, 2014). Approximately 20% of OEF/OIF/OND veterans meet the criteria for having polytrauma and estimates of 6-8% have what is known as the polytrauma clinical triad (PCT) which is co-occurring PTSD, TBI, and chronic pain (Cifu, Taylor, Carne, Bidelspach, Sayer, Scholten, & Campbell, 2013). Numerous randomized clinical trials have shown that cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and prolonged exposure (PE), two evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are equally effective at improving PTSD symptoms. The present study aims to shed light on predicting clinical outcomes for OEF/OIF/OND veterans with PCT who have engaged in CPT or PE. Whether or not CPT and PE are effective treatments, for veterans with PCT, at reducing self-reported PTSD, depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and pain symptoms is measured using changes in total scores on the PTSD Checklist Military Version (PCL-M), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), and the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) scores. This study was completed via retrospective review of approximately 2,100 electronic medical record charts. The final cohort included in this study was comprised of 140 veterans in individual therapy utilizing CPT or PE through the Veterans Health Administration. Two-way RM-ANOVAs and RM-MANOVA were used to analyze the data in SPSS. Consistent with previous findings, this study found that both CPT and PE are effective treatments for PTSD although treatment outcomes varied within and between groups when race/ethnicity ...