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By comparing two time periods, the early and late 20th century, this article examines the ambiguities and ambivalences in the state promotion of women in the nation-building projects of Mexico. I argue that in both cases, the state was keen to promote itself as modern and progressive and used women's status in society to these ends. Despite the explicit focus on women, there were many ambiguities and ambivalences resulting from the competing state projects in the political, socio-economic and cultural arenas offering women both privileged spaces and constraints in the development of gendered citizenship. The contradictions arise from simultaneously promoting women's rights, extolling traditional gender roles and fearing women's political activism – both conservative and more radical. Although these ambivalences and ambiguities remain a constant feature, there is a key difference in the two time periods: in one the regime is inward looking, economically protectionist and corporatist, while in the other a new vision of Mexico has attempted to dismantle the corporatist structures and state development project with private economic initiatives and political individualism. In both periods, women gained important rights but romanticized imagery of the self-sacrificing mother was mobilized to underpin change: women were expected both to change and remain the same.

"A trunk dripping blood, discovered at a railway station in Stockton in 1906. In 1913, the dismembered body of a young pregnant woman, found in the East River. In 1916, a successful dentist, poisoned his in-laws. This collection of historical American true crime stories chronicles five murder cases that became media sensations of their day"--

The phenomenon of zemstvo medicine is still a popular topic in historical studies. Having arisen during the reforms of Alexander II, it completes the formation of the healthcare system in the Russian Empire, covering the largest estate – the peasant population of the country. The peculiarity of this form of medical care was that it went beyond the traditional world medical systems and was a quantitative indicator of emerging elements of civil society in Russia. Thus, zemstvo doctors also acted as representatives of this social process. The article presents the results of the research on the forgotten or little-known names of zemstvo doctors of the Perm province of the pre-revolutionary period. Based on a large number of archival materials, published sources of Perm provincial and district zemstvo assemblies, city Dumas, memoirs and individual publications, the authors present a description of the activities of zemstvo doctors in their professional and public spheres. The contribution of each person to the development of the elements of civil society is evaluated. The paper presents doctors as active practitioners of zemstvo institutions, sanitary service, representatives of the provincial zemstvo hospital. Their dedication and unselfishness in the performance of professional duties, sometimes the tragic circumstances of their fates are revealed, the importance of public activities both at work and on a province and county scale is emphasized. In conclusion, their contribution to the civil development of the Ural territory is not only evaluated, but also extrapolated to the modern complex period of Russian reality.

Textbooks (LDs) have proved to be sources of research for education. From this perspective, this work seeks to analyse, through a historical approach, what characteristics are present in Physics and Chemistry textbooks from the early 20th century in Brazil in relation to the contents of the structure of matter. To this end, an analytical device based on the theoretical assumptions of French Discourse Analysis is proposed, in order to reconstitute discursive formations imbricated in didactic texts. In the light of Bachelard's epistemology, we also sought to elucidate the conceptions of science and teaching conveyed through the LDs, seeking to contextualise the analysis according to the historical period selected (1900-1930) with regard to the scientific, political and educational scenario of the time. Aimed at science educators, undergraduate students and researchers in the field, this work includes a concise summary of studies already carried out in the period and an analysis of rare books that reveal the relationships between the discourses that make up the textbook as a textual genre.

The transformation of landscape cover structure in 1957–2000 is the purpose of this paper. By cartographic material (maps to scale 1:50 000) the changes of landscape cover elements (forests, settlements, farmlands, roads, streams, etc) and causality are analysed. Most transformations resulted from the Agrarian Reform. Major part of the investigated territory consists of reduced farmland areas, expanded settlements and denser road networks. The study was performed in 3 reference territories with a different relief – hilly morainic, fluvioglacial and fluvial. Kraštovaizdžio kaitos xx a. Antrojoje pusėje tendencijos ir jos įvertinimas Santrauka.Antrojoje XX a. pusėje buvo gausu politinių ir ekonominių įvykių, kurie lėmė ryškius kraštovaizdžio pokyčius. Pirmiausia tai yra žemės reforma – buvusios valstybinės žemės grąžinimas savininkams ir jų palikuonims. Dėl to pasikeitė žemės naudojimo pobūdis. Kolūkių ir tarybinių (sovietinių) ūkių panaikinimas tapo veiksniu, lėmusiu didesnių negu 300 ha dirbamų žemių santykinį sumažėjimą, žemės naudojimo prioritetų pasikeitimą. Šio darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti kraštovaizdžio struktūros pasikeitimus įvairiuose pasirinktuose kraštovaizdžio etalonuose. Tiriamas laikotarpis nuo 1950 m. iki 2000 m. Kraštovaizdžio etalonai pasirinkti, remiantis A. Basalyko pasiūlytais kraštovaizdžio tipais [1], N. Eitmanavičienės ištirtais miškingais Lietuvos arealais [6]. Kraštovaizdžio kaitai nustatyti buvo pasirinkti 3 etalonai skirtingame kraštovaizdyje. Remiantis kartografine medžiaga (1957 m. ir 2000 m. žemėlapiais M 1:50 000), išanalizuota kraštovaizdžio struktūros kaita kalvotame moreniniame (Virintų etalonas), fliuvioglacialiniame (Daugų etalonas) ir fliuvialiniame (Pentos etalonas) reljefe. Visuose etalonuose nustatyta miškų ploto mažėjimo, gyvenviečių stambėjimo, pavienių sodybų skaičiaus mažėjimo tendencijos Žemės ūkio naudmenų ploto sumažėjimas ir gyvenviečių skaičiaus didėjimas būdingas visiems pasirinktiems etalonams. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kraštovaizdis, miškai, kaita, dinamika, struktūra. Тенденции и оценка изменения ландшафта во второй половине XX века Резюме.Во второй половине XX века произошло много политических и экономических событий, оказавших непосредственное воздействие на изменение ландшафта. Земельная реформа изменила субъекты собственности – государственная земля была возвращена собственникам или наследникам. В результате сильно изменился характер пользования землей. Отмена колхозов и совхозов стала фактором, из-за которого уменьшились условные площади сельскохозяйственных территорий, изменились приоритеты пользования землей. Целью статьи было выявить изменение структуры ландшафта в разных выделенных эталонах ландшафта за период с 1950 по 2000 гг. Эталоны выделены на основании классификации ландшафта Литвы, составленной А. Басаликасом (1965), и лесных ареалов, описанных Н. Эйтманавичене (1994). Изменения исследовались в 3 эталонах разного ландшафта. По картографическому материалу (по топографическим картам 1957 и 2000 гг. (масштаб 1:50 000)) проводился анализ изменения структуры ландшафта в холмисто-моренном (эталон Виринтай), флювиоглациальном (эталон Даугай) и флювиальном (эталон Пунта) рельефе. Во всех эталонах выявлена следующая тенденция – уменьшение лесов, укрупнение посёлков, уменьшение численности сельских усадеб. Уменьшение сельскохозяйственных площадей происходит во всех изучаемых эталонах. Ключевые слова: изменение ландшафта, структурные элементы ландшафта, картографический материал. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010