Suchergebnisse

Seventy years after the end of World War II and the defeat of fascism and Nazism, the extreme right is on the rise in almost every European country. The last elections for the European Parliament were instructive in this regard, with electoral gains made by Europhobic, racist, and/or protofascist formations: UKIP (the United Kingdom Independence Party), the Party of the People of Denmark, the Austrian Freedom Party, the Swedish Democrats, the Alternative for Germany, Italy's Northern League, and finally, the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn. In France, with 24.9 percent of the votes, the French National Front (FN) emerged as the largest party. The dramatic growth of Marine le Pen's formation-from 6.3 percent in the European elections of 2009-did not end there. In the first round of France's regional elections, in March 2015, the FN won 25.2 percent of the votes. This was an exceptional achievement for that type of election, evidence of the party's increased territorial spread and growing appeal. Adapted from the source document.

Why are people motivated to support social systems that claim to distribute resources based on hard work and effort, even when those systems seem unfair? Recent research on compensatory control shows that lowered perceptions of personal control motivate a greater endorsement of external systems (e.g., God, government) that compensate for a lack of personal control. The present studies demonstrate that U.S. citizens' faith in a popular economic ideology, namely the belief that hard work guarantees success (i.e., meritocracy), similarly increases under conditions of decreased personal control. We found that a threat to personal control increased participants' endorsement of meritocracy (Studies 1 and 2). Additionally, lowered perceptions of control led to increased feelings of anxiety regarding the future, but the subsequent endorsement of (Study 2) or exposure to (Study 3) meritocracy attenuated this effect. While the compensatory use of meritocracy may be a phenomenon unique to the United States of America, these studies provide important insight into the appeal and persistence of ideologies in general.

De proprietatibus rerum, 'On the properties of things', has long been referred to by scholars as a medieval encyclopedia, but evidence suggests that it has been many things to many people. The sheer number of extant manuscript copies and printed editions, along with translations, adaptations, and mentions in poems and sermons, testify to its continuous significance for Europeans of all estates and different walks of life, from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. While first compiled soon after the time of St Francis by a humble continental friar to meet the needs of his expanding religious brotherhood, by 1600 English men of letters had claimed Bartholomew as a noble compatriot and national treasure. What was it about the work that propelled it through a progression of medieval cultures and into an exalted position in the world of English letters? This reception history traces evidence for the journey of 'Properties' over four centuries of social, political and religious change.

Most reports on refugees deal with the immediate needs of displaced people. This paper seeks to go beyond the emergency phase and explore the challenges surrounding protracted refugee situations. The paper examines the refugee situation in Sub-Saharan Africa from a long-term angle, from the perspective of refugees own agency as well as from the perspective of the host community. The paper aims to shed light on the economic lives of refugees in their host communities. Starting with an overview of the situation of refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper draws on findings from the literature to debunk some entrenched beliefs about refugees. The discussion of refugee crises in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda draws some lessons. The decision to return is discussed and it is argued that the decision depends on the socioeconomic condition in the host country versus the country of refuge, integration versus return policies in place, the individual set of skills of each refugee, and his or her subjective perception of the political climate in both countries.

The severe conditions in Zimbabwe, which reached a nadir in 2008 and 2009, led to a collapse of basic systems including the reliability and safety of water supply and sanitation services, leading to an outbreak of cholera with more than 4,000 deaths and over 90,000 people infected. The World Bank provided Technical Assistance (TA) to the City of Harare to improve water and sanitation services in the period October 2012 to June 2014 to the value of approximately 600,000 US dollars. This Summary Note summarizes the key elements of the work undertaken and makes a set of recommendations to the City of Harare, the adjacent local authorities of Chitungwiza, Epworth, Norton and Ruwa, and Government of Zimbabwe to inform a strategic plan to improve water and Sanitation services in the greater Harare area. This Summary Note also sets out the context at the commencement of the TA, summarizes the work undertaken in the TA and the outcomes from this work, and makes recommendations for the way forward.

В статье рассматривается методика оценки реализации мероприятий госпрограммы "Доступная среда" по повышению доступности среды жизнедеятельности для инвалидов и маломобильных групп населения на примере крупных городов РФ. Недоступность транспортной системы снижает мобильность и ведет к дискриминации по признаку инвалидности. Разработанная бальная система состояния доступности направлена на оценку эффективности программных мероприятий. Рассмотрены вопросы применения нормативной базы, сертификации качества доступности услуг и дальнейшие пути повышения доступности на законодательном уровне. ; The article dwells on the method of assessing realization of activities of the state program "Accessible Environment" to improve access to the environment for people with disabilities and limited mobility on the example of big cities of the Russian Federation. The unavailability of the transport system reduces the mobility and leads to discrimination on the basis of disability. Developed grade system of accessibility is directed to assess the effectiveness of program activities. There are considered the problems of using normative framework, quality certification of services' accessibility and further ways for improving availability on the legislative level.

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы взаимодействия между народами и странами Центральной Азии во времена формирования Шелкового пути, когда взаимовыгодная торговля сменялась жесткой конфронтацией. Все крупные государства стремились контролировать большие участки Шелкового пути. В налаживании бесперебойного передвижения торговых караванов большую роль играли предки таджиков согдийцы. Согдийцы, несмотря на политическую раздробленность в регионе, межгосударственные войны и частые смены правящих династий, обеспечивали относительно бесперебойное движение торговых караванов по этой части обширной территории Евразийского континента. ; The article dwells on the issues related to the interaction between peoples and countries of Central Asia during the formation of the Silk Road when mutually profitable trade was passing info tough confrontation. All large-scale states strove to control big parts of the Silk Road. Sughdians – ancestors of Tajiks – played a great role in the adjustment of regular locomotion of trading caravans. In spite of political discords in the region, interstatal wars and frequent changes of ruling dynasties Sughdians provided a relatively uninterrupted movement of caravans over this part of the vast territory of the Eurasian continent.

Medical Currently, the relationship between doctor and patient is not just the relationship treatment alone, but he is also part of "therapeutic agreement" in which the patient is required to know and understand their rights and obligations in any effort to cure. One of the rights of patients in the treatment process is to get a record of treatment from a doctor or hospital, which in the world of health known as the Medical Record. But unfortunately, not many people who understand what it is and the importance of medical records for patients. Though medical record is valuable and important function for the patient, because it contains a description of a patient's medical history as well as actions taken by doctors in an effort to cure. In fact, not only that, the medical records could also be evidence in cases of alleged medical errors doctor sin handling/treating patients. This paper is going to study the problem of medical record as evidence in the criminal laws of evidence, especially in cases of alleged misconduct medical doctor.

Abstract
Organizational culture is a phenomenon that identifies members of the fishing cooperative "Peninsula Lucenilla" as part of the values, symbols, ideology, customs, language, among others. The importance of organizational culture identifies those who belong to a union, because they are hard-working, talkative, enthusiastic, responsible, and ethical people. Research aimed to analyze the organizational culture in the fishing cooperative of Sinaloa. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach; through a study case. Data collection was carried out from members of the cooperative, as well as a couple of interviews to the president. The main results of the study indicate that organizational culture in the fishing cooperative of Sinaloa is manifested in all of the activities that fishermen performed when the ban is lifted, how shrimp and other fishes are delivered. Based on that, we conclude that organizational culture identifies those who belong to an organization that represents the lifestyle of fishermen, for example; as in the case of a fishing cooperative.

People typically seek treatment for addiction only when faced with a major crisis. Understanding the trajectory of substance use and treatment seeking may assist in identifying points for intervention. In this study I explored the use of visual methods with in-depth interviews to represent people's substance use, critical events, and treatment pathways. Ethics approval was granted with the condition that only aggregate findings would be presented, although occasional quotes could be used for illustration. Typical timelines were developed, along with text vignettes describing hypothetical participants whose experience matched that shown in these timelines. Benefits of the timelines include the combination of aural and visual data, along with the concise and holistic form of presentation. However, the use of typical timelines and hypothetical vignettes meant a loss of the richness found in individual portrayals of experience. Alternative approaches, such as the use of individual and summary timelines with text illustrations would preserve the conciseness of representation while enabling the voice of the participant to be heard.

In general terms, the history of the Kurds in the medieval period—or at least those described as being Kurdish in our sources—has attracted relatively little attention within western academia. Moreover, those scholars who have thought to comment on the subject have in general relied on the work of the eminent Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky. Hence there has been very little re-examination of the Arabic sources which Minorsky consulted. This article constitutes a first attempt to re-examine some of the "historical orthodoxy" regarding the meaning and nature of the term Kurd in the Middle Ages. More precisely, it aims at questionning the work of those scholars who argue that, due to its ambiguous usage, the term Kurd in the medieval period did not denote an ethnic people. This paper argues that in fact the very ambiguity surrounding the term is indicative of its ethnonymic value and through an examination of the meaning of the term Kurd in this era we can gain a greater understanding of conceptions of ethnic difference in Arabo-Muslim sources.

Competing visions of who is deserving of rewards and privileges, and different understandings of the fairness of reward allocation processes, are at the heart of political conflict. Indeed, social movement scholars generally agree that a key component of most, if not all, social movements is a shared belief that existing conditions are unfair and subject to change (Gamson 1992; McAdam 1982; Snow et al. 1986; Turner and Killian 1987). In this article we consider the role that residential segregation by education level plays in shaping perceptions of distributive justice and, in turn, providing a context conducive to conservative political mobilization. We apply these ideas in an analysis of Tea Party activism and show that educational segregation is a strong predictor of the number of Tea Party organizations in U.S. counties. In a complementary analysis, we find that individuals with a bachelor's degree are more likely than people who do not have any college education to support the Tea Party; this relationship is strongest in counties with higher levels of educational segregation.

AbstractBurmese colonial history suggests that a legal system cannot operate independently from the felt needs of the people who are supposed to obey the law. Despite a monopoly of force for many decades, the British failed to create a sustainable legal system in Burma. Colonial status shifted Burma's economic role from subsistence agriculture to the generation of large-scale exports. By undermining the traditional Burmese legal system and substituting Western international standards of property rights, enforceability of contracts, and an independent judiciary—all attributes of what some consider to be the "Rule of Law"—the legal system amplified and channelled destructive economic and social forces rather than containing them. This paper examines traditional Burmese law, the administration of law in British Burma, and the consequences of the new legal system for the country and its own stability. The paper concludes by suggesting lessons for Myanmar today, and for the study of the "Rule of Law."

Abstract
The public use of the niqab and other religious face coverings is a source of considerable debate in Western nations. The veiled Muslim woman is often constructed as "other," reviled as backward, represented as in need of rescue, or associated with Islamic extremism. Despite widespread racist attitudes, officially, Canadians purport to support multiculturalism and the equality of all people under the law as guaranteed under section 15 of the Charter. In a recent Supreme Court of Canada decision, R v NS, the Court had to consider the right of a Muslim woman to wear her niqab while testifying in a sexual assault trial. In "balancing" the conflict between the religious rights of NS and the section 7 rights of the accused to a full and fair defense, the Court ignored the security of the person and equality rights of NS. The Court instead legitimated anti-Muslim stereotypes and reiterated rape myths that had ostensibly been overturned.

Festa is what people in Malta call the annual celebration of town and village Catholic patron saints. Fireworks, including loud petards, are one of its ingredients. Anthropologists working in Malta have tended to think of them as a sort of aural backdrop to festa. The point of the article is to foreground the sound of fireworks as an anthropological object in its own right. It is correct to say that there is no festa without fireworks. They constitute part of its multisensory Gesamstkunstwerk: their penetrative power means that they purvey festa to individual bodies; their sound structures its temporality; there is much sonic rivalry between different festa groups; and they spatialize festa in a way that renders their location ambiguous. Fireworks are "sound" to some and "noise" to others. For the latter, they go against the (largely middle-class) expectations of a "proper" soundscape. The contest is played out in the form of discourses on gender as well as the notion of "moderation," itself seen as a corollary of a European modernity.