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Introduction. In today's world, professionals in any sphere of occupation should have soft skills in order to be in demand in the labour market, to quickly build a career and to achieve personal success. Soft skills involve: skills to communicate, to think creatively and unconventionally, to work in a team and to take responsibility, to organise own time effectively and to adapt quickly in new situations, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to be an owner of social qualities, which are commonly referred to as universal competencies, aimed at to finding optimal balanced solutions in a wide range of daily professional tasks. These skills are not quantifiable and are not generally described in job descriptions, but precisely these skills ensure high efficiency and productivity in any industry. In Western countries, the issues and strategies for soft skills formation in different categories of population have been studied for quite some time. Recently, these problems have become much more common among Russian scientists. The growing relevance of this issue is related to the changes in educational system, the changes in educational and personal guidelines, and the requirements for professional activities. This article is an overview of scientific Russian and foreign publications devoted to the aspects of soft skills development. The aims of the present research are the following: to identify the main trends in the study of soft skills and the possibilities for their acquisition by a person; to find out the similarities and differences between Russian and foreign studies; to determine the most promising scientific inquiry. Methodology and research methods. The study is based on the comparative-historical method. The authors used content-analysis and comparative analysis of documents, articles and results of statistical reports in international databases of Scopus and Web of Science within the period from 1975 to March 2019. Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, the authors conducted retrospective panoramic review of publications on soft skills, systemised additional information concerning the topic under discussion and identified the similarities between existing problems in different countries: lack of appropriate attention to soft skills development when designing educational programmes; insufficient involvement of employers in this process; complexity of the process of observing and evaluating soft skills; difference between the set of competencies acquired by graduates during studies with expectations and demand in the labour market, etc. Diverse ways of soft skills development are offered: organisation of special courses taught out of the subject context (which have already shown their inefficiency), mastering soft skills in parallel with the process of subject-based training or through the potential of particular disciplines. The international scientific community agrees with the statement that educational programmes, in any case, need to be refocused on the soft skills development. However, the general trend is the presentation in most studies of local statistical results, rather narrow professional topics of research and limited time (1-2 academic years). Concerning methodological tools for measuring universal social skills, both Russian and foreign authors prefer case study, classroom research and questionnaires. In general, Russian pedagogical science demonstrates the same vector of development as foreign science, but passes the same stages as other countries with a lag. The only significant difference was found in the research topic: according to the publications of Russian scientists, little attention is given to the problem of migrants' soft skills. Indeed, the issue of soft skills development is one of the most relevant problems abroad. This can probably be attributed to the specifics of migration processes: for instance, many foreign citizens with completely different cultural and religious mentalities arrive in the European Union; on the contrary, Russia is migrated mainly from former Soviet republics, wherein people are close to the Russians in emotional intelligence. Practical significance. The results of the analytical review allow the scientific and pedagogical community to obtain a comprehensive picture of the main trends in studying the problems of soft skills development and to identify priority directions of further research. ; Введение. В современном мире профессионалу практически в любой сфере занятости, чтобы быть востребованным на рынке труда, быстро построить карьеру и добиться личного успеха, необходимо владеть soft skills (англ. «мягкие / гибкие навыки»): умениями общаться и нестандартно, творчески мыслить, работать в команде и брать на себя ответственность, эффективно организовывать свое время и быстро адаптироваться в новых ситуациях и т. п. - т. е. нужно быть обладателем социальных качеств, которые принято называть универсальными компетенциями, помогающими находить оптимальные взвешенные решения в широком спектре ежедневных профессиональных задач. Эти навыки не поддаются количественному измерению и, как правило, не описаны в должностных инструкциях, но именно они обеспечивают высокую производительность и продуктивность труда в любой отрасли. В западных странах уже достаточно давно изучаются вопросы и стратегии формирования soft skills у разных категорий населения. В последнее время эти проблемы гораздо чаще стали привлекать внимание и российских ученых. Растущая актуальность указанной проблематики связана с переменами, происходящими в системе образования, изменениями образовательных и личностных ориентиров, требований к профессиональной деятельности. Данная статья представляет собой обзор научных российских и зарубежных публикаций, посвященных аспектам развития soft skills. Цели предпринятого авторами исследования - обозначить основные тенденции изучения soft skills и возможностей их обретения индивидом; обнаружить точки соприкосновения и отличия отечественных и зарубежных изысканий; выявить наиболее перспективные направления научных поисков. Методология и методы. Работа выполнена с опорой на сравнительно-исторический метод. В ходе исследования использовались контент-анализ и сопоставительный анализ содержания документов, статей и материалов статистических отчетов, размещенных в международных базах данных Scopus и Web of Science в период с 1975 г. по март 2019 г. Результаты и научная новизна. Впервые проведенный в области отечественной педагогики ретроспективный панорамный обзор публикаций о soft skills и систематизация иной касающейся обсуждаемой темы информации указывают на сходство существующих в разных странах проблем: отсутствия должного внимания к формированию soft skills при составлении учебных программ; недостаточного привлечения работодателей к этому процессу; сложности наблюдения и оценки «гибких» навыков; несовпадения набора приобретенных выпускниками вузов во время учебы компетенций с ожиданиями и спросом на рынке труда и др. Предлагаются различные пути развития soft skills: организация специальных, преподающихся вне предметного контекста курсов (уже показавших свою неэффективность), освоение soft skills параллельно с процессом предметного обучения или посредством потенциала отдельных дисциплин. Но международное научное сообщество солидарно в том, что образовательные программы в любом случае необходимо переориентировать на формирование soft skills. Вместе с тем общей тенденцией является изложение в большинстве исследований локальных статистических результатов, довольно узкая профессиональная тематика изысканий и ограниченность их по времени (1-2 учебных года). Среди методического инструментария измерения универсальных социальных навыков как российские, так и иностранные авторы отдают предпочтение case study, classroom research и опросникам. В целом российская педагогическая наука демонстрирует тот же вектор развития, что и зарубежная, однако проходит те же, что и другие страны, стадии с отставанием. Единственное существенное отличие установлено в части тематики исследований: ученых России, судя по публикациям, мало занимает проблема soft skills мигрантов, которая за рубежом является одной из самых актуальных. Возможно, это объясняется спецификой миграционных процессов: если в страны Евросоюза прибывает множество иноземцев с совершенно разной культурной и религиозной ментальностью, то в Россию мигрируют в основном выходцы из бывших советских республик, близких к россиянам по эмоциональному интеллекту. Практическая значимость. Результаты аналитического обзора позволяют научно-педагогической общественности составить целостное представление об основных тенденциях изучения проблем формирования soft skills и вычленить приоритетные направления дальнейших исследований.

Since the 1990s, Colombian governments have invested in the formalization of land tenure rights seeking to promote development, stimulate the land market and improve the living conditions of rural dwellers. However, the relationship between the formalization and the promises made on its behalf is not entirely clear since international experiences show that the positive effects of these programs appear under certain conditions that are often overlooked by decision makers. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the progress and setbacks of the land tenure formalization programs in Colombia in the light of the review of academic and policy debates on property rights. This research allows us to show some implications about the future of land policies and the importance of the implementation of Integral Rural Reform as part of the Peace Agreement. ; Desde los noventa, los gobiernos colombianos han invertido en la formalización de la tenencia de tierras rurales con el propósito de impulsar el desarrollo, dinamizar el mercado de tierras y mejorar las condiciones de vida de los pobladores rurales. No obstante, la relación entre la formalización y las promesas que se esgrimen en su nombre no es del todo clara, pues las experiencias internacionales muestran que los efectos positivos de dichos programas aparecen en unas condiciones determinadas que suelen ser pasadas por alto por los tomadores de decisiones. Este texto tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre los avances y problemas de la formalización de tierras rurales en Colombia a la luz de la revisión de los debates académicos y de política en materia de derechos de propiedad. Este ejercicio nos permite plantear algunas implicaciones sobre el futuro de las políticas de tierras y la importancia de la implementación de la Reforma Rural Integral como parte del Acuerdo de paz.

The Small Island Development States (SIDS) and other developing coun­tries affected by climate change are demanding more attention be given to climate-related losses and damages. The issue of "loss and damage" is being addressed in UNFCCC negotiations; however, the SIDS regard the Security Council as another key place for related debates. The Security Council can sound out climate policy interests to increase knowledge and improve the means of early warning. Moreover, its role can be to focus on the security aspects of climate risks and highlight im­portant preventive approaches. These include, above all, development policy and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (the UN 2030 Agenda). The demands on the Security Council are strongly linked to the inter­national climate negotiations. Thus, Germany's commitment to climate policy has to be broad and long-term in times of dwindling multilateralism. Due to the Corona pandemic, short-term national and international policy agendas have readjusted to address the crisis situation, which has been detrimental to the climate policy agenda. A debate at the Security Council should nevertheless keep the focus on climate-related risks as such. (author's abstract)

Rezensiertes Werk: Tiedemann, Paul (Hrsg.): Right to Identity – Proceedings of the Special Workshop "Rightto Identity" held at the 27th World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy in Washington DC, 2015, Nomos, 2016, 188 S., ISBN 978-3-8487-3012-4

Tirebolu Belediyesi tarafından 2019-2020 yılları arasında koordine edilen Avrupa Gönüllük Hizmetleri Projesi kapsamında programa üye ülkelerden Macaristan ve İtalya'ya gönderilen 25 katılımcıdan 18'i ile görüşülmüştür. Veriler yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler ile toplanmış ve betimsel analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Bu program kapsamında gönderilen katılımcılar, programı koordine eden kurum tarafından bazı şartlar gözetilerek belirlenmektedir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda katılımcıların Avrupa Gönüllük Programı hakkındaki bilgi kaynaklarında arkadaş tavsiyesi ve dijital platformların etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımcıların gönüllülük programını tercih etmesindeki temel etkenler arasında ise kültürel ve kişisel kazanımlar yer almaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular analiz edildiğinde, katılımcıların program sürecinde Türkiye hakkında olumlu imaj oluşturmak ve kültürlerarası diyaloğu geliştirmek adına kişisel çabalar içerisinde yer aldıkları tespit edilmiştir. ; Due to the changing infrastructure of the plane of international relations, countries nolonger focus solely on political relations in diplomatic relations, but also impose some responsibilities on individuals in diplomatic relations. Through various programs organized internationally, individuals interact with individuals in different countries to get to know each other and introduce their counry. Citizen diplomacy, seen as a sub-application area of public diplomacy, based on the process of interpersonal communication. It provides the establishment of intercultural communication, in which symbolic and immediate feedback based on mutual dialogue is received. In this way, citizens who have the opportunity to transfer their national values and interest face to face to those with whom they communicate serve as a bridge in establishing intercultural dialogue (Karlı & Ozel, 2020, s.2). Citizen diplomacy is based on interpersonal communication is used as an element of Public Diplomacy. In citizen Diplomacy, citizen convey national values and interest face to face to whose with whom they communicate. Exchange programs carried out for this purpose can be used effectively as a means citizen diplomacy. Wihnin the scope of Erasmus+ project, the communication and interaction between the European Union countries and the program countries with the citizens of the countries where the students are located in Hungary and Italy at different time intervals with the voluntary embassy program is the subject of the research. Between 2019-2020, 18 participations who went to Hungary and Italy were interviewed within scope of the European Solidarity Program volunteering project coordinated by the municipality of Tirebolu. The data was collected by in-depth interviews and analyzed by descriptive analysis. The countries that go are determined by the coordinating institution, taking into account the specific conditions of the participations. According to the data obtained, it was observed that the participants information sources about the European volunteering program had the influence of friend advice and digital platforms. Among the main factors that participants prefer the Solidarity Program are cultural and personal achievements. Finally, this article, which focuses on citizen diplomacy, consist of three parts. In the first and second sections, it consist of information obtained as a result of a literature review that provides the basic for research. In the third section, the research section is given. In this context, in the first chapter, concepts and explanations related to public diplomacy and soft power are given in accordance with the information obtained from the literature review. In the second, the information contained in the literature on European Voluntary Services projects, which are one of the applicaion areas of citizen diplomacy and citizen diplomacy, is evaluated. The city of Tripolis in the third chapter the research part of a European Voluntary Service Project coordinated by Hungary and Italy in-depth interviews with the participants to the obtained with the taken and can be diagnosed by examination consist of the result of a qualitative research.