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"George Anson, Baron Anson (1697-1762), circumnavigator and First Lord of the Admiralty, entered the Royal Navy in 1712 and progressed rapidly, achieving his first command in 1722. He benefited from the patronage of his uncle Thomas Parker, later the Earl of Macclesfield, who served as Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor until his impeachment for fraud in 1725. Anson first saw action at the Battle of Cape Passaro (1718) under Admiral Sir George Byng but most of his early career was spent as captain of the station ship based at Charleston, South Carolina. In 1737 he was appointed captain of the 60-gun Centurion and sent on patrol to West Africa and the Caribbean. It was in this ship that he circumnavigated the globe (1740-1744) during the war with Spain. Ordered to attack the Pacific coast of Spanish South America, the expedition almost ended in disaster when half of Anson's squadron disappeared as it encountered 'huge deep, hollow seas' during the passage around Cape Horn. Despite further heavy losses, Anson was able to carry out a limited number of raids against coastal targets, but his capture of the Spanish treasure galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga off the Philippines was a real victory that secured his reputation (and wealth). On his return Anson, welcomed as a national hero, soon revealed his political ambitions: he joined the opposition Whigs, was elected MP for Hedon and appointed to the Admiralty Board. Although he entered the Board while still a captain, he secured rapid promotion to Rear-Admiral, Vice-Admiral and then Admiral of the Fleet. Anson returned to sea in command of the Western Squadron in 1746-1747 and his notable victory against the French at the Battle of Cape Finisterre was a rare example of a British naval success after seven years of war. Anson, who was then raised to the peerage, returned to the Admiralty Board, working with the Duke of Bedford as First Lord and with Lord Sandwich on a series of naval reforms, which included ending political interference in courts-martial, introducing compulsory retirement, innovations in ship design and the formation of the Royal Marines under Admiralty control. In 1751, Anson succeeded Lord Sandwich as First Lord of the Admiralty and served until his death in 1762 (except for one brief interruption in 1756-1757 following the loss of Minorca). The reform programme continued, but his main priority on returning to office (and the Cabinet) in the Pitt-Newcastle coalition was the Seven Years War: its strategic direction, planning operations and preparing naval forces. Although he died shortly before the conflict ended, Pitt later said of Anson: 'to his wisdom, to his experience the nation owes the glorious success of the last war.' Horace Walpole inevitably took a more critical view: 'Lord Anson was reserved and proud, and so ignorant of the world, that Sir Charles Williams said he had been round it, but never in it.' Anson's earlier biographers have focused on the story of the circumnavigation, which has largely defined his reputation, as well as his victories at sea. However, other aspects of his career, particularly his roles as a naval reformer and wartime strategist, deserve to be given greater weight in reassessing his position as a leading figure in British naval history. As one commentator has pointed out, 'there is an increasing cultural valuation of administrative skills that allows an Anson to be remembered in the same arena with, but still distinctly from, a Nelson. Whereas Horatio Nelson is certainly the most well-known and enduring example of a naval hero, others followed different paths to success during their lifetimes.'" --

International law in general — Sources — Diplomatic law — Evolution of — Contrasted with other aspects of international law Relevance of universal sourcesStates as international persons — Succession of governments — Upon termination of a rebellion — Regime overthrown by revolution — Revolutionary government bound by treaties entered into by predecessor — Whether special allowance should be made for revolutionary circumstancesState responsibility — Nature and kind of State responsibility — For breaches of treaty obligations — Effect of breaches of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963 by receiving State — International responsibility — Whether responsibility in any way mitigated by alleged activities of diplomatic mission and policies of sending States — Duty to end continuing breach — Duty make reparationState responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For Wrong unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State officials — Executive action inaction — Seizure of embassy and diplomatic staff by rioters — Security forces taking no to steps to prevent seizure — Whether State responsible for failure to protect embassy — Subsequent approval of rioters' actions — Whether state responsible for continued detention of staff as hostagesState responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts of insurgents, rioters and private individuals in general — Seizure of embassy and diplomatic staff by rioters — Whether imputable to State — Seizure following inflammatory statements by members of Government — Subsequent Government approval of seizure and continued detention of hostages by rioters — Rioters as "agents" of the StateState responsibility — Damage — Award of damage in general — Violation of treaty obligations leading to injury — Duty to make reparationThe individual in international law — Extradition — In general — Demands by revolutionary government for extradition of deposed ruler — Taking of diplomatic hostages in support of demandDiplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of diplomatic envoys — Duty of receiving State to protect envoys and their staff in the discharge of their functions — Function of gathering information by lawful means — Difference between this function and espionage — Duty of non — interference in the affairs of the receiving State — Sanctions for violation of this duty — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, Articles 9, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 39 and 41Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities — Subordinate members of the diplomatic staff — Entitlement to protection in discharge of functions — Inviolability and immunity from jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 22, 29, 30 and 31Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities — Diplomatic premises — Inviolability of diplomatic premises, property, archives and documents — Seizure of hostages on diplomatic premises — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 22 and 24Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Position and functions of consuls — Consular function of assisting nationals — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Privileges and immunities of consuls — Inviolability of consuls and consular premises, archives and documents — Immunity of consular staff from jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Miscellaneous — Members of embassy's technical and administrative staff — Entitlement to diplomatic privileges and immunities — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, Article 1 (d) and 37 (2)Treaties — Termination — By act of party — Non-performance by one party — Acts allegedly inconsistent with Treaty of Amity — Whether debarring State responsible from relying on Treaty in respect of matters taking place prior to these actsInternational organization and administration — The United Nations — The Security Council — Dispute referred to Security Council and International Court of Justice — Whether Court entitled to hear case — Whether appropriate for Court to indicate interim measures of protection — Different roles of Court and Security Councillntemational organization and administration — The United Nations — Other Organs — Secretary — General of the United Nations — Whether appropriate for International Court of Justice to adjudicate upon dispute in respect of which the Secretary — General has established a fact — finding commission — Different roles of Court and commissionDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Unilateral application to Court — Whether Court possessing jurisdiction under Optional Protocols to Vienna Conventionon Diplomatic and Consular Relations — Whether Court possessing jurisdiction under treaty which does not expressly provide for unilateral application — Application allegedly referring only to one part of wider dispute — Whether Court may consider that part alone — Whether appropriate for Court to hear case which is also being considered by Security Council and in respect of which the Secretary — General of the United Nations has established a factfinding commission — Difference between adjudication and mediation — Justiciability of disputeDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Absence of Respondent State from proceedings Indication of provisional measures — Responsibility of Court to protect interests of both parties when indicating provisional measures — Scope of provisional measures — Inevitability of overlap with claim on the meritsDisputes — Conciliation — Fact — finding commission — Complementary roles of commission and International Court of JusticeDisputes — Unilateral means of redress short of war — Economic sanctions — Attempt to rescue hostages by military operation — Legality — Effect of these measures upon consideration of taking of hostages by International Court — Whether calculated to undermine respect for judicial process — Whether legitimate self — defenceDisputes — Negotiation — Complementary roles of negotiation and adjudication in settlement of dispute — Whether International Court should encourage negotiation by advising parties as to form and content of negotiationsDiplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of diplomatic envoys and their staff — Members of technical and administrative staff — Inviolability of diplomatic staff — Immunity from criminal proceedings — Duty of receiving State to protect members of diplomatic staff in the discharge of diplomatic functions — Diplomatic premises — Inviolability of diplomatic premises, archives and documents — Duty of receiving State to protect — Seizure of embassy and taking of diplomatic hostages — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961503Consuls — Privileges and immunities of consular staff and premises — Duty of receiving State to protect — Consular function of assisting nationals — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963Nature of diplomatic and consular law — Importance in the international community — Contributions made to development of diplomatic law by all States and streams of legal thought — Diplomatic law a self-contained body of rules with its own sanctions for cases of abuse — Alleged acts of espionage by members of diplomatic staff to be dealt with only in accordance with Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Alleged acts of espionage incapable of justifying violation of diplomatic immunityState responsibility — For acts of rioters — Rioters seizing embassy after inflammatory statements by members of Government — Action not imputable to State — Government subsequently approving rioters' acts and encouraging detention of hostages — Rioters becoming agents of State — Violation of treaty obligations — Whether engaging international responsibility of State — Duty to make reparationInternational Court of Justice — Competence — Optional Protocols to Vienna Convention on Diplomatic and Consular Relations — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, between United States and Iran — Indication of provisional measures of protection — Scope of such measures — Whether fact that dispute under consideration by United Nations Security Council debars Court from pronouncing upon it — Establishment of fact-finding commission by United Nations Secretary-General — Whether Court precluded from considering application because it represents only one aspect of a disputeUnilateral action by Applicant — Economic sanctions — Military operation in attempt to rescue hostages — Whether undermining respect for judicial process — Whether affecting legality of initial actions by RespondentTreaties — Breach — Whether hostile acts by Applicant prevent it from relying upon compromissory clause in Treaty of Amity

Mexican politicians often neglect international trade and global relations during presidential campaigns, despite their crucial role in the country's economy. With trade accounting for 88% of Mexico's GDP in 2022, voters should analyze the candidates' perspectives on trade and competitiveness. The dogma that domestic policy is the best foreign policy is questionable in the current Mexican context.Despite its relevance, we have seen trade often being left out of the political debate, with politicians focusing on "more important" issues. Political narratives usually revolve around social and collective memory aspects, rather than the participation in the global economy, as it is shown in a study on the 2018 elections in Mexico, published by the University of Salamanca (Ruiz-Paz, Y., 2022). The challenge is for candidates to engage the public in debates around trade issues, instead of ignoring them because they assume that it does not connect with the population or that they are too complex topics.It is unfair though to delegate the responsibility solely to the candidates. Everyone involved in the decision making of electing a country leader should contribute to deep dive in the relevant topics for the public agenda. So, how important is it to pay attention to foreign relations? The answer lies in the symbiotic relationship between trade and competitiveness: Greater access to markets allows companies to sell their products to a greater number of consumers, increasing production and efficiency; facilitates the linkage and transfer of new technologies that increase productivity; favors economies of scale; and stimulates industries to innovate and improve to become more competitive.In today's interconnected world, success is so linked to competitiveness. Yet, while closed economies are not the answer, trade alone is not sufficient. Mexico, which has had an open economy for nearly four decades, serves as a prime example. Despite preferential trade agreements with over fifty countries, politicians have grappled the nation with economic shocks, institutional changes, and national infrastructure decisions, all impacting its global competitiveness.Therefore, the competitiveness indicators, either from the World Economic Forum (WEF) or the one from the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (IMCO), show variations across time for Mexico. The key takeaway? Trade openness is necessary but not sufficient for success. Countries require robust policies and institutions to fully harness the benefits of international trade. Even now becoming a nearshoring phenomenon mainly driven by México's geographical position, it is not enough to capitalize on a new Mexican boom.The bottom line is, to reach a positive outcome from trade through enhancing competitiveness, it is important to take responsibility as voters and analyze what the perspective of the presidential candidates is on trade, and its relation to competitiveness and growth. With only two candidates with realistic chances of winning the presidency, Mexico faces a dichotomous and critical decision: One candidate reinforces the idea that the best foreign policy is domestic, while the other has shown more interest in international trade issues.The country needs a roadmap to navigate in international waters. A strong ship is not enough without a port and a lighthouse. A comprehensive economic and trade development policy is necessary to consolidate the country domestically and competitively abroad; particularly while sailing through rough waters, with multiple variants that could in current times undermine its position. On the eve of the sunset clause that triggers a review process of the USMCA, the US also going to the polls, Europe on the brink of war, and Asia showing signs of economic recession, it remains to be seen if this will be the opportunity for Mexico to find its lighthouse in time.

Mexican politicians often neglect international trade and global relations during presidential campaigns, despite their crucial role in the country's economy. With trade accounting for 88% of Mexico's GDP in 2022, voters should analyze the candidates' perspectives on trade and competitiveness. The dogma that domestic policy is the best foreign policy is questionable in the current Mexican context.Despite its relevance, we have seen trade often being left out of the political debate, with politicians focusing on "more important" issues. Political narratives usually revolve around social and collective memory aspects, rather than the participation in the global economy, as it is shown in a study on the 2018 elections in Mexico, published by the University of Salamanca (Ruiz-Paz, Y., 2022). The challenge is for candidates to engage the public in debates around trade issues, instead of ignoring them because they assume that it does not connect with the population or that they are too complex topics.It is unfair though to delegate the responsibility solely to the candidates. Everyone involved in the decision making of electing a country leader should contribute to deep dive in the relevant topics for the public agenda. So, how important is it to pay attention to foreign relations? The answer lies in the symbiotic relationship between trade and competitiveness: Greater access to markets allows companies to sell their products to a greater number of consumers, increasing production and efficiency; facilitates the linkage and transfer of new technologies that increase productivity; favors economies of scale; and stimulates industries to innovate and improve to become more competitive.In today's interconnected world, success is so linked to competitiveness. Yet, while closed economies are not the answer, trade alone is not sufficient. Mexico, which has had an open economy for nearly four decades, serves as a prime example. Despite preferential trade agreements with over fifty countries, politicians have grappled the nation with economic shocks, institutional changes, and national infrastructure decisions, all impacting its global competitiveness.Therefore, the competitiveness indicators, either from the World Economic Forum (WEF) or the one from the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (IMCO), show variations across time for Mexico. The key takeaway? Trade openness is necessary but not sufficient for success. Countries require robust policies and institutions to fully harness the benefits of international trade. Even now becoming a nearshoring phenomenon mainly driven by México's geographical position, it is not enough to capitalize on a new Mexican boom.The bottom line is, to reach a positive outcome from trade through enhancing competitiveness, it is important to take responsibility as voters and analyze what the perspective of the presidential candidates is on trade, and its relation to competitiveness and growth. With only two candidates with realistic chances of winning the presidency, Mexico faces a dichotomous and critical decision: One candidate reinforces the idea that the best foreign policy is domestic, while the other has shown more interest in international trade issues.The country needs a roadmap to navigate in international waters. A strong ship is not enough without a port and a lighthouse. A comprehensive economic and trade development policy is necessary to consolidate the country domestically and competitively abroad; particularly while sailing through rough waters, with multiple variants that could in current times undermine its position. On the eve of the sunset clause that triggers a review process of the USMCA, the US also going to the polls, Europe on the brink of war, and Asia showing signs of economic recession, it remains to be seen if this will be the opportunity for Mexico to find its lighthouse in time.

Статья посвящена вопросам формирования инфраструктуры экспорта зерна, выращенного в регионах Сибирского федерального округа. Задачи исследования: дать оценку места Сибири в производстве и экспорте зерна России, показать место основных регионов-экспортеров в экспорте зерна округа, определить эффективность производства зерна в них; систематизировать элементы инфраструктуры экспорта зерна и дать оценку наиболее значимых ее элементов в СФО; показать перспективы экспорта зерна округа и, исходя из этого, обосновать методические подходы к развитию инфраструктуры экспорта. В работе рассмотрены страны - потребители пшеницы, овса и ячменя, произведенных в регионах СФО, до 2022 г. Показаны проблемы экспорта для самого южного региона Сибири, основного поставщика зерна - Алтайского края, проблемы, связанные с использованием морских портов и международного автотранспорта, проблемы использования зернохранилищ в регионах-экспортерах, проблемы участия малого бизнеса в экспортных операциях. Аргументирована необходимость планово-прогнозной основы развития рынка зерна округа и его инфраструктуры, показана роль IT-технологий в реализации этого подхода. Проведен анализ наличия в регионах округа элементов информационно-технологической инфраструктуры. Дана характеристика имеющихся в округе коммерческих объединений экспортеров зерна и намечены задачи дальнейшей деятельности межрегиональной ассоциации. Раскрыты наиболее сильные стороны (элементы) инфраструктуры экспорта зерна сибирских регионов, позволяющие развивать общую инфраструктуру. Определены наиболее перспективные страны - потребители сибирского зерна. Предложены организационная структура информационной экосистемы инфраструктурного обеспечения экспорта зерна округа и основные подходы к формированию единой логистической системы. Работа основана на данных за 2017-2021 гг. и частично за 2022 г., взятых из системы государственной статистики, из отчетов региональных министерств сельского хозяйства и продовольствия и из открытых источников.
The article focuses on the development of export infrastructure for grain produced in the Siberian Federal District. The research aims to assess Siberia's position in grain production and export from Russia, determine the efficiency of grain production in the main exporting regions, and evaluate the key elements of the grain export infrastructure in the district. The research aims to assess Siberia's position in grain production and export from Russia, identify the main exporting regions within the district, and evaluate the efficiency of their grain production. It also seeks to systematize the elements of grain export infrastructure and assess its most critical elements in the Siberian Federal District. The research further explores the potential prospects for grain export in the district and uses this information to develop and justify methodological approaches for the development of export infrastructure. We identify the countries that consume wheat, oats, and barley produced in the region up to 2022 and address several issues: export-related challenges faced by the southernmost region of Siberia, Altai Krai, which is the primary grain supplier; problems associated with the use of seaports and international transport, the utilization of grain storage facilities in exporting regions, and small business participation in export operations. This article presents a case for a planned and forecast-based development of the grain market and infrastructure in the district. It discusses the role of information technologies in implementing this approach and presents an analysis of the existing IT infrastructure elements in the region. We also describe the commercial associations of grain exporters in the district and outline the tasks of the interregional association for further activities. The study highlights the strongest aspects of the grain export infrastructure in Siberian regions, which could help in the development of a common infrastructure. It identifies the most promising countries for consuming Siberian grain and proposes an organizational structure for an information ecosystem to support infrastructure for grain exports in the district. Our work is based on 2017-2022 data, obtained from the state statistics system, regional agriculture and food ministry reports, and publicly available sources.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodological tools for identifying and assessing financial risks for the management of such on the example of the agricultural sector. Research methods. The methods used: the monographic method for reviewing scientific publications of researchers and analysis of regulatory framework for risk identification and assessment, systematic and comparative analysis for the formation of methodological approaches to financial risk assessment, empirical method and synthesis for analysis of food security indicators, indicators of state regulation of financial risks, graphical method to reflect the dynamics of individual studied indicators, abstract and logical for theoretical generalizations and conclusions. Research results. Methodical approaches to financial risk assessment are analyzed. The components of financial risk assessment methods, as a system of principles, practices and techniques of scientific research of risk identification and measurement, theoretical principles of using these tools in the study of security aspects of the national economy are specified. It is determined that financial risk applies to almost all areas of activity. It is a kind of assessment of decision-making in conditions of uncertainty in the field of financing, investment, asset management, and resource potential at different levels of government. For the macro level of financial risk assessment, the dynamics of the food security index as the main criterion of the consequences of financial security of the industry is analyzed; the state of the shadow economy as a determining factor in systemic financial risks; the level of budget support as a factor in the effectiveness of public finance policy and financial risk management. For the micro level, the classification of methods of financial risk assessment based on the ways of the financial condition of enterprises is clarified, and the relationship between them is argued. Express analysis of financial risks was performed based on financial reporting data according to analytical ratios on the example of PJSC Myronivsky Hliboproduct. Normative methods of determining financial risk following the coefficient analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis and the National Standard of Ukraine "Risk Management. Methods of general risk assessment " to justify the need for a unified system of methodological approaches to financial risk assessment. Scientific novelty. The necessity of forming a unified methodology for assessing the financial risks of the agricultural sector was proved, for which the financial resources of the industry for 2013-2020 were analyzed and it was found that they account for 9.4% of the resources of the economy. Methodological approaches to the assessment of financial risks by involving macro-levels of the agricultural sector in the field of food security have been expanded, as it serves as a guarantor of food security, and there is a need to constantly monitor . It is generalized that the content of the assessment of financial risks of agricultural enterprises is determined in accordance with the purpose and main tasks, which have a gradation at the hierarchy levels. The scheme of a technique of an estimation of financial risks of agrarian branch is constructed. Practical significance. The methodological support of financial risk assessment processes has been improved, which can serve as a basis for the formation of a single Methodology for the analysis of the financial condition and financial risks of agricultural enterprises. The stages of financial risk assessment for the agricultural sector according to the algorithm are proposed: detection - analysis - minimization, which can be useful for agricultural enterprises in carrying out a comprehensive financial analysis. Some conclusions of the study can be used in shaping the financial policy of the agricultural sector. Tabl.: 6. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 25.

The article analyzes modern scientific ideas about the psychological state and specifics of mental states of servicemen during adaptation to activities in extreme conditions. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. Introduction. The problem of human readiness for military activity, in modern realities, becomes especially relevant. The complexity and responsibility of the tasks solved by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of environmental protection, the length of stay of personnel in extreme conditions, make high demands on the psychological state and adaptive capacity of servicemen to work in these conditions. According to combat experience, the physical and mental health, and often the lives, of military personnel depend on their effective adaptation to extreme conditions. The purpose of the article – to consider modern scientific ideas about mental states, their classification and basic approaches to the study in the context of adaptation of servicemen to work in extreme conditions. Methods. The methodological principles of the article are a set of principles, approaches, general scientific and special methods of psychology of activity in special conditions. This made it possible to outline and analyze the relationship between general and specific factors in the occurrence of servicemen's negative mental states, traumatic factors of combat conditions. Originality. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in a study aimed at determining the peculiarities of changes in the psychological characteristics of servicemen due to prolonged exposure to extreme service conditions in the area of environmental protection, a more generalized integrated category "psychological state" was used. what the current state of man is characterized by certain physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Conclusion. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. The adaptive function of the state is to establish a correspondence between the actualized needs of the individual, his capabilities and resources, taking into account the specific conditions of existence, characteristics of activities and behavior. This feature allows you to maintain the highest possible level of health, the ability to behave properly and succeed. Updated views on the psychological state of servicemen in special and extreme conditions, require further research into problems related to the study of the peculiarities of its changes under the influence of service conditions in the area of environmental protection. ; В статье проведен анализ современных научных представлений о психологическом состоянии и специфике психических состояний военнослужащих во время адаптации к деятельности в экстремальных условиях. Установлено, что психологическое состояние военнослужащего в особых и экстремальных условиях является субъективным отражением им ситуации в виде устойчивой целостной реакции в динамике психической деятельности, которая выражается в единстве поведения и волнения во время выполнения профессиональной деятельности. ; У статті проведено аналіз сучасних наукових уявлень про психологічний стан та специфіку психічних станів військовослужбовців під час адаптації до діяльності в екстремальних умовах. Встановлено, що психологічний стан військовослужбовця в особливих умовах є суб'єктивним відображенням ним ситуації у вигляді стійкої цілісної реакції в динаміці психічної діяльності, яка виражається в єдності поведінки та хвилювання під час виконання професійної діяльності.

The Ukrainian project of the Open Group «The Shadow of Dream (Mriya) cast upon Giardini della Biennale» is researchedin the fairway of Ralph Rugoff's curatorial concept «May You Live in Interesting Times» of the 58th Venice Biennale 2019 and the themesdeveloped in the other projects, taking into account the projection of these issues on the Ukrainian and world contexts are analyzed. Thecontexts with which the project works in Ukraine and in the world are compared. The issues addressed within the Venice Biennale onglobal environmental challenges, extensive growth, war and peace, ongoing confrontation of democratic and totalitarian worlds, migration crisis are studied. The process of revealing by artistic means how political manipulation works is revealed with a critical commentaryon the reality marked by economic and social inequality that provokes indignation, and as a result — populism. The mechanism of workwith trauma on the territory of art is determined. The multi-vector projects and different types of connection with reality are identified demonstrating the productive artistic strategies.The themes and artistic features of the films presented at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and its winners are analyzed and compared.The features of the Ukrainian film-winner of the Venice Film Festival 2019 «Atlantis» by Valentyn Vasyanovych are described. The chronology of the development of Valentin Vasyanovich's film achievements is tracked.The main trend topics characteristic of the Venice Forums of 2019 are identified, such as the threats of the Anthropocene and the ecological crisis, anti-globalism in its economic, social and national aspects, and the orientation on the human values in the post-truth era.The influence of intellectual practice in the formation of meanings for dialogue with society challenging for the art world is determined.The role and place of Ukrainian contemporary art and cinema on the international stage are revealed. The problems and peculiaritiesof the cultural policy of Ukraine and the necessity of its reforme in order to support the development of contemporary art are outlined. ; Розглянуто український проєкт Відкритої групи «Падаюча тінь "Мрії" на сади Джардіні» у фарватері кураторської концепції Ральфа Ругоффа «Щоб ти жив в цікаві часи!» 58-ї Венеційської бієнале 2019 року та здійснено аналіз тем, розроблених в інших проєктах, з урахуванням проекції цієї проблематики на український та світовий контексти. Співставлено контексти, з якими працює проєкт в Україні та в світі. Опрацьовано проблематику Венеційської бієнале щодо глобальних екологічних викликів, експансивного росту, війни та миру, протистояння демократичного і тоталітарного світів, міграційної кризи. Виявлено процес розкриття мистецькими засобами, як працює політична маніпуляція, з критичним коментарем щодо реальності, позначеної економічною та соціальною нерівністю, що провокує обурення і, як наслідок, — популізм. Визначено механізм роботиз травмою на території мистецтва. Виявлено мультивекторність проєктів і різні типи зв'язку з реальністю як прояв продуктивних мистецьких стратегій.Проаналізовано та співставлено теми та художні особливості фільмів, представлених на 76-му Венеційському міжнародному кінофестивалі 2019 року і його лауреатів. Описано особливості українського фільму-призера Венеційського кінофестивалю —2019 Валентина Васяновича «Атлантида». Простежено хронологію розвитку кінематографічного доробку Валентина Васяновича.Визначено основні трендові теми, характерні для міжнародних Венеційських форумів 2019 року, серед яких загрози антропоцену і екологічної кризи, антиглобалізм в його економічному, соціальному і національному аспектах, стійкі ціннісні орієнтири в епоху постправди. Визначено вплив інтелектуальних вправ у справі формування смислів задля діалогу із соціумом як нагальність для світу мистецтва. Виявлено роль і місце українського сучасного мистецтва і кінематографу на міжнародній сцені.Окреслено проблеми і особливості культурної політики України і необхідність її переформатування задля сприяння розвиткусучасного мистецтва.

The article analyzes modern scientific ideas about the psychological state and specifics of mental states of servicemen during adaptation to activities in extreme conditions. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. Introduction. The problem of human readiness for military activity, in modern realities, becomes especially relevant. The complexity and responsibility of the tasks solved by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of environmental protection, the length of stay of personnel in extreme conditions, make high demands on the psychological state and adaptive capacity of servicemen to work in these conditions. According to combat experience, the physical and mental health, and often the lives, of military personnel depend on their effective adaptation to extreme conditions. The purpose of the article – to consider modern scientific ideas about mental states, their classification and basic approaches to the study in the context of adaptation of servicemen to work in extreme conditions. Methods. The methodological principles of the article are a set of principles, approaches, general scientific and special methods of psychology of activity in special conditions. This made it possible to outline and analyze the relationship between general and specific factors in the occurrence of servicemen's negative mental states, traumatic factors of combat conditions. Originality. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in a study aimed at determining the peculiarities of changes in the psychological characteristics of servicemen due to prolonged exposure to extreme service conditions in the area of environmental protection, a more generalized integrated category "psychological state" was used. what the current state of man is characterized by certain physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Conclusion. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. The adaptive function of the state is to establish a correspondence between the actualized needs of the individual, his capabilities and resources, taking into account the specific conditions of existence, characteristics of activities and behavior. This feature allows you to maintain the highest possible level of health, the ability to behave properly and succeed. Updated views on the psychological state of servicemen in special and extreme conditions, require further research into problems related to the study of the peculiarities of its changes under the influence of service conditions in the area of environmental protection. ; В статье проведен анализ современных научных представлений о психологическом состоянии и специфике психических состояний военнослужащих во время адаптации к деятельности в экстремальных условиях. Установлено, что психологическое состояние военнослужащего в особых и экстремальных условиях является субъективным отражением им ситуации в виде устойчивой целостной реакции в динамике психической деятельности, которая выражается в единстве поведения и волнения во время выполнения профессиональной деятельности. ; У статті проведено аналіз сучасних наукових уявлень про психологічний стан та специфіку психічних станів військовослужбовців під час адаптації до діяльності в екстремальних умовах. Встановлено, що психологічний стан військовослужбовця в особливих умовах є суб'єктивним відображенням ним ситуації у вигляді стійкої цілісної реакції в динаміці психічної діяльності, яка виражається в єдності поведінки та хвилювання під час виконання професійної діяльності.

The main aspects of the project approach in the system of crisis management of financial stability of an industrial enterprise are considered in the article. Definitely main factors and signs of the crisis based on the diagnosis of indicators of the financial condition of the industrial enterprise. It is established that the assessment of financial stability is one of the priority tasks in the diagnosis of crisis enterprises, the condition of which is characterized by an increased probability of bankruptcy. The forecast value of the coefficient of financial stability, which can be used to develop a financial strategy of the enterprise or corrective anti-crisis management decisions, is determined. The article proposes a method of implementing a project approach in crisis management of the enterprise. In anti-crisis management of financial stability it is expedient to apply the project approach that will give the chance to implement measures for achievement of the concrete purpose, to coordinate actions of all divisions of the enterprise; to forecast in time and in expenses the project decision of a crisis situation according to the set criteria of quality of performance of works. In addition, the project approach has all the features of the crisis management system: a team of specialists is formed to perform the tasks of crisis management; strategies for increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise are developed; optimal ways (options) of realization of system of anti-crisis measures for the purpose of increase of stability of functioning of the enterprise are made. The advantages of the project approach in crisis management of financial stability are: assessment of the current state of the enterprise; use of the company's own resources in order to reduce the cost of implementing a system of anti-crisis measures; clear delineation and definition of personal (team) responsibilities and powers; systematic approaches to determining the phenomena and factors of the crisis, as well as to the development and implementation of anti-crisis programs, due to the involvement of specialists and managers of different levels and areas of activity, in accordance with the sources of threats; increasing control over the expenditure of funds and resources aimed at anti-crisis measures, the introduction of methods for their more effective use; more effective use of the time factor in the analysis of the situation and the implementation of anti-crisis measures; qualitative increase of the level of systems and methods of internal communications. The result of this approach should be overcoming the crisis (with the subsequent transition to operational management of the organization), assessing the effectiveness of crisis measures (actions, projects) and, if necessary, the introduction of a permanent monitoring system for crisis phenomena in the organization. introduction of methods of their more effective use; more effective use of the time factor in the analysis of the situation and the implementation of anti-crisis measures; qualitative increase of the level of systems and methods of internal communications. The result of this approach should be overcoming the crisis (with the subsequent transition to operational management of the organization), assessing the effectiveness of crisis measures (actions, projects) and, if necessary, the introduction of a permanent monitoring system for crisis phenomena in the organization. introduction of methods of their more effective use; more effective use of the time factor in the analysis of the situation and the implementation of anti-crisis measures; qualitative increase of the level of systems and methods of internal communications. The result of this approach should be overcoming the crisis (with the subsequent transition to operational management of the organization), assessing the effectiveness of crisis measures (actions, projects) and, if necessary, the introduction of a permanent monitoring system for crisis phenomena in the organization.

Розглянуто український проєкт Відкритої групи «Падаюча тінь "Мрії" на сади Джардіні» у фарватері кураторської концепції Ральфа Ругоффа «Щоб ти жив в цікаві часи!» 58-ї Венеційської бієнале 2019 року та здійснено аналіз тем, розроблених в інших проєктах, з урахуванням проекції цієї проблематики на український та світовий контексти. Співставлено контексти, з якими працює проєкт в Україні та в світі. Опрацьовано проблематику Венеційської бієнале щодо глобальних екологічних викликів, експансивного росту, війни та миру, протистояння демократичного і тоталітарного світів, міграційної кризи. Виявлено процес розкриття мистецькими засобами, як працює політична маніпуляція, з критичним коментарем щодо реальності, позначеної економічною та соціальною нерівністю, що провокує обурення і, як наслідок, — популізм. Визначено механізм роботи з травмою на території мистецтва. Виявлено мультивекторність проєктів і різні типи зв'язку з реальністю як прояв продуктивних мистецьких стратегій.Проаналізовано та співставлено теми та художні особливості фільмів, представлених на 76-му Венеційському міжнародному кінофестивалі 2019 року і його лауреатів. Описано особливості українського фільму-призера Венеційського кінофестивалю — 2019 Валентина Васяновича «Атлантида». Простежено хронологію розвитку кінематографічного доробку Валентина Васяновича.Визначено основні трендові теми, характерні для міжнародних Венеційських форумів 2019 року, серед яких загрози антропоцену і екологічної кризи, антиглобалізм в його економічному, соціальному і національному аспектах, стійкі ціннісні орієнтири в епоху постправди. Визначено вплив інтелектуальних вправ у справі формування смислів задля діалогу із соціумом як нагальність для світу мистецтва. Виявлено роль і місце українського сучасного мистецтва і кінематографу на міжнародній сцені. Окреслено проблеми і особливості культурної політики України і необхідність її переформатування задля сприяння розвитку сучасного мистецтва. ; The Ukrainian project of the Open Group «The Shadow of Dream (Mriya) cast upon Giardini della Biennale» is researched in the fairway of Ralph Rugoff's curatorial concept «May You Live in Interesting Times» of the 58th Venice Biennale 2019 and the themes developed in the other projects, taking into account the projection of these issues on the Ukrainian and world contexts are analyzed. The contexts with which the project works in Ukraine and in the world are compared. The issues addressed within the Venice Biennale on global environmental challenges, extensive growth, war and peace, ongoing confrontation of democratic and totalitarian worlds, migration crisis are studied. The process of revealing by artistic means how political manipulation works is revealed with a critical commentary on the reality marked by economic and social inequality that provokes indignation, and as a result — populism. The mechanism of work with trauma on the territory of art is determined. The multi-vector projects and different types of connection with reality are identified demonstrating the productive artistic strategies.The themes and artistic features of the films presented at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and its winners are analyzed and compared. The features of the Ukrainian film-winner of the Venice Film Festival 2019 «Atlantis» by Valentyn Vasyanovych are described. The chronology of the development of Valentin Vasyanovich's film achievements is tracked.The main trend topics characteristic of the Venice Forums of 2019 are identified, such as the threats of the Anthropocene and the ecological crisis, anti-globalism in its economic, social and national aspects, and the orientation on the human values in the post-truth era. The influence of intellectual practice in the formation of meanings for dialogue with society challenging for the art world is determined. The role and place of Ukrainian contemporary art and cinema on the international stage are revealed. The problems and peculiarities of the cultural policy of Ukraine and the necessity of its reforme in order to support the development of contemporary art are outlined.

Software-defined Radio is a programmable transceiver with the capability of operating various wireless communication protocols without the need to change or update the hardware. Consequently, Software-defined Radio has earned a lot of attention and is of great significance to both academia, military and aerospace industry. Components of Software-defined Radio (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system. Operation of signal processing are handed over to the baseband processor, rather than being done in special electronic circuits. Baseband processors are implemented through employing various types of hardware platforms, such as General Purpose Processors, Graphics Processing Units, Digital Signal Processors, and Field Programmable Gate Arrays. Each of these platforms is associated with their own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this paper was proposed a comparison of the state-of-the-art hardware platforms in the context of implementation Software-defined Radio transceivers. For comparison was determined as follow criteria: computational power of hardware platform, power consumption, complexity of developing, and cost of tools and equipment. First approaches to realizing baseband processors is using a General Purpose Processor and accelerating by Graphics Processing Units. But General Purpose Processor and Graphics Processing Units execute software instructions in the sequential order. For this reason, General Purpose Processors are not convenient for high-throughput computing with real-time requirements. Also this hardware platforms have increased power consumption. This aspect does not allow use General Purpose Processor and Graphics Processing Units in small and portable Software-defined Radio transceivers. In other hand, General Purpose Processors are preferable hardware platform by researchers and beginners due to their flexibility and programmability. Therefore, General Purpose Processors and Graphics Processing Units is highly recommended for prototyping Software-defined Radio platforms. Digital Signal Processor was reviewed as alternative approach for implementing baseband processors. Digital Signal Processors is a particular type of General Purpose Processors that is optimized to process digital signals. Digital Signal Processors have similar disadvantage with insufficient computational power, but some manufacturer sell energy optimized Digital Signal Processors. Consequently, Digital Signal Processor is commonly used in small and portable Software-defined Radio transceivers. Field Programmable Gate Arrays and System-on-Chips with Field Programmable Gate Array are strongly recommended for high-performance Software-defined Radio platforms. This hardware platforms combine the flexibility of processors and efficiency of small Digital Signal Processor. Field Programmable Gate Arrays can achieve a high level of parallelism in executing digital signal processing. However, the designers must have a high degree in digital electronics and good acknowledgement of hardware description languages. After the research, was proposed own flexible architecture Software-defined Radio transceiver and methods for development. ; Проведено порівняльний аналіз обчислювальних засобів для їх подальшого використання у ролі baseband-процесору для трансивера типу Software Defined Radio. Встановлено, що для цієї ролі можна використати процесори загального користування у парі з графічними процесорами, що мають високу гнучкість у проектуванні, але низьку швидкодію та високе енергоспоживання. Використання спеціальних процесорів обробки сигналів надає перевагу у кращому енергоспоживанні, що надає можливість використовувати їх для швидкої розробки портативних трансиверів з достатньо низкою ціною. Для високопродуктивних трансиверів краще за все використовувати програмовані логічні інтегральні схеми, що за рахунок високого паралелізму надують суттєвий виграш у швидкодії. Запропонована власна архітектура трансивера з використанням системи-на-кристалі та радіочастотного трансивера для побудови гнучкої системи передачі інформації по безпровідному каналу зв'язку.

The proposal of a model of development that reconciles environmental conservation, especially of forest resources, and socioeconomic development is still a challenge to be achieved worldwide, especially in the Amazon region. Due to its amplitude, the Brazilian portion of the Amazon is a matter of great concern nationally and internationally. Agriculture stands out in the Brazilian Amazon for its socioeconomic importance and its tremendous potential to alter ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Among the different forms of agriculture (i.e. large and small farmers), family farms are key players for promoting rural sustainable development. Despite its importance, local actors supporting family farms face numerous challenges to promote agroecological transition of these farms. The general question that we want to contribute to with this thesis is: How can the conceptual framework of ES serve as a cognitive and operational basis to support the agroecological transition? We carried out this research in two contrasting municipalities in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon, Irituia and Paragominas. The farming sector of the first study site is dominated by family farming, which is often biodiversified. Contrastingly, large-scale industrial agriculture predominates in the second study site, although it coexists with family farming. We adopted a multi-actor perspective, with the participation of a heterogeneous set of local actors (e.g. policy makers, researchers, rural extension agents, farmers) related to rural issues. We implemented a "mixed methods approach" combining well-tested qualitative methodologies, such as semi-directive interviews and participant observation, with semi-quantitative methodologies such as questionnaires and a role-playing game. We first aimed to understand the perception of different local actors about ES and their co-production process. We observed that, in general, a diversity of ES is perceived by local actors. The perception of ES and the different possible ways to co-produce these ES differ significantly among actors. The type of activity performed by the stakeholders and their municipality are the main factors influencing their perception of ES coproduction. The type of knowledge (more scientific or empirical) was also relevant to distinguish between the ways to perceive ES. We also sought to understand the importance of these perceptions in the decision-making process on land use. We investigated some contextual factors that influence this decision making process, focusing on factors external (notably institutional markets) and internal (e.g. labor, costs, cognitive aspects) to the agroecosystem. We realized that these markets are important for valuing agrobiodiversity, but this will depend on how they are managed at a municipal level and on the local institutional landscape. Accordingly, the agroecosystem may evolve towards agroecological or non-agroecological standards. Internal factors in the farm, such as labor, money, values also influence this decision making process. Finally, we sought to understand how the knowledge generated previously could contribute to operationalize the agroecological transition in our two study sites. Knowledge about ES issues generated in our research site contributed to disclose the expectations and factors that drive the actions of stakeholders regarding land use management. This knowledge was obtained through and was used to feed methodological tools to support agroecological transition. Finally, we highlight that the conceptual framework of ES co-production not only enables exploring elements correlated to agroecosystem management, it also serves as a viable tool to stimulate the communication of different actors on the subject. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-production of ES and the sharing of different knowledge and perceptions can support more collective awareness building toward agroecological transition.

The article analyzes the process of forming the institutional framework of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and the transformation of the OSCE into the OSCE, the main OSCE institutions, as its structural elements that ensure the achievement of the main goal of the organization, namely the prevention of conflict in the early stages of its emergence, the regulation of the crisis itself. and restoring peace after the conflict. It is emphasized that the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly consists of approximately 300 deputies representing the legislature of the OSCE participating States. The main purpose of the Assembly is parliamentary control and involvement of European deputies in the activities of the Organization. The Assembly develops and promotes mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution, promotes democratic institutions in participating States, and ensures transparency and accountability in the OSCE. Its annual sessions formulate major policy recommendations for the government component of the Organization. It has been established that a Court of Conciliation and Arbitration has been set up in Geneva to resolve conflicts and disputes between participating States that have signed the oSCE's Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration. The main mechanism set out in the Convention is conciliation, the purpose of which is to work out a settlement for the parties to the dispute. This mechanism may be invoked unilaterally by any State Party to a dispute between that State and another oSCE participating State. It is concluded that the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe has a comprehensive approach to security, which includes military-political, economic, environmental and humanitarian aspects. The OSCE therefore addresses a wide range of security issues, including arms control, confidence-building and security, protection of human and minority rights, democracy, the fight against terrorism and threats to economic and environmental security. To perform its functions, an extensive system of specialized internal institutions was created, which operates effectively today. ; У статті проаналізовано процес формування ін-ституційного каркасу Наради з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі та трансформації НБСЄ в ОБСЄ, основних інститутів ОБСЄ як її структурних елементів, які забезпечують досягнення основної мети діяльності організації, а саме запобігання конфлікту на ранніх стадіях його виникнення, регулювання самої кризи та відновлення миру після закінчення конфлікту. Наголошено, що Парламентська Асамблея ОБСЄ складається приблизно із 300 депутатів, котрі представляють законодавчу владу держав-учасниць ОБСЄ. Основною метою Асамблеї є парламентський контроль і залучення європейських депутатів у діяльність Організації. Асамблея розробляє і просуває механізми запобігання та врегулювання конфліктів, сприяє розвитку демократичних інститутів у держа-вах-учасницях і забезпечує транспарентність і підзвітність в ОБСЄ. На її щорічних сесіях формулюються політичні рекомендації для урядового компонента Організації. З'ясовано, що для розв'язання конфліктних ситуацій і спорів між державами-учасницями, які підписали внутрішню щодо ОБСЄ Конвенцію по примиренню і арбітражу, був створений Суд із примирення й арбітражу, який знаходиться в Женеві. Основним механізмом, прописаним у Конвенції, є примирення, мета якого полягає у виробленні для сторін у спорі умов врегулювання. Цей механізм може бути задіяний в односторонньому порядку будь-якою державою-учасником Конвенції стосовно спору між нею та іншою державою-учасницею ОБСЄ. Зроблено висновок, що Організація з безпеки і співробітництва в Європі має всеосяжний підхід до безпеки, який включає в себе військово-політичні, економічні, екологічні та гуманітарні аспекти. Тому ОБСЄ розглядає широкий спектр проблем, пов'язаних із безпекою, включаючи контроль над озброєнням, зміцнення довіри та безпеки, захист прав людини та прав національних меншин, демократії, боротьби з тероризмом і загрозами економічній та екологічній безпеці. Для виконання покладених функцій було створено розгалужену систему спеціалізованих внутрішніх інститутів, що ефективно діють сьогодні.

Inter-municipal cooperation (IMC), as a form of decentralized implementation of public services and as a part of the local government system, is seen as a means to ensure balanced regional development, better quality of public services, as well as a way to adjust the needs of government organization to the needs of a society, with respect to its structural characteristics and needs. In this paper, the basic forms of inter-municipal cooperation, subjects of cooperation, ways in which the cooperation operates, areas in which the cooperation is achieved, nature of the jurisdiction, financing and management methods, affecting factors, and the specific advantages and disadvantages of this form of decentralized implementation of public services are specified, through the analysis of relevant international documents from this field, experiences and practices from different European countries, as well as normative frameworks and practices of inter-municipal cooperation in Serbia. Bearing in mind that the practice of inter-municipal cooperation has not sufficiently come to life in Serbia, and that there is a number of questions related to it and to the other aspects of decentralization, this research is intended to boost the intensive progress of inter-municipal cooperation in Serbia, as a means to improve the decentralization of public services, and also to overcome the problems local governments are facing. The author finds that, unlike alternative solutions, inter-municipal cooperation preserves local autonomy, strengthening the capacity at the local level and ensuring the implementation of territorial reforms that are conducted "from below", according to the needs of the citizens. Inter-municipal cooperation, regardless of its form, is a type of decentralized implementation of public services. Although it is suspected that the certain form of concentration is achieved through integrated forms of cooperation, these tasks are still performed within a level that is not central; the state does not take any additional role, which would reduce the degree of independence of the entities that are not central, i.e. reduce the decentralized character of these services, or which would strengthen the centralizing tendencies of the state or strengthen state control. In Europe, you can see many examples of very effective cooperation, which has proved to be a solution not just for many structural problems of local government, but also for the vertical government organization in general. IMC provided the solutions that alternatively required radical changes in the territorial organization. Also, IMC proved to be a mechanism that provided regional policy, development goals, public-private partnerships and territorial harmonization. The existing legislative framework of inter-municipal cooperation in Serbia mainly emphasizes voluntary cooperation of individual local governments, without a hint of a widespread or better controlled integration. Apart from the fact that the obligatory cooperation is only an exception, even some of the fundamental questions of its establishment and implementation are not regulated. The need for cooperation consists mainly in providing the regional services and equitable development, in overcoming the limitations, as well as in the more adequate use of local capacities. However, the regulatory framework does not provide a reliable basis for the establishment of high quality, durable and effective partnerships. Given the existence of asymmetric decentralization, one-level local governments, uneven capacities, as well as the development of decentralized units in Serbia, some of the solutions of inter-municipal cooperation can be considered a means of ensuring regional requirements in countries that are characterized by similar solutions, i.e. problems, without any change in the constitutional concept of decentralization. The main areas where the promotion of decentralized systems can be established are regional and spatial development planning, public utility services, tourism, civil and environment protection services, local governments and so on.