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The aims of the article: – to track the change of approaches to humanitarian knowledge; – to define possible ways of its development at the present stage.Methods. The methodology of the research is based on the content analysis of verbal and visual texts, and inductive techniques allowing us to generalize heterogeneousapproaches.Results and scientific novelty. The author, having postulated a double objective to trace, on the one hand, how the attitude to humanities changed during centuries, and, on the other, to draft possible routes of further development, scrutinizes the concept homo duplex starting from the early renaissance period, when humanities were singled out of the common knowledge about the human being, when the component of meaning «down to earth, not divine» shaped the kernel of the field of knowledge, later named as humanities. This type of knowledge was opposed to the theology with its concept of the divine origin of man. The author attracts Leonardo da Vinci drawing to define the major research methodology of humanities. Further tackling the evolution of the concept from the homo duplex to homo triplex, the author proves that the dynamics of econceptualization owed to a great extend to the possibility to extrapolate methods of sciences onto humanities research. Touching upon the reason of vicissitudes and recent crisis in humanities the author points to the «doctrinal way of thinking» caused on the one hand by political situation and on the other hand by the «fine art» of turning humanities postulates into a dogma. To prove the point, the author attracts verbal and visual texts, as well as historical facts. Upon this basis the contemporary structure ofthe humanitarian knowledge is being scrutinized that rests upon the integrationof humanities and neurosciences, the research kernel including brain, mind, languageand subconsciousness. The author constructs the model of heterogeneous spheres, including biosphere, noosphere, technosphere, semiosphere, socisphere, and ethnosphere. Hence, a new paradigm of research approaches that rests upon «the anthropocentric trinity»: thinking (processing) individual+ self and world creating individual + an individual who communicates both with nature and computer. Practical significance. The proposed model of heterogeneous spheres enables to outline intersections variants of sciences and humanities thus defining new conceptual meaning of homo triplex. ; Цели работы – проследить, как изменялись подходы к гуманитарному знанию, и определить возможные пути его развития на современном этапе.Методология и методики. Методология, изложенного в статье исследования, основывается на контент-анализе вербальных и визуальных текстов, а также на индуктивных методиках, позволяющих обобщить гетерогенные подходы.Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрен концепт homo duplex начиная с периода проторенессанса, когда произошло вычленение гуманитаристики из общего знания о человеке и компонент значения «земной, небожественный» закрепился за науками, которые обозначались словом humanitatis. Эти науки были противопоставлены теологическим, трактующим божественное начало человека. С опорой на схематичную трактовку человека, представленную Леонардо да Винчи, сделан вывод: именно этот образ сформировал ядро антропоцентрической картины мира, а впоследствии – ведущий исследовательский метод гуманитарных наук. Анализ развития концепта от homo duplex до homo triplex показывает, что динамика его переосмысления во многом зависела от возможности экстраполяции методов научно-естественного познания мира на гуманитарные знания. В качестве причины кризиса современного гуманитарного знания указывается «доктринальное» мышление, вызванное, с одной стороны, факторами политического характера, а с другой стороны, «высоким искусством» превращать постулаты гуманитаристики в догму. Для доказательства данного положения привлекаются художественные и визуальные тексты, а также исторические факты. Современная структура гуманитарного знания основана, по мнению автора, на интеграции гуманитаристики и нейронаук, где ядром исследования являются такие концепты, как сознание, подсознание и язык. Выстроена модель гетерогенных сфер, включающая биосферу, ноосферу, техносферу, семиосферу, социосферу, этносферу. Сформулирована новая парадигма научного знания, объединяющая в себе следующие черты антропоцентрического подхода: человек осознающий (обрабатывающий информацию); человек, творящий себя и мир; человек, взаимодействующий с природой и машиной.Практическая значимость. Предлагаемая модель гетерогенных сфер позволяет вычленить варианты взаимодействия естественных, точных и гуманитарных наук, что определяет новое концептуальное содержание понятия homo triplex.

Riassunto analitico Il ricorso individuale costituzionale nell'ordinamento giuridico albanese. Lo studio verte sulla protezione dei diritti costituzionali nell'ordinamento giuridico albanese garantiti tramite il ricorso diretto dinanzi alla Corte costituzionale. Più in specifico, esso riguarda il ricorso individuale costituzionale il quale può essere proposto dai singoli solo per la tutela dei loro diritti procedurali. Essendo tale ricorso per sua natura straordinario e sussidiario, il controllo della Corte costituzionale albanese diviene più intenso in riferimento ai diritti processuali. Pertanto, essa sviluppa una giurisprudenza molto articolata concentrandosi sui principi processuali come l'accesso alla giustizia e diritto di appellare le decisioni giudiziarie, il giudice imparziale costituito per legge, il diritto di difesa, la certezza del diritto, legalità della prova, motivazione delle decisioni giudiziarie, ragionevole durata del processo ed esecuzione delle decisioni giudiziarie, ecc. Partendo da tali principi, lo strumento è diventato utile per dare la possibilità alla Corte costituzionale di pronunciarsi nei confronti del principio di Stato di Diritto, inteso come un valore fondamentale per il consolidamento delle nuove democrazie nei paesi ex socialisti. Inoltre, lo studio riflette anche su gli altri mezzi previsti dalla Costituzione albanese per la protezione dei diritti costituzionali come il ricorso diretto delle organizzazioni, il giudizio in via incidentale e il ricorso proposto dall'Avvocato del Popolo. Infine, particolare riguardo ha avuto il rapporto che la Corte costituzionale ha costruito con gli altri organi interni in generale e in specifico con l'Alta Corte, ponendosi con quest'ultima molto spesso in posizioni contrapposte i quali a volte si sono rivelati dei veri e propri conflitti istituzionali. Inoltre, un capitolo a parte è stato dedicato al ruolo che la giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo ha avuto nell'ordinamento giuridico albanese, sia con riguardo alla sostanziale influenza di tale giurisprudenza nelle decisioni della Corte costituzionale, che del rapporto tra le due corti. Lo studio si chiude con delle riflessioni sul ricorso individuale e proposte su come cambiarlo per renderlo un mezzo giuridico più effettivo. Abstract Individual constitutional complaints in the Albanian legal system. The study deals with the protection of constitutional rights in the Albanian legal system guaranteed through direct appeal before the Constitutional Court. More specifically, it relates to the individual constitutional appeal which may be brought by individuals for the protection of their procedural rights, or due process of law. Being such appeal for its nature extraordinary and subsidiary, the control of the Constitutional Court of Albania becomes more intense in reference to due process or fair trial. Therefore, it develops a highly articulated activity focusing on procedural principles such as access to justice and the right to appeal court decisions, the impartial judge established by law, the right to defense, legal certainty, legality of evidence, reasoning of the judicial decisions, reasonable length of trials and enforcement of judgments, etc. Based on these principles, the instrument has become useful to give a chance to the Constitutional Court to enlarge the meaning of the rule of law, it understood as a fundamental value for the consolidation of the new democracies in the former socialist countries. In addition, the study also reflects on other means provided by the Constitution of Albania for the protection of constitutional rights such as the direct appeal of the organizations, the incidental control of constitutionality and the actions brought by the Lawyer of the People or Ombudsman. Finally, special attention is dedicated to the relations that the Constitutional Court has established with other internal organs in general and in particular with the High Court, placing with the latter often in contradictory positions which sometimes turned out to be institutional conflicts. In addition, a separate chapter was devoted to the role that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights had in the Albanian legal system, both regarding the substantial influence of this jurisprudence on the decisions of the Constitutional Court, and the relationship between the two courts. The study concludes with reflections on the individual constitutional appeal and proposals on how to change it to make it a more effective legal remedy.

There are two ways of looking at the relationship between politics and imagination. Imagination is a capacity to create images and objects that directly cannot be perceived. As such imagination often is perceived as a capacity to create make-believes, taking us away from the reality, therefore imagination should have no role in the political world. Contrary to this position, one can overall deny the clear distinction between reality and imagination, due to the fact that political works is made from values, believes, myths, stories – all that separates the world of political from the world of nature. Both positions have their own faults. The first one ignores and fails to explain the various influences on the political – such as myths, beliefs, and religious arguments. This position largely treats policy knowledge as though it were a matter of rational calculation. The second – drives towards the Baudrillard-like view of the world made if simulacra and signs failing at the same time to draw a distinction between make-believes and the products of imagination that have real political effect. The objective of the article is to research the relationship between politics and imagination.This is done applying the functions of imagination to political sphere. Imagination helps to create "something that is not given directly". Imagination therefore allows crossing the line between the imagined and the real. In the context of political world, different human experiences, first and foremost religious experiences are analyzed as allowing crossing the line between the rational domain of policy and its knowledge and the imagined. Religious experiences represent a world that has its own standard of reality affecting the political domain. We can talk about different realities then, made visible to us though different forms of imagination – scientific, art, religious, historical – all giving different answer to the question what is real and those different worlds collide in the political domain. Therefore it is argued that the political cannot have the clear distinction between the real and the imagined.Secondly, the capacity of imagination to introduce the distance between the reality and the imagined is discussed in the context of the political domain. This particular capacity of imagination is crucial for moral act, as seen in Kant, Smith, or Nussbaum. It is argued that the same need to introduce the distance between the moral agent and the decision to be made is applicable to political decisions. Here also the distance between the reality (such as social inequality) and the political metaphors shaping policy (such as social equality and freedoms) is discussed. Political reality is made from various metaphors, such as liberty, sovereignty, the will of people, which are objects of imagination as much as of knowledge or experience which makes the political reality not only as "something present", but something that "we aspire to as a political entity".Lastly, the capacity of imagination to connect different objects is discussed as a capacity connecting people with certain values or desires. It is argued that metaphors, history, and tradition – all are a source and at the same time a form of imagination that creates and separates different communal and political identities. The political entity cannot be separated from the capacity of its people to keep creating and recreating common identify. ; Galima skirti du požiūrius į vaizduotės ir politikos santykį. Pirmas remiasi prielaida, jog vaizduotė politiką pakeičia fantazijomis, iliuzijomis, todėl siekia atskirti politinę tikrovę nuo vaizduotės. Antras požiūris apskritai neigia tikrovės ir įsivaizdavimo skirtį. Šį požiūrį galima paaiškinti tuo, kad kinta pats tikrovės statusas, o riba tarp to, kas realu, ir to, kas įsivaizduota, nyksta. Abu požiūriai turi rimtų trūkumų. Pirmasis nemato daugelio politiką veikiančių dalykų, kaip antai tikėjimas, prietarai, mitologija, pagaliau nepakankamai atsižvelgia į tai, kad politika sudaryta iš daugelio objektyviai neapčiuopiamų, ne empirinių dalykų. Antrasis, palenkdamas politinę tikrovę įsivaizdavimo veiksmui, neleidžia skirti fantazijų nuo realias politines pasekmes turinčių vaizduotės esinių ir galiausiai politiką paverčia spektakliu ar žaidimu. Straipsnio tikslas – konceptualizuoti politikos ir vaizduotės santykį. Skiriamos trys vaizduotės savybės, kurios taikomos politiniam pasauliui siekiant atskleisti vaizduotės prasmę politikos supratimui.

La supuesta crisis del agua a nivel global no solo ha exigido la intensificación y diversificación de los esfuerzos investigativos sobre cómo se relaciona el hombre con la naturaleza, sino que también ha orillado a intervenirla en pro de la restauración de los ecosistemas degradados por la actividad humana en todo el mundo. De forma general, varios autores insisten en caracterizar a la cuenca como un sistema que funciona a partir de las relaciones entre los elementos que la componen, y así proponerle como la unidad ideal para gestionar el agua. Desde esta perspectiva, las relaciones entre sus elementos físicos, biológicos, demográficos y económicos, por ejemplo, son caracterizadas y posteriormente diagnosticadas para su aprovechamiento en el contexto de programas de desarrollo. Sin embargo, reflexiones desde la geografía, la sociología y la antropología ponen en duda su aplicación práctica al no incorporar las dimensiones sociales, culturales y políticas que suceden la cuenca. La caracterización de las localidades enmarcadas hidrográficamente en el parteaguas de la subcuenca El Zamorano, muestra cómo las relaciones entre las características ambientales, hidrográficas, sociales, políticas y culturales se van entretejiendo para determinar el curso del agua que baja a través de las faldas del cerro de El Zamorano hasta el punto de salida de la Subcuenca, la presa de La Soledad; misma que abastece a las poblaciones siguientes sobre la ribera del río Tolimán. Su análisis ha arrojado algunas luces sobre cómo es que en un determinado espacio delimitado como lo es la cuenca, las relaciones sociales, económicas, productivas, poder y desigualdad; van más allá del parteaguas y el comportamiento biofísico de la cuenca. La sistemática paradoja vivida por la comunidad de El Potrero al no poder utilizar el agua que baja de El Zamorano, está por un lado, poniendo en duda la efectividad de las políticas públicas sobre gestión del agua; así como los enfoques desde los cuales se ponen en marcha los proyectos que intentan resolver la problemática. Por el otro, la confrontación de la experiencia de los actores locales que viven, negocian, niegan, gestionan y manejan el agua, con los resultados arrojados por los diagnósticos; permite incorporar al enfoque de cuenca reflexiones que pongan en el centro del debate su pertinencia social. ; The alleged crisis of global water has not only demanded the intensification and diversification of research efforts on how man relates to nature, but has also bordered to intervene it towards the restoration of degraded ecosystems by human activity worldwide. In general, several authors stress to characterize the watershed as a system that works from the relationships between the elements that compose it, and propose it as the ideal unit for water management. From this perspective, the relationships between its physical, biological, demographic and economic elements, for example, are characterized and subsequently diagnosed for their use in the context of development programs. Several reflections from geography, sociology and anthropology sciences question their practice as this vision fails to incorporate social, cultural and political dimensions occurring in the basin. The characterization of localities within the watershed El Zamorano, shows how cultural relations between environmental, hydrological, social, and political elements interact to determine the course of the water falling from the foothills of El Zamorano through the exit point of the sub-basin, La Soledad dam. This dam supplies the downstream towns on the banks of the Toliman River. This analysis help us to throw some light on how a given space, defined as watershed, is surpassed by the social, economic, productive and power elements. Systematic paradox lived by the community of Potrero unable to use water coming down from El Zamorano, questions the effectiveness of public policies on water management, as well as approaches from projects that try to solve the problem. On the other hand, the confrontation of the experience of local actors who live, negotiate, deny, and manage water, allow us to incorporate reflections upon the watershed approach placing at the center of debate social relevance.

Статья посвящена культурно-историческим и художественным доминантам в российской рецепции Украины начала XIX в. Материалом анализа являются литературные путешествия В.В. Измайлова («Путешествие в полуденную Россию», 1800-1802), П.И. Шаликова («Путешествие в Малороссию», 1803) и А.И. Левшина («Письма из Малороссии», 1816). Образ Украины в их травелогах объединил в себе природно-географический, этнографический и исторический компоненты: роскошную природу, идиллический, еще полумладенческий народ с древним, но обветшавшим прошлый и мысль о прогрессе под эгидой Российской империи. Этот образ оказал глубочайшее влияние на восприятие Малороссии имперской публикой и выступил ориентиром для самоидентификации ассимилированных украинцев александровской эпохи. ; The article is devoted to the cultural, historical and artistic dominants in the Russian reception of Ukraine in the early 19th century. The authors analyze travelogues by V.V. Iz-mayov (A Journey To The Midday Russia, 1800-1802), P.I. Shalikov (A Journey to Little Russia, 1803) and A.I. Levshin (Letters From Little Russia, 1816). These travelogues belonged to the tradition of sentimentalism with its cult of nature and feelings. However, the genre guidelines of the writers were significantly different. The final version of Journey To The Midday Russia by V.V. Izmaylov and Letters From Little Russia by A.I. Levshin belonged to the Enlightenment version of the sentimental journey and included several aspects: a description of the current state of Ukraine, its people and customs, an insight into the history, and reflections on the things observed and heard. The two Journeys by P.I. Shalikov were perfect models of the travel of experiences and impressions. The 'ethnographic' component of the travelogues described the image of the 'singing and dancing' people. Imperial travelers substituted ethnography for 'naturalness': they wanted to show Ukrainians as a simpler and more natural variant of Russians. The idea was formed in the background of the landscape that was seen as aesthetically beautiful, loyal to people. Contemplating it, the narrator experienced tenderness and adoration. The sublime image of Ukraine was promoted through the specificity of the narrative with alternating descriptive and lyrical elements, including poetry. Another source of idealization was a set of stable plots and images of the sentimental journey. Particularly precious for travelers were cultural sites and places associated with historical events of Ukrainian ancient or imperial past. Among the most important were the loci described in full details in the ancient chronicles, geographical locations associated with major historical events of the imperial period (primarily Poltava), and the centers where Christian shrines were accumulated (St. Sophia Cathedral, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, Cathedral of the Assumption, and the like). All these determined three themes of the narrative respectively: ancient history the centre of imperial glory objects of religious pilgrimage. The image of the Kievan Rus was very close to the historical and mythological image of heroic stories, ballads and poems of the turn of the 19th century. Kiev and Vladimir Svya-toslavich were in the focus of historical reminiscences, unfolding on the background of wars with the nomads and foundation of cities and temples. In terms of the content, they fit the concept of the inevitable passage of time that eliminates countries and peoples, yet cannot cancel the gradual improvement of human life and progress that for Ukraine meant returning to the bosom of the Russian Empire. In historical terms, it implied reducing the 'dark times' of Lithuanian and Polish rule that made Ukraine turn its back on the civilization and laying emphasis on the good role of Russia after the reunification. It is natural that Little Russian travelogues focus more on the imperial history, paying little attention to the 13th-16th centuries. The Russian influence was predominant in the imperial history of the region, too. Of local politicians the travelogues mentioned only Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Ivan Mazepa. On the peak of the imperial context were the acts of Russian emperors. Even P.I. Shalikov devoted the only historic episode of his journey to Poltava. The Poltava field starts the travelogue by A.I. Levshin and ends the description of Little Russia in the work by V.V. Izmaylov.

Здійснено спробу соціально-філософського аналізу взаємозв'язку корпоративної культури та суспільства ризику. Розглянуто поняття корпоративної культури та суспільства ризику, досліджено особливості впливу ризиків на корпоративну культуру у суспільстві ризику. Розкрито комплекс критеріїв, за якими можна характеризувати рівень корпоративної культури в умовах суспільства ризику. Осуществляется попытка социально-философского анализа взаимосвязи корпоративной культуры и общества риска. Рассматриваются понятия корпоративной культуры и общества риска, исследуются особенности влияния рисков на корпоративную культуру в обществе риска. Раскрывается комплекс критериев, по которым можно охарактеризовать уровень корпоративной культуры в условиях общества риска. ; In this article was made an attempt to socio-philosophical analysis of the relationship corporate culture and risk society. The concepts of corporate culture and risk society have been considered. The peculiarity of risk influence to the corporate culture of risk society has been investigated. The paper presents a set of criteria by which characterizing the level of corporate culture in risk society. Corporate culture is an important part of modern society. Corporate culture reflects the company's values, norms of behavior of employees in the organization and rules of interaction with external target groups customers, partners and others. It has a significant impact on staff motivation, staff turnover in the organization and, ultimately, the efficiency of the employees. The corporate culture of each organization is unique and individual. It reflects the specifics of the company's business, especially the thinking and behavior of employees. Any changes in the content of corporate culture require considerable effort and a long time for employees to adopt new values and adapt to the new conditions. For example, the continuous development of corporate culture brings first results after 2 years, and the complete conversion of a company culture requires a minimum of 3-10 years. Thus, corporate culture is a risk factor in the company. The development of modern corporations shows that they are constantly developing and function in conditions of risk. The phenomena of corporate culture and risk are closely interrelated. If the corporate culture is weak, it may itself be a source of risk for the company or even lead to a crisis, and vice versa, the risk caused by other factors, may reveal the essence of corporate culture and the nature of declarative values. Thus, corporate culture manifests itself effectively in risk society. «Risk society» is a concept introduced by the German sociologist U. Beck. Risk society is a society that produces technological and social risks. With the development of science and technology the risks not only persist but are produced in even greater numbers. The risks threaten not only the life of the individual, but also society. Risks are not an exceptional case of social life, they are consistently reproduced in economic, political and social spheres of life. So society has to decide. Therefore, the risks are produced not only in business but also in all spheres of society. Therefore, these risks directly affect the corporate culture as part of the social structure. Thus the overall level of corporate culture in a society of risk can be evaluated based on the following criteria: first, the extent to encourage risk; second the degree of orientation to the end result or the means of achieving results; third, the degree of orientation on the needs of the individual or perform tasks; fourth, orientation on individual or group performance forms of work; fifth the level of aggressiveness, encourage competition between employees who work inside the organization and outside it; sixth stability, that is reliability and constant change and the desire for further development. After analyzing some aspects of the risk society, it can be argued that in modern society the risk emerges as a sociocultural development of society. Risk society affects the functioning of the corporate culture. Above the human and collective dominates risk, which forms the basis work. Because the corporate culture is changing, it forces the society as a whole to function in such situations where stereotypes, rules of behavior are absent as in a individually and as a social practice. Corporate culture can influence a person only when she became part of the risk.

Since feminism of the 70s, especially the Anglo-Saxon, the analytical category of gender emerged, which allowed revealing theconstructed nature of inequalities between women and men. From the initial approach, this category referred to the need to rethinkand act on analytical perspectives, and permeated by a partial male view that historically had concealed or disguised these inequalities, from the anatomical difference between the sexes."Woman is not born, she is made"; phrase of Simone de Beauvoir is an antecedent of the social and cultural construction that gender category incorporates within its main tenets. Become women is much more complicated that transformed into a man, because, historically, the human and the male have been interchangeable concepts in the same way that they have been the concepts of women and inferiority This article aims to show the richness of gender as an analytical category and its contribution to the understanding of other categories such as power, culture and ideology. In the analysis of the category power, some discussion arising decolonial studies to show that the construction of a feminist project ­—ético boat politicall—, require large doses of agreement and unity are taken up, but in particular a critical consciousness. ; Desde el feminismo de la década de los setenta, y en particular del anglosajón, surgió la categoría analítica del género, lo que develó el carácter construido de las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres. Desde sus planteamientos iniciales, esta categoría ha referido a la necesidad de repensar y actuar sobre las perspectivas de análisis, permeadas por una visión parcial y masculina que históricamente, a partir de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, han ocultado o disfrazado estas desigualdades. La frase de Simone de Beauvoir "La mujer no nace, se hace" es un antecedente de la construcción social y cultural que la categoría de género retoma dentro de sus principales postulados. Volverse mujer es mucho más complicado que transformarse en hombre, pues históricamente lo humano y lo masculino han sido conceptos intercambiables de la misma manera como lo han sido los conceptos de mujer e inferioridad. Este artículo pretende mostrar la riqueza del género como categoría analítica y su contribución a la comprensión de otras categorías como poder, cultura e ideología. En el análisis de la categoría de poder, se retoman algunos debates surgidos de los estudios decoloniales con el fin de evidenciar que la construcción de un proyecto feminista ―ético político― requiere grandes dosis de acuerdo y unidad, pero en particular de una conciencia crítica. ; Desde o feminismo dos anos setenta, sobretudo do anglo-saxão, a categoria analítica de gênero surgiu, o que revelou a natureza construída das desigualdades entre mulheres e homens. A partir de suas propostas iniciais, esta categoria se referiu à necessidade de repensar e agir sobre as perspectivas de análise, permeadas por uma visão parcial e masculina que historicamente, a partir da diferença anatômica entre os sexos, tem escondido ou disfarçado essas desigualdades.A frase de Simone de Beauvoir "A mulher não nasce, torna-se" é um antecedente da construção social e cultural que a categoria de gênero retoma dentro de suas principais doutrinas. Tornar-se mulher é muito mais complicado do que se tornar homem, pois historicamente o humano e o masculino têm sido conceitos intercambiáveis da mesma forma como têm sido os conceitos de mulher e de inferioridade.Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar a riqueza do gênero como categoria analítica e sua contribuição para a compreensão de outras categorias, como poder, cultura e ideologia. Na análise da categoria de poder, volvem-se a tomar alguns dos debates surgidos dos estudos decoloniais para com o objetivo de evidenciar que a construção de um projeto feminista -ético político- exige grandes doses de acordo e unidade, mas particularmente duma consciência crítica.

Since feminism of the 70s, especially the Anglo-Saxon, the analytical category of gender emerged, which allowed revealing theconstructed nature of inequalities between women and men. From the initial approach, this category referred to the need to rethinkand act on analytical perspectives, and permeated by a partial male view that historically had concealed or disguised these inequalities, from the anatomical difference between the sexes."Woman is not born, she is made"; phrase of Simone de Beauvoir is an antecedent of the social and cultural construction that gender category incorporates within its main tenets. Become women is much more complicated that transformed into a man, because, historically, the human and the male have been interchangeable concepts in the same way that they have been the concepts of women and inferiority This article aims to show the richness of gender as an analytical category and its contribution to the understanding of other categories such as power, culture and ideology. In the analysis of the category power, some discussion arising decolonial studies to show that the construction of a feminist project ­—ético boat politicall—, require large doses of agreement and unity are taken up, but in particular a critical consciousness. ; Desde el feminismo de la década de los setenta, y en particular del anglosajón, surgió la categoría analítica del género, lo que develó el carácter construido de las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres. Desde sus planteamientos iniciales, esta categoría ha referido a la necesidad de repensar y actuar sobre las perspectivas de análisis, permeadas por una visión parcial y masculina que históricamente, a partir de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, han ocultado o disfrazado estas desigualdades. La frase de Simone de Beauvoir "La mujer no nace, se hace" es un antecedente de la construcción social y cultural que la categoría de género retoma dentro de sus principales postulados. Volverse mujer es mucho más complicado que transformarse en hombre, pues históricamente lo humano y lo masculino han sido conceptos intercambiables de la misma manera como lo han sido los conceptos de mujer e inferioridad. Este artículo pretende mostrar la riqueza del género como categoría analítica y su contribución a la comprensión de otras categorías como poder, cultura e ideología. En el análisis de la categoría de poder, se retoman algunos debates surgidos de los estudios decoloniales con el fin de evidenciar que la construcción de un proyecto feminista ―ético político― requiere grandes dosis de acuerdo y unidad, pero en particular de una conciencia crítica. ; Desde o feminismo dos anos setenta, sobretudo do anglo-saxão, a categoria analítica de gênero surgiu, o que revelou a natureza construída das desigualdades entre mulheres e homens. A partir de suas propostas iniciais, esta categoria se referiu à necessidade de repensar e agir sobre as perspectivas de análise, permeadas por uma visão parcial e masculina que historicamente, a partir da diferença anatômica entre os sexos, tem escondido ou disfarçado essas desigualdades.A frase de Simone de Beauvoir "A mulher não nasce, torna-se" é um antecedente da construção social e cultural que a categoria de gênero retoma dentro de suas principais doutrinas. Tornar-se mulher é muito mais complicado do que se tornar homem, pois historicamente o humano e o masculino têm sido conceitos intercambiáveis da mesma forma como têm sido os conceitos de mulher e de inferioridade.Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar a riqueza do gênero como categoria analítica e sua contribuição para a compreensão de outras categorias, como poder, cultura e ideologia. Na análise da categoria de poder, volvem-se a tomar alguns dos debates surgidos dos estudos decoloniais para com o objetivo de evidenciar que a construção de um projeto feminista -ético político- exige grandes doses de acordo e unidade, mas particularmente duma consciência crítica.

Solo exhibition at Zak|Branicka, Berlin Investigating the politics and poetics of spatial arrangement, order and organization, interpersonal and social relations, Vlatka Horvat's practice explores the characteristics of interaction between the body, the built environment and the objects that inhabit it. In her collages, photographs and installations, Horvat often places the body in awkward, puzzling and uncanny positions, situating it on the horizon of objecthood – a move which questions the stability of categories and structures through which social and political meaning is made. Whilst the body in Horvat's work is repeatedly depicted as disjointed and discombobulated, situated between functional and dysfunctional, between subject and object, the space in which it performs its often absurdist and Dadaist operations, is itself 'out of joint'. Horvat approaches built space and time as series of elements, which can be re-arranged and reconstituted, as though the true nature of both might only become intelligible through the process of unraveling them. In these procedures, – which include cutting and severing objects, merging them with other dismantled objects, or intervening in built spaces by emulating elements of architecture using cheap disposable materials such as sponge, cardboard and rubber bands –, the space, the objects and bodies it contains, all converge into a puzzling and uncanny field of new special and temporal becomings. At the centre of the gallery's main space, Horvat presents a selection of new wall-based collage works The Past is Another Country in which the artist reaches for what lies beneath the surface of her family photographs from the 1960s and 1970s, made in Socialist Yugoslavia, at the time when the idea of solidarity, belief in the future and progress were still at their pinnacle. Horvat's mode of 'entering' these images–all featuring her mother as young adult–through a set of sophisticated, formal gestures, suggests an almost infantile attempt of evicting the intergenerational transfer of the sense of loss and disillusionment. Using a series of cutting and folding gestures, the artist sometimes removes all context and surroundings around the figure, leaving it suspended in the midst of empty frames. At other times Horvat folds the figure outside the edges of the photograph, or outside the edges of the paper itself. The relation between the sides and the middle similarly comes to the fore in the sculptural work Peripheral Awareness, in which a range of round or tubular objects are placed at the very edges of a table, precariously stopped at the table's brink, apparently caught at a precipice. The safety of the middle and the stability of the centre are abandoned here for a more precarious space of the edge, and the possibility of the objects "going over the edge" (in both literal and metaphorical sense) hangs in the air. As is the case with Horvat's collages, in Peripheral Awareness, the safe center also becomes a site of abandonment–evacuated and deserted –while the edges become sites of activity, enlivened with the presence of objects/figures occupying it, but which are displaced and stopped in a precarious balance between stability and the potential fall. The walls around the sculptural works hold Spread Pages, Horvat's delicate reworkings of the surface of A4 paper. Here the artist again applies a formally consistent process of cutting and folding their surfaces, expanding them outwards from their one-time boundaries to create a constellation of Moebius-like geometrical conundrums. In this process, basic blank pages are dismantled as solid flat-plane surfaces to become problematic three-dimensional artifacts whose borders, edges, and interior dimensions are constantly an issue. While much of Horvat's work to date has subjected a human figure to gestures such as cutting and severing, recombining and reconfiguring, here the focus shifts to the reconfiguration of an object, to negotiation and distribution of space itself, to the possibilities of occupying it, and of re-drawings its borders. In the spatial redefinition and literal unpacking of this everyday object–the page–and in the repeated flux/reversal of outside and inside, Spread Pages evokes the social and political movements of territorial expansion and conquest, and the psychological processes of interior revelation and exploration.

Проанализированы подходы к определению понятия «дискреционные полномочия» органов, осуществляющих публичную финансовую деятельность. Констатировано, что дискреционные полномочия властных субъектов публичной финансовой деятельности составляют собой такие полномочия, которые предусматривают выбор этим субъектом конкретного варианта (в законодательно установленных пределах) принятия властного решения в сферах мобилизации, распределения и использования средств публичных фондов. Установлена необходимость обязательного ограничения (установления границ) таких полномочий законом. Подчеркнуто, что предоставление властным субъектам дискреционных полномочий позволит эффективнее осуществлять финансовую деятельность, поскольку предусматривает возможность принятия оптимального для конкретного случая решение. ; Nowadays Ukraine overseas the critical problem of authorizing the discretionary power, using the own discretion in taking decisions by authorities, which are related to the public financial activity. Mostly it can be explained by the high level of corruption in our country. Relevance of the research topic: Recent time, the problem of discretionary powers of subjects in the field of finances is observed by many scientists: V.B. Averyanov, M.K. Zolotaryova, M.P. Kucheriavenko, D.V. Luchenko, E.M. Smichok and others. At the same time, no comprehensive researches in this filed was done. The aim of the present paper is the determination and analysis of discretionary powers of some authorities, which provide the public financial activity in Ukraine. Recent research and publications analysis: Taking into consideration the various existing approaches among scientists and practical lawyers for solving the discussed problem, it is possible to indicate several questions of first importance: which of the powers can be regarded as discretionary; is it needed and reasonable to provide the discretionary powers to the bodies, which provide the public financial activity; in which way to ensure the balance between public and private interests of the members of financial legal relations under the estimation of the legal status for the proper authority, which operates with mobilization, distribution and exploitation of public funds, and other questions. The importance of these questions solving arises under the requirement to fulfill the principle of supremacy of law and the principle of legitimacy in the field of financial activity. Paper objective: The investigation of the problem of discretionary powers of authorities providing activity n the field of finances. Paper main body: The discretionary powers of public financial activity authorities are the powers that provide several possibilities for the final decision-making by this authority (that exist in the legal establishedlimits) of the power resolution in the field of mobilization, the distribution and exploitation of the public funds' assets. At the same time, the discretionary powers is not the activity on personal judgement and somebodies own opinion. It makes no sense to equal the personal judgement of the body and its discretionary powers, and it is not reasonable. The discretionary powers should be limited by the legislation. The discretionary powers of public financial activity authorities have to be restricted by the legislation. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights stands the same position and points out the requirement for it. Taking into account the imperative type of financial legal regulations and the requirement to fulfill the principle of supremacy of law in the field of public financial activity, we consider that it is needed to establish the strict limits for the implementation of the discussed powersby the corresponding bodies in the financial legal acts. Conclusions of the research: We are convinced, that authorities that are responsible for the mobilization, distribution and exploitation of the public funds' assets should have discretionary powers. We agree that their existence is "the best display of the legal state". The empowerment of legal authorities by discretionary powers will unsure the more effective financial activity due to the fact, that it provides the possibility of taking the optimal decision for the specific case. Its establishment certainly foresees the determination on the legislation level of the limits, in which the legal authorities should act. The discussed above shows the requirement for further scientific researches to solve the problems connected to the legal nature of the discretionary powers of the authorities, which provide the public financial activity in Ukraine.

Приведён сравнительный анализ идей сопровождения саморазвития личности, актуальных сегодня в контексте модернизации образования, и идей отечественных ученых-космистов в области космического образования. Показано содержательное и идейное единство феноменов дополнительного космического образования и сопровождения саморазвития личности в образовательном процессе. Теоретический поиск опирается на экзистенциальный подход к пониманию природы человека, определяющий направление самовоспитания и саморазвития личности. Идеи ученых-космистов являются особенно востребованными в контексте организации воспитания, развития и обучения в эпоху перемен, для которой характерны размывание рамок между миром взрослых и детей, духовный спад и скупость мировоззренческих установок личности. Материалы статьи могут представлять интерес для педагогов дополнительного образования, социальных педагогов, учителей и воспитателей, а также будут полезны специалистам системы образования, занимающимся вопросами саморазвития детей. ; A characteristic feature of the present stage of renovation of education is the orientation on the maximum individualization of child development support. The implementation of this approach is carried out through the trajectories of children's development, creating individual educational routes and educational programs. The concept of modernization of Russian education adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation defines the priorities solution of which requires construction of an adequate support system. In recent years, the problem of pedagogical support, support for children is quite popular and is embodied in educational practice. Of particular relevance the implementation of students' support is in terms of self-development ideas (V.G. Maralov, B.M. Masterov, A.B. Orlov, V.A. Petrovsky, G.A. Tsukerman). After examining the current state of children's self-development support, the author comes to a conclusion that, along with its urgent and predetermined character due to the personality-oriented trend of education modernization, it is educational institutions of children's supplementary education that are more willing to support the implementation of students' self-development in various activities today. The demand for a supplementary education system today is reflected in the basic documents of the educational policy of the country: the National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation, the Federal Program for the Development of Education, the Federal State Educational Standard, the Concept of Russian Education Modernization, the Concept of Children's Supplementary Education in the Russian Federation. The documents emphasize that one of the priorities of modern education is to support students' self-development, creating conditions for the spiritual and moral development of students, formation of life-sense orientations and values, which actualizes an existential approach to the consideration of the nature of the educational space. These ideas of education modernization are consistent with the views of Russian scientists-cosmists (K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, A.V. Hutorskoy et al.). Mechanisms to ensure personal and axiological productivity of self-development support have an existential basis, which suggests an essential connection between the ideas of scientists-cosmists and contemporary challenges of self-development support. The views of representatives of Russian cosmism in cosmic education (K.N. Wentzel, A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin, N.A. Umov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.I. Vernadsky, A.L.Chizhevsky, N.F. Fedorov, A.K. Gor-ski, N.A. Setnitsky, N.G. Kholodny, V.F. Kuprevich, A.K. Maneev, E.L. Prasolova et al.) are close to modern ideas of self-development support: 1) consideration of the person as a value in itself, as an existential essence; 2) priority of self-processes in the development of personality (self-knowledge, self-development, self-actualization, self-improvement, self-prognosis); 3) recognition of the leading role of spiritual and moral values and life orientations in person's self-development; 4) relatively positive view of the person causing the need to create favorable conditions for the development and actualization of human potential. Supplementary cosmic education as education combining two distinct trends in the development of modern education (the variability of supplementary education and ideological basis of a student-centered educational process) provides a maximum of conditions and opportunities for nurturing a child's ideological foundations, cosmic thinking development, which in the future will determine the formation of a highly spiritual person. The basic ideas of space (including supplementary space) education and person's self-development support, in fact, are the same and consist in creating the conditions for knowledge of oneself and the world, development of the self.

Since feminism of the 70s, especially the Anglo-Saxon, the analytical category of gender emerged, which allowed revealing theconstructed nature of inequalities between women and men. From the initial approach, this category referred to the need to rethinkand act on analytical perspectives, and permeated by a partial male view that historically had concealed or disguised these inequalities, from the anatomical difference between the sexes."Woman is not born, she is made"; phrase of Simone de Beauvoir is an antecedent of the social and cultural construction that gender category incorporates within its main tenets. Become women is much more complicated that transformed into a man, because, historically, the human and the male have been interchangeable concepts in the same way that they have been the concepts of women and inferiority This article aims to show the richness of gender as an analytical category and its contribution to the understanding of other categories such as power, culture and ideology. In the analysis of the category power, some discussion arising decolonial studies to show that the construction of a feminist project ­—ético boat politicall—, require large doses of agreement and unity are taken up, but in particular a critical consciousness. ; Desde el feminismo de la década de los setenta, y en particular del anglosajón, surgió la categoría analítica del género, lo que develó el carácter construido de las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres. Desde sus planteamientos iniciales, esta categoría ha referido a la necesidad de repensar y actuar sobre las perspectivas de análisis, permeadas por una visión parcial y masculina que históricamente, a partir de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, han ocultado o disfrazado estas desigualdades. La frase de Simone de Beauvoir "La mujer no nace, se hace" es un antecedente de la construcción social y cultural que la categoría de género retoma dentro de sus principales postulados. Volverse mujer es mucho más complicado que transformarse en hombre, pues históricamente lo humano y lo masculino han sido conceptos intercambiables de la misma manera como lo han sido los conceptos de mujer e inferioridad. Este artículo pretende mostrar la riqueza del género como categoría analítica y su contribución a la comprensión de otras categorías como poder, cultura e ideología. En el análisis de la categoría de poder, se retoman algunos debates surgidos de los estudios decoloniales con el fin de evidenciar que la construcción de un proyecto feminista ―ético político― requiere grandes dosis de acuerdo y unidad, pero en particular de una conciencia crítica. ; Desde o feminismo dos anos setenta, sobretudo do anglo-saxão, a categoria analítica de gênero surgiu, o que revelou a natureza construída das desigualdades entre mulheres e homens. A partir de suas propostas iniciais, esta categoria se referiu à necessidade de repensar e agir sobre as perspectivas de análise, permeadas por uma visão parcial e masculina que historicamente, a partir da diferença anatômica entre os sexos, tem escondido ou disfarçado essas desigualdades.A frase de Simone de Beauvoir "A mulher não nasce, torna-se" é um antecedente da construção social e cultural que a categoria de gênero retoma dentro de suas principais doutrinas. Tornar-se mulher é muito mais complicado do que se tornar homem, pois historicamente o humano e o masculino têm sido conceitos intercambiáveis da mesma forma como têm sido os conceitos de mulher e de inferioridade.Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar a riqueza do gênero como categoria analítica e sua contribuição para a compreensão de outras categorias, como poder, cultura e ideologia. Na análise da categoria de poder, volvem-se a tomar alguns dos debates surgidos dos estudos decoloniais para com o objetivo de evidenciar que a construção de um projeto feminista -ético político- exige grandes doses de acordo e unidade, mas particularmente duma consciência crítica.

The aim of this study was to investigate expert meetings and groups as a distinctive approach to promoting the participation of children and young people within the context of the children's ombudsman in Norway. To achieve this broad objective, specific questions revolving around the rationale, character, significance and bottlenecks of expert meetings and groups were formulated. Premised on the findings of this investigation, the study would then draw implications for policy and practice within the field. A qualitative approach, in particular case study design was selected to facilitate collection of data and analysis of the resulting findings. This included collecting data about the case using in-depth / qualitative interviews and analyzing relevant documents. Coding and analysis of primary data drew inspiration from a constructivist grounded theory approach, while in analyzing secondary data, this approach was complemented with qualitative content analysis. The entire coding and analysis procedure was facilitated by NVivo's powerful analytical tools. In general, the choice of a qualitative approaches for this study was informed by their ability to deliver a thick understanding of the research phenomena, and describe the findings giving due consideration to the relevance of the context The findings of this investigation have revealed that expert meetings and groups have a clear premise; essentially as a fulfillment of children's fundamental and democratic right to actively participate in society as competent citizens, in accordance with evolving capacities. At the same time, these initiatives are intended to provide a powerful empowerment force through which to underscore the plight of children, so that predominantly adult run systems can take conscious child sensitive precautions, both those required to alleviate present indignity, and prevent future reoccurrences. The study observes that the character of expert meetings and groups celebrates a firm grounding in the basic principles required for achieving an effective and ethical participatory ethos. The findings further point to an array of individual, organizational and wider system benefits accruing from these initiatives. Outstanding benefits include; providing a platform for the realization of children's rights, propelling active empowerment for participants, and learning outcomes for adults; while consciously challenging the system to effect quality and more child friendly services. Amidst such gains, the ombudsman acknowledges that the promise of participation lies in the power to inculcate within society an all-round value system; that both celebrates children's competency, and demonstrates genuine commitment to engage with them respectfully as equals. Such a model of participation should not be restrictively interpreted in view of tokenistic information giving and collaborative engagement; when the fundamental premises for according children and young people an equal opportunity to influence the agenda for consultation or other forms of participation largely remain an adult monopoly. Even more pertinent is that participation should not be constructed as a magic wand wielded by adults to exterminate problems in particular situations where the wellbeing of children is threatened. To the contrary, participation must be visibly seen, felt and robustly encouraged in natural settings within which both adults and children are in constant interaction. It must be a norm which all children everywhere can experience for a right, anytime, anywhere. Nevertheless, practical realization of a participatory ethos of this nature in many contexts presents real, conflicting and daunting dilemmas with which both children and adults must collaboratively grapple. In conclusion, this study draws on the pool of benefits reported, to argue the case for establishing independent national human rights institutions for children; and for concerted efforts among duty bearers to develop pragmatic solutions for realizing their participation rights within the diversity of natural settings. This study raises the question on possible mechanisms and responsibility centres to follow-up on the uptake and redress of recommendations by the ombudsman, ensuing from expert meetings and groups. A complementary question is how to achieve a participatory culture described above. Satisfying these dilemmas lay outside the scope of this study, but will nevertheless be important for maintaining the institution's relevance as a credible voice and watchdog for children's rights. More importantly, it is a question to which children everywhere merit valid, honest, quick, respectful and uncensored accountability from across civilizations world over.

Resumo A partir de uma resignificação da expressão "novas democracias", cunhada por Weffort, é proposta uma leitura das transições e das democracias resultantes na América Latina desde os anos '80. Democracias com modernização, mas sem modernidade e sem o socialismo, são o produto de transições bem sucedidas desde os novos autoritários fundacionais ou refundacionais dos anos '60 e '70. A sinergia entre a socialização operada pelo Leviathan autoritário e a que tem lugar imediatamente pela totalização do mercado no contexto das democracias pós-autoritárias, mostram a presença de "ditaduras de segurança nacional" nas "democracias de segurança mercantil" expressando uma continuidade profunda de sentido, invisível por trás de uma aparente ruptura. Confrontado com as "novas democracias", o artigo considera "outras democracias" aquelas que vem de novos constituintes e constituições fundacionais ou refundacionais que impõem uma nova agenda política -teórica e prática - no novo século. Essas "outras democracias" resultantes de emergências da trans-modernidade que interpelam criticamente a modernização, modernidade e pós-modernidade como a sua lógica cultural resultante. Desprendem a democracia das relações mercantis totalizadas e procuram articular a respeito da vida humana e da natureza em suas diversas expressões como o seu critério. A tensão modernidade / transmodernidade atravessa a teoria e a prática da democracia na América Latina. Palavras-chaveNovas democracias, Outras democracias, Modernidade, Trans-modernidade---New democracies and other democracies in Latin-America AbstractFrom a transformation of the expression "new democracies" coined by Weffort, is proposed a lecture of transitions and resultant democracies in Latin-America from the '80. Democracies with modernization but without modernity and socialism, are the product of triumphant transitions from new authoritarianisms foundational or re-foundational from ´60 and '70. Synergy between socialization operated by authoritarian Leviathan and that which has place immediately by a totalizer market in the frame of post-authoritarian democracies, shows the presence of "national security dictatorships" in "mercantile security democracies" expressing a deep continuity invisibly sense behind an apparent rupture. Forehead "new democracies", article consider as "other democracies" those who comes from new constituents and constitutions foundational and re-foundational which imposed a new political and theoretical agenda in the new century. These "other democracies" comes from emergencies of trans-modernity that critically appeal to modernization, modernity and post-modernity as its resulting cultural logic. Weigh the anchor democracy from totalized mercantile relations and treat of to articulate it upon human and nature life in its diverse expressions like its discernment. Modernity / Trans-modernity tension run through theory and practice of democracy y Latin-America. Key wordsNew democracies - Other democracies –Modernity - Trans-modernity---Resumen A partir de una resignificación de la expresión "nuevas democracias" acuñada por Weffort, se propone una lectura de las transiciones y de las democracias resultantes en América Latina desde los '80. Democracias con modernización pero sin modernidad y sin socialismo, son el producto de transiciones triunfantes desde los nuevos autoritarismos fundacionales o refundacionales de los '60 y '70. La sinergia entre la socialización operada por el Leviatán autoritario y la que tiene lugar inmediatamente por la totalización del mercado en el marco de las democracias post-autoritarias, muestran la presencia de las "dictaduras de seguridad nacional" en las "democracias de seguridad mercantil" expresando una continuidad profunda de sentido invisible detrás de una ruptura aparente. Frente a las "nuevas democracias", el artículo considera como "otras democracias" a las que provienen de nuevas constituyentes y constituciones fundacionales o refundacionales que imponen una nueva agenda política –teórica y práctica- en el nuevo siglo. Estas "otras democracias" resultan de emergencias de la trans-modernidad que interpelan críticamente a la modernización, a la modernidad y a la post-modernidad como su lógica cultural resultante. Desanclan a la democracia de las relaciones mercantiles totalizadas y procuran articularla sobre la vida humana y de la naturaleza en su diversidad de expresiones como su criterio. La tensión modernidad / transmodernidad atraviesa la teoría y la práctica de la democracia en América Latina. Palabras claveNuevas democracias - Otras democracias - Modernidad - Trans-modernidad

The article is devoted to the definition of the main obstacles in the political, economic and legal areas between Ukraine and the EU towards the integration process of the country. In addition, the article contained specific internal and external factors that stimulate or vice versa – hinder the process of integration.Choosing a national strategic priority of rapprochement with the European Union, Ukraine is not fully appreciates the modern real possibility of achieving the end result of this process of joining the Association. The adoption of Ukraine in the EU should be seen not as an end in itself, it should be equal and mutually beneficial cooperation between the States within the integration associations.The importance of the European integration vector of foreign policy for the first time reflected on the legislative level in the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 1993 «About main directions of the foreign policy of Ukraine». The defining feature of the document is that the priority areas for cooperation were identified almost all countries in the world that gives the possibility of one or another political power to change the direction of foreign policy at their own discretion and political preferences. Uncertainty is an important issue for Ukraine, which may be outside of the European integration processes and become a buffer zone or serve as a link between East and West.Now, the big question remains change the political discourse in the country on the European identity of Ukraine through the overcoming of a psychological barrier post-Soviet complexes and illusions, in the direction of a new system of European and world coordinates and integration prospects. It is important to understand Ukraine itself as an integral part of modern Europe and the component of the European integration processes. Today, the European integration is not only external, how much internal problem. It is a question of compliance with specific criteria. The economic component dominates in the rationale of the integration process.A considerable obstacle to European integration are frequent crises in the economy. For the main economic sectors (metallurgy, light industry, agriculture) in the market of the European Union practically no vacant niches: access to the European markets on decent conditions require deep restructuring of the economy of Ukraine, increase of competitiveness of domestic products on the majority of commodity positions, establishing mutually beneficial relations with manufacturers in Western Europe.Тhus, European integration is a multidimensional process, which needs reforming all spheres of human life. Today there is a number of factors standing in the way of European integration of Ukraine. Scientists from different disciplines have different views priority address these concerns, however their presence remains unchanged. Among the topical issues of European integration should be identified: the question of politically-economic instability in Ukraine, and underdeveloped economy, issues of the transit of gas through the territory of Ukraine; the problem of approximation of Ukraine to EU standards. In particular, the author came to the conclusion that the aforementioned problems have both internal and external aspects. Among those that have an internal character, should, first of all, to note the problem of the conflict among power structures mismatch of the legislation to the EU standards, the problem of overcoming of Soviet stereotypes in the society, lack of staffing of the European integration course, its weak financial and technical support, over-the declarative nature of action on the European Union, frequent crises in the economy, poorly developed market economy and the like. ; Статья посвящена определению основных препятствий в политической, экономической и правовой сферах в отношениях между Украиной и ЕС на пути интеграционных процессов страны. Кроме того, в статье перечислены конкретные внутренние и внешние факторы, которые стимулируют или наоборот – сдерживают процесс интеграции страны. ; Статтю присвячено визначенню основних перешкод у політичній, економічній та правовій сферах у відносинах між Україною та ЄС на шляху інтеграційних процесів країни. Крім того, у статті зазначаються конкретні внутрішні та зовнішні чинники, які стимулюють або навпаки – стримують процес інтеграції країни.