Suchergebnisse

Agarwood resin, produced by certain evergreen tree species native to Southeast Asia, is used for making incenses, medicines and fragrances. A precious commodity for centuries, it has a current market value of USD 32 billion, projected to reach USD 64 billion by 2029 (Ash and Nguyen 2020). However, high trading frequency has led to agarwood species being threatened with extinction in the wild. In response, the Government of Indonesia is promoting agarwood plantations to decrease overexploitation on wild agarwood trees. Under Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the government has targeted the restoration of 14 million hectares (ha) of degraded land including 2 million ha of peatlands by 2030. In addition to restoring biophysical characteristics to recover ecosystem services, the government's plan provides an opportunity to strengthen climate-resilient livelihoods for local farmers in Kalimantan. Here we review and assess the development of these plantations and the viability of agarwood as a commodity for climate-resilient livelihood options for peatland ecosystem-reliant communities. We found farmers using climate smart agroforestry approaches in planting agarwood, combining it with rubber and other tree species. Plantation-grown agarwood trees require artificial inducement to produce the valuable resinous substance known as 'agarwood resin' or simply 'agarwood'. Local communities are facing major problems with artificial inoculation methods and application. Meanwhile, market potential and trade commerce administration need further development. Agroforestry systems that promote biodiversity by combining agarwood tree species with other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) could enhance local community livelihoods and increase the quality of the agarwood resin they produce.

In Vietnam, rapid deforestation until the 1980s was followed by a period of widespread reforestation. Acclaimed as the first 'forest transition' in Southeast Asia, this turn-around resulted from major environmental/socio-economic policy changes (notably land titling), successes in agriculture and planta- tion forestry, and state-led efforts in upland forest protection/restoration. We investigated forest trends after new shifts in forest governance towards more commodity/production orientation, underlining that recent advances are not irreversible. Using official provincial data and applying multivariate statistics, we elicited major factors influencing cover changes of two types of 'physical forests' ('natural forests' and exotic-species 'planted forests'), in relation with changes in 'political forestlands' of contrasting types (lands designated either for forest 'protection' or for wood 'production'), comparing periods before (2005–2010) and after (2011–2016) the introduction of Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services (PFES) policies. We find that a 'forest transition' only continues if the tree plantation boom (now reaching remote/marginal/poor upland provinces) is factored into 'forest change'. Country-wide natural forest cover decreased slightly since 2006, with however regionally differentiated trends (northern increases versus southern losses, renewed deforestation near population centres). Widespread re-allocation of pro- tection forestlands to production allowed expansion of plantations. Natural forests decreased in pro- vinces where protection forestlands were reduced, and/or where – during 2011–2016 – plantation forests and crop fields expanded. PFES policies exerted minor influences (none to negative) on natural forest cover. PFES funding concentrated on provinces where protection forestlands contracted, and where forestland allocation to households was comparatively undeveloped. Conversely, 'good governance' indi- cators were positively correlated with sustained protection of natural forestlands. We ...

Abstract : This case study was conducted to identify ethical aspect of chocalate industry which related to the used of child labour in farming and harvesting process in West Africa region. The case study identified the issue through secondary data collected from online resources. It is a descriptive article to describe the condition of unethical issues by employing children in the cocoa plantation and factory. It is a giant industry which involved giant companies and big market as well as huge number of the customers. However the benefit was not always distributed to all of the participants or contributors of the industry. Especially for those who work at the cocoa plantation in west Africa region. There are two parties which raised the ethical issues of employing child labour in the chocalate industry, the supporting and contrary parties. It is a dilemma. Both sides have strong argument to deal with the issue and the method to solve it. However it could be concluded the child labor are increased because of four main problems, poverty,education, culture and political issue. In many case these issues are combined to contributed in the used of child labour. In conclusion it needs comprehensive programs involved all the stakeholders of the chocolate industry to take the responsibility to improve the quality of life of the child and families in the west africa especially those who are living around the cocoa plantation. They are just the children who should have the life as the children, similar right as other children around the world have. Keywords: business ethics, child labour, chocolate industry

In determining the direction of development and the use of space in an area, a spatial plan is needed which becomes a joint reference for the Regional Government and the community. The urgency of the existence of a spatial plan is increasing because as a district that has recently been established, Katingan District is actively implementing development. Without careful planning, development will occur sporadically, irregularly and may even cause problems in the future.Katingan Tengah District is a sub-district located in the Central part of the district with the capital of Tumbang Samba District. Land use in Central Katingan Subdistrict is dominated by open land and forests, where some of them are Plantation, agriculture and also a region with hilly contours. This makes the Katingan Tengah sub-district has great potential for the development of plantation products and agricultural products. Other potentials are providing enormous opportunities for the development of the region itself. This potential is the availability of vast vacant land supported by a fairly strategic location in the Katingan Regency spatial plan and Central Kalimantan Province.The need for the construction of a region that can accommodate the needs of regional development on the one hand and maintain the existence of forest areas on the other hand is the background for the compilation of a Spatial Plan for Rural Areas in Central Katingan District. The use of regional development concepts that are environmentally sound such as revitalizing existing riverbank housing areas or developing integrated service centers that can increase the yields of plantations and agriculture in Rural Areas in Central Katingan District.

Mound-building termites are important agents of soil bioperturbation, but these species have not been extensively studied thus far. The present study aimed to evaluate the soil particle-size and the chemical attributes of termite mounds and the surrounding soil under different land use strategies. A one-hectare plot was defined for an unmanaged degraded pasture, planted pasture, and for a eucalyptus Corymbia citriodora plantation. In each plot, the top, center, and base sections of five Cornitermes cumulans mounds, and the surrounding soil at the depths of 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 cm, were sampled in the Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro state. In the three areas, the center of the mounds contained higher clay content, organic carbon, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium, total bases, and cation exchangeable capacity, when compared to the top, base, and the surrounding soils. However, the center had lower values of exchangeable acidity and potassium, of the three areas. In the eucalyptus plantation, the values of pH, total bases, calcium, and magnesium were lower, whereas aluminum, exchangeable acidity, sodium, and cation exchange capacity were higher both in the mounds and in the surrounding soil, in relation to the pastures. There were no differences among the three areas in terms of organic carbon, potassium, phosphorous, and total bases, in the mounds and adjacent soil. Thus, the termite activity altered the clay content and most of the soil chemical properties in all of the studied areas, but only for the center of the mounds. However, the effect of these organisms was different in the eucalyptus plantation in relation to the pasture areas.

Accurate crown characterization of large isolated olive trees is vital for adjusting spray doses in three-dimensional crop agriculture. Among the many methodologies available, laser sensors have proved to be the most reliable and accurate. However, their operation is time consuming and requires specialist knowledge and so a simpler crown characterization method is required. To this end, three methods were evaluated and compared with LiDAR measurements to determine their accuracy: Vertical Crown Projected Area method (VCPA), Ellipsoid Volume method (V E ) and Tree Silhouette Volume method (V TS ). Trials were performed in three different kinds of olive tree plantations: intensive, adapted one-trunked traditional and traditional. In total, 55 trees were characterized. Results show that all three methods are appropriate to estimate the crown volume, reaching high coefficients of determination: R 2 = 0.783, 0.843 and 0.824 for VCPA, V E and V TS , respectively. However, discrepancies arise when evaluating tree plantations separately, especially for traditional trees. Here, correlations between LiDAR volume and other parameters showed that the Mean Vector calculated for VCPA method showed the highest correlation for traditional trees, thus its use in traditional plantations is highly recommended. ; The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish government for financial support, and the pre-commercial procurement MECAOLIVAR project and the Interprofesional del Aceite de Oliva Español (IAOE) for its financial support. This research has been financed with FEDER funds. The first author also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport for its financial support through the National Training Program of University Lecturers (FPU).

There are three models of partnership in the development of smallholders plantation of palm oil in Center of Kalimantan Province, those are: (1) inti-plasma model that is managed by cooperative; (2) inti-plasma model that is managed by company; (3) inti-plasma model that is managed by individual farmers. This research aims to find the best partnership model amongst them. This research has been done in Kotawaringin Barat District for the first and the third type of models and in Katingan District for the second type. Collecting data and informations was done by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and interviewed to the farmer respondents. A random sampling of 30 farmers was chosen for the first and the second models. For the second model, all of the farmers who follow the program as many as 20 farmers was chosen as this research respondent. The research found that the first type of those models is the best amongst of the partnership models because of following reasons: (1) highest productivity, about 20 tonnes FFB/ha/year; (2) highest farmer income about Rp 15,682,711/ha/year; (3) business risks are shared by all of the cooperative members; (4) there is guarantee of the input supply and marketing of farming yied from company as a business partner; (5) farmers have some opportunities to increase their household income as company workers or through the other activities. This research recommends to the Government of Kalimantan Tengah Province to oblige the plantation companies to implement an inti-palsma partnership model that is managed by cooperative for whom obligation to develop about 20% of their plantation area for smallholders.

International audience ; In this article, the introduction of Short Rotation Coppices of Eucalyptus into specialized cash crop farming systems is analyzed at both individual and local scale. The area studied is located in Toulouse urban area, which raises the problem of competition between farming, forest and urban activities. A methodological framework is built up with two disciplinary approaches. In a first step, we assess the financial incentives and the possible transaction costs linked to the contracts offered by retailers to farmers, in order to encourage them to plant trees. In a second step, we propose to enlarge the analysis scale beyond the supply chain and to explore, with a mediation tool, the possible institutional arrangements, at local scale, that could diminish transaction costs and increase the acceptability of the plantation. ; L'article présente un travail de recherche visant à analyser les conditions d'insertion d'arbres d'eucalyptus en Taillis à Courte Rotation (TCR) au sein d'un canton périurbain de l'agglomération toulousaine (Rieumes). L'analyse porte plus particulièrement sur les modalités de diffusion de cette innovation technique dans le système de production agricole régional. Un dispositif méthodologique alliant deux entrées disciplinaires est formulé. En économie, une analyse des coûts et des contrats proposés aux planteurs est effectuée. Cette première approche permet d'évaluer le caractère incitatif de la plantation, moyennant soutien public, et d'apprécier si l'incertitude liée au choix de plantation est réduite par le contrat. En géographie, un travail de médiation territoriale permet de mettre en lumière les éléments du dispositif institutionnel en place autour de cette innovation, utilisant le paysage comme outil dialogue entre différents acteurs du territoire local (agriculteurs, élus, services de l'Etat…).

International audience ; In this article, the introduction of Short Rotation Coppices of Eucalyptus into specialized cash crop farming systems is analyzed at both individual and local scale. The area studied is located in Toulouse urban area, which raises the problem of competition between farming, forest and urban activities. A methodological framework is built up with two disciplinary approaches. In a first step, we assess the financial incentives and the possible transaction costs linked to the contracts offered by retailers to farmers, in order to encourage them to plant trees. In a second step, we propose to enlarge the analysis scale beyond the supply chain and to explore, with a mediation tool, the possible institutional arrangements, at local scale, that could diminish transaction costs and increase the acceptability of the plantation. ; L'article présente un travail de recherche visant à analyser les conditions d'insertion d'arbres d'eucalyptus en Taillis à Courte Rotation (TCR) au sein d'un canton périurbain de l'agglomération toulousaine (Rieumes). L'analyse porte plus particulièrement sur les modalités de diffusion de cette innovation technique dans le système de production agricole régional. Un dispositif méthodologique alliant deux entrées disciplinaires est formulé. En économie, une analyse des coûts et des contrats proposés aux planteurs est effectuée. Cette première approche permet d'évaluer le caractère incitatif de la plantation, moyennant soutien public, et d'apprécier si l'incertitude liée au choix de plantation est réduite par le contrat. En géographie, un travail de médiation territoriale permet de mettre en lumière les éléments du dispositif institutionnel en place autour de cette innovation, utilisant le paysage comme outil dialogue entre différents acteurs du territoire local (agriculteurs, élus, services de l'Etat…).

The essential oil (EO) of everlasting (Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum) is subject to increasing demand from aromatherapy users. Naturactive asked Pierre Fabre Agronomy (AFP) to produce, in the Tarn (France), 90 kg / year of this organic EO, which has led to study its cultivation in compliance with the Quality policy of PFA. It is a complex one, because PFA is committed to a stringent environmental policy and the GACP (Guideline on good Agricultural and Collection Practice for herbal medicinal products), in addition to organic rules. The inventory of (regulatory, agronomic, technical and economic) constraints has led to: improved regulatory tools of quality monitoring; the creation of a cultural process (CP); a mechanized plantation. The created CP, consistent with PFA's constraints, is innovative for everlasting: a 7-year perennial crop, applied in double rows (to optimize the linear footage), on mound (to avoid water stagnation), with mulching (to facilitate AB maintenance), and with dripping irrigation (for pre-vegetative/ post-harvest stages). Distillation will be done, after mid-June harvest, on the whole flowered fresh plant. The plantation has resulted in 5.3 ha of operational crop (density: 14,300 plants / ha), with a production estimate of 42 kg of EO/year starting from 2017. Technical issues still need to be solved for 2015: adding liquid fertilization, harvest process and distillation. The climatic impact on the quality of the OE and the CP performance should be evaluated after the first harvest. ; L'huile essentielle (HE) d'immortelle d'Italie (Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum) fait l'objet d'un fort engouement des usagers d'aromathérapie. Naturactive a demandé à Pierre Fabre Agronomie (PFA) de produire dans le Tarn (France) 90 kg/an de cette HE en bio, ce qui a entraîné l'étude de sa mise en culture dans le respect de la politique Qualité de PFA. Celle-ci est complexe, car PFA s'est engagé à la Haute Valeur Environnementale, au respect du GACP (Guide des bonnes Pratiques Agricoles pour ingrédients pharmaceutiques) en plus de l'Agriculture Biologique. L'inventaire des contraintes (réglementaires, agronomiques, technico-économiques) a résulté en : l'amélioration des outils réglementaires de suivi de la qualité ; la création d'un itinéraire cultural (ITK) ; un chantier de plantation mécanisé. L'ITK conforme aux besoins de PFA est innovant pour l'immortelle : plantation pérenne (7 ans), en doubles rangs (optimise le métrage linéaire), sur butte (évite la stagnation d'eau) avec paillage (entretien en AB facilité) ; irrigation par goutte-à-goutte en pré-reprise végétative /post-récolte ; enherbement naturel maîtrisé entre buttes. La distillation se fera, après récolte mi-juin, sur plante entière fraîche fleurie. Le chantier a résulté en 5,3 ha opérationnels (densité : 14 300 plants/ha), pour un prévisionnel de 42 kg d'HE en 3e année. Des enjeux restent pour 2015 : ajout de fertirrigation, récolte et distillation (spécifications propre à PFA à fixer). L'impact du climat sur la qualité de l'HE et l'efficacité de l'ITK sur le rendement devront être évalués aux 1res récoltes.

Features of afforestation in Northwest Priazovye in the 19th century are covered in article. Separately Johann and David Kornis's activity who have based unique forest plantations in the steppe is considered. Attention is paid to emergence and development of the Berdyansk, Altagirsky and Dzhekenlynsky forest dachas. Important aspect is educational function of forest areas. At them there was a school where boys were taught forestry. Since 1846 in forest area study of boys to forest business has begun. At the beginning study lasted 5 years, later the term of study has been increased up to 6 years. For this period they not only gained knowledge and skills on afforestation, but also on agriculture, gardening, silkworm breeding, tobacco growing, truck farming. In the winter they learned to write, read and consider. The first pupils were from continental counties of the Taurian province. Further for study began to take boys and from the Crimean Counties (uezdov). Pupils represented different nationalities: Russians, Ukrainians, the Crimean Tatars (for example, in 1851 for study the Crimean Tatar from the village of Karagurt of the Evpatoriysky County of Asanas Selyamiyev, Nogais (in 1848 – Shemeredin Sakalov from the village Burkut of the Berdyansk County (uezd) has arrived).Besides, in forest areas there passed alternative forest service Mennonites. Introduction in 1874 of the general military duty has met sharp rejection of Mennonites whose dogma forbade to hold weapon in hand, and has caused their mass emigration to North America. As a result of negotiations between the government of the Russian Empire and leaders of the Mennonite communities there was a reached compromise according to which the general military duty for Mennonites has been replaced with alternative civil service in so-called forest teams.Fundamental obligations of the Mennonites called on service and rules of an internal order in divisions regulated the Rules of service of Mennonites in forest area approved on July 14, 1880.Agricultural works which were performed in forest areas – clearing of young growth, extermination of wreckers, collecting seeds, irrigation, repair of agricultural tools are analyzed. For 1868-1917 different exhibitions - agricultural and forest, World and All-Russian, periodic, industrial and handicraft Fairs were organized. Demonstration of the achieved success in the field of agriculture and forestry of the Berdyansk forest area was their purpose. The commissions on drawing up collections for the Parisian World Fair which has taken place in 1867 were organized.The international jury at this exhibition to the Berdyansk educational steppe forest area has awarded a bronze medal and to her the diploma for a collection of samples of tree species is given. ; У статті висвітлюються особливості заліснення Північно-Західного Приазов'я у XIX ст. Окремо розглядається діяльність Іогана та Давіда Корнісів, які заснували унікальні лісові плантації у степу. Звертається увага на історію створення та розвитку Бердянської, Алтагірської та Джекенлинської лісових дач. Важливим аспектом є освітнє значення лісництв. При них існувала школа, де хлопчиків навчали лісовій справі. Крім того, на їх території проходили альтернативну військову службу меноніти. Аналізуються лісогосподарські роботи, які виконувалися у лісництвах – прочищення порослі, знищення шкідників, сбір насіння, рівняння рядків, зрошення, ремонтування сільськогоподарських знарядь праці тощо.

Preface -- Land in Economic Theory -- Empires & Colonialism : Indigenous Land Claims -- Plantations -- Religious Trusts: Waqf Lands -- Dispossession due to War and Conflict: Palestine and Cyprus -- Claim Settlement: International Land Commission -- Sustainable Tourism Development -- Land for Sustainable Industrial Development -- Foreign Ownership and Investment Incentives for Sustainable Development -- Sustainable Land Development: Urbanization, Water & Food Security.

The exploitation of 2.5 million west Africans, and their descendants born into slavery, in the sugar plantations of the Caribbean enriched generations of Britons and the British nation. 'Britain's Slavery Debt' offers a concise, reasoned, practical case for why Britain should pay reparations for these historic wrongs to present Caribbean inhabitants.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Illustrations -- Introduction -- 1: PORT ROYAL -- 2: KINGSTON -- 3: PLANTATIONS -- 4: INHERITANCE BEQUESTS -- 5: NONMARITAL INTIMACIES -- 6: MANUMISSIONS -- Conclusion -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W.

'The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery' explores how, in an age of industry and abolition, ambitious planters in the Upper US South, Cuba, and Brazil expanded slavery by collaborating with a transnational group of chemists, engineers, and other 'plantation experts' to assist them in adapting the technologies of the Industrial Revolution to suit 'tropical' needs.