The present state of groundwater governance in Asia was reviewed. The main problem regarding groundwater resources in each Asian country is overexploitation, causing water level decline, land subsidence and salt water intrusion. For those groundwater hazards, many countries have established regulations such as laws and regulations as countermeasures. However, those laws and regulations are not the basic laws on groundwater resources, but only for countermeasures to prevent groundwater hazards. Common problems and barriers for implementing groundwater governance in Asian countries are that there is more than one institute with different and sometimes overlapping responsibilities in groundwater management. To overcome those conflicts among institutions and establishment of good governance, it is necessary to establish an agency in the government as one coordinate function reinforcing the direct coordination and facilitation of groundwater policy-making and management. As one such framework, the conceptual law called the Water Cycle Basic Law, which is under planning in Japan, is examined in this paper.
One of the important areas of scientific research on sustainable development includes factors affecting this development. As the nature of sustainable development is complex, it is necessary to examine various issues related to this development within four domains: environmental, economic, social and institutional-political. Mutual interactions between these governances are particularly interesting. Data for the analysis were obtained from the website of Eurostat. Variables were assigned to individual domains and divided into stimulants, nominants and destimulants based on the description of the variables provided by Eurostat. These data were used to determine the synthetic measure of economic governance and to select those groups of variables describing social governance that most completely describe economic governance. Hellwig's taxonomic measure was used to achieve this goal. Total values for groups of variables relating to economic governance and total values for groups of variables relating to social governance were determined for 28 selected European countries based on observation conducted over successive ten years. These results were then subjected to the procedure of panel data modelling. A fixed effects model was then selected as the most appropriate model. The econometric model determined in the study describes economic governance based on four groups of variables selected from among seven groups characterizing social governance. The group of characteristics related to poverty and living conditions had the strongest positive impact on the direction of economic governance in the analysed period. The group of variables relating to consumption patterns and public health also had favourable effects on the synthetic measure of economic governance. Two groups of variables: 'demographic changes' and 'public security' had a negative impact on economic governance.
"Promoting sustainability – this requires new, non-hierarchical forms of control that involve societal actors" is a widespread claim. But how successful are these participative or self-governing forms actually compared to classical governing by the state? This study explores this question by means of an innovative approach. First of all, it conceptualises governance and different forms of control. Focusing on the courses of action undertaken by the actors affected, it then presents a way to grasp the societal changes induced by governance and their contribution to sustainability.Guided by this theoretical framework, the study explores the field of Swiss energy policy via qualitative case studies that represent the range of different governance modes (from hierarchical, public-private and interactive modes up to self-governance). Its empirical results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the forms of control and focus on their situational interplay in promoting sustainability.
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AbstractIn this article, we address transformations in global governance brought about by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Focusing on the specific domain of 'gender‐oriented communication governance ', we investigate online interactions among different kinds of actors active in promoting gender equity in and through the media. By tracing and analysing online issue networks, we investigate which actors are capable of influencing the framing of issues and of structuring discursive practices. From the analysis, different forms of power emerge, reflecting diverse modes of engaging in online interactions, where actors can operate as network 'programmers', 'mobilizers', or 'switchers'. Our case study suggests that, often, old ways of conceiving actors' interactions accompany the implementation of new communication tools, while the availability of a pervasive networked infrastructure does not automatically translate into meaningful interactions among all relevant actors in a specific domain.
The book argues that jurisdictional design is shaped by functional and communal pressures. Functional pressures arise from the character of the public goods provided by government: their scale economies, externalities, and informational asymmetries. However, to explain demands for self-rule one needs to understand how people think and act in relation to the communities they conceive themselves belonging. The authors demonstrate that scale and community explain basic features of governance, including the growth of multiple tiers over the past six decades; how jurisdictions are designed; why governance within the state has become differentiated; and the extent to which regions exert authority. ; -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Maps -- Prologue 1. Scale and Community 2. Measuring Regional Authority 3. Trends in Regional Authority 4. Designing Jurisdictions 5. Community and Differentiated Governance 6. Community and the Structure of Governance 7. Five Theses on Regional Governance -- References -- Index
L'obbiettivo della ricerca è l'analisi del riassetto istituzionale dovuto alla crisi economica. Il progetto di ricerca parte da un'analisi della formazione della moneta unica e dell'Unione economica e monetaria, per proseguire attraverso l'analisi dello stato di avanzamento delle politiche economiche e monetarie mediante la ridefinizione degli assetti giuridici ed istituzionali, come diretta conseguenza della crisi economica. Si prende infine in considerazione l'accelerazione di alcuni processi d'integrazione che hanno messo in discussione il ruolo di alcune Istituzioni partendo dalla natura stessa del metodo comunitario e del processo di legittimità democratica alla base del consolidamento e dello sviluppo dell'Unione economica e monetaria. Fino ad arrivare allo statuto speciale ottenuto dal Regno Unito che mette in discussione l'assetto stesso del progetto europeo, decretando un Europa a più velocità, frutto di una specifica visione di un Europa regolatori. ; The propose of this research is to analyze the future of the European project due to the changes of the economic crisis. The research is based on a deep analysis of European economic and monetary policies, starting from the creation of the single currency through the construction of the Economic and Monetary Union, until the impact of the debt crisis on the European Governance and institutions. The research project analyses the legal and political arrangements that have queries the Community method in favor of the intergovernmental method. It is analyzed the acceleration of certain processes of integration/desegregation of the European project that have questioned the role of some institutions, their accountability and legitimacy, until the UK special status that have create de facto a legal multi-speed Europe.
This paper examines whether aid to developing countries has achieved the policy goals of international development, which have tended to place considerable emphasis on the improvement of governance in developing countries. Previous studies have explored this issue by conceptualizing governance in terms of one aspect or by conducting micro-level case studies. In contrast, in this paper we try to analyze the effect of aid on governance by suggesting a new conceptual framework that defines governance as made up of three parts. political, administrative, and judicial sectors. Then we analyze the effects of aid on these three sectors at macro level using a panel analysis of 90 developing countries over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2011. We found that aid helped improve political and administrative governance but not judicial governance. Based on our results, we suggest that strategies for governance improvement need to focus on public administration, since this appears to be the sector that is most amenable to reform. In addition, considering that judicial reform requires a long-term outlook to accumulate social trust, we need to put more effort into genuinely understanding the context of developing countries and into promoting reform based on their unique historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their political and socioeconomic circumstances.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to determine to what extent Hong Kong's experience proves (or disproves) theories from corporate governance in the areas of family ownership, concentration, self-dealing in Hong, executive compensation and other issues. This paper – written in the comparative corporate governance tradition – uses data from Hong Kong to discuss wider trends and issues in the corporate governance literature.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the comparative corporate governance approach – exposing a range of corporate governance theories to the light of Hong Kong data. The authors purposely avoid over-theorising – leaving the data to speak for themselves for other researchers interested in such theorising.
Findings – The authors find that Hong Kong presents corporate challenges that are unique among upper-income jurisdictions – in terms of potentially harmful (shareholder value diminishing) family relationships, shareholder concentration and self-dealing by insiders. The authors also show that excessive executive compensation, accounting and audit weaknesses do not pose the same kinds of problems they do in other countries. The authors provide numerous comments on theoretical papers throughout the presentation in this paper.
Research limitations/implications – The authors chose a relatively unused research approach that eschews theory building – instead, the authors use data from a range of sectors to build an overall picture of corporate governance in Hong Kong. The authors subsequently affirm or critique the theories of others in this paper.
Practical implications – The original analysis conducted by the authors provided 22 recommendations for revising listing rules for Hong Kong's stock exchange. Others – particularly Asian officials – should consider Hong Kong's experience when revising their own corporate governance listing rules and regulations.
Originality/value – This paper offers new and original insights in four directions. First, the authors use the empiricist's method – presenting data from a wide range of corporate governance areas to comment on and critique existing studies. Second, the authors provide a system-wide view of corporate governance – showing how different parts of corporate governance rules work together using concrete data. Third, the authors provide a new study in the comparative corporate governance tradition – another brick in the wall that is "normal scientific progress". Fourth, the authors pose tentative resolutions to highly debated questions in corporate governance for the specific time and place of Hong Kong in the early 2010s.
AbstractThis article assesses the usefulness of conceptions of policy capacity for understanding policy and governance outcomes. In order to shed light on this issue, it revisits the concept of governance, derives a model of basic governance types and discusses their capacity pre‐requisites. A model of capacity is developed combining competences over three levels of activities with analysis of resource capabilities at each level. This analysis is then applied to the common modes of governance. While each mode requires all types of capacity if it is to match its theoretically optimal potential, most on‐the‐ground modes do not attain their highest potential. Moreover, each mode has a critical type of capacity which serves as its principle vulnerability; its "Achilles' heel." Without high levels of the requisite capacity, the governance mode is unlikely to perform as expected. While some hybrid modes can serve to supplement or reinforce each other and bridge capacity gaps, other mixed forms may aggravate single mode issues. Switching between modes or adopting hybrid modes is, therefore, a non‐trivial issue in which considerations of capacity issues in general and Achilles' heel capacities in particular should be a central concern.
Classification JEL: M14 ; This dissertation analyzes the corporate governance of Chinese public hospitals under the reform of the current health care system. Public hospital reform is the main part of the comprehensively deepening health care reform in People's Republic of China. In the literature review we carry out the study articles written by Chinese scholars on public hospital corporate governance and analyze the relationship between public hospital, government, and other "stakeholders" by using the principal-agent theory, the theory of "separation of ownership", the theory of "stakeholder", and the theory of "New Public Management". We also present the governance structures of hospitals in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. This presentation allows us to make comparisons with those in China. The main part of this dissertation is to examine the organizational reform of the governance of Chinese public hospitals, giving the example of Dongyang people's hospital in Zhejiang province. In the final part, the author of this dissertation makes some recommendations in order to contribute to improving the governance of public hospitals in China ; Esta dissertação analisa a governabilidade dos hospitais públicos Chineses no âmbito da reforma do sistema de saúde em curso. Os hospitais públicos constituem a parte principal do sistema de médico da República Popular da China. Na revisão de literatura efetuamos o estudo de artigos escritos por autores chineses sobre governabilidade organizacional dos hospitais chineses e analisamos a relação entre os hospitais públicos, o governo e outros "stakeholders" utilizando a teoria do principal-agente, a teoria dos "stakeholders" e a teoria da "Nova Gestão Pública". Apresentamos também os modelos de governação dos hospitais nos Estados Unidos da América, no Reino Unido e em Singapura. Esta apresentação permite-nos fazer comparações com a República Popular da China. A parte principal desta dissertação consiste em analisar a reforma da governabilidade organizacional dos hospitais chineses, dando o exemplo do Hospital de Dongyang da província de Zhejiang. Na parte final o autor desta dissertação faz algumas recomendações, no sentido de contribuir para a melhoria da governabilidade dos hospitais públicos chineses.
