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ABSTRACTThis paper outlines some of the main findings from an exploratory study of a sample of 257 adolescents living in children's homes, foster homes and residential special schools 'for pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties' ('EBD'). It focuses on the characteristics of service users, particularly contrasting the looked after and EBD groups. Though there are some similarities, there are also important differences between the populations in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, reasons for separation, legal status, family background and education. An attempt was made systematically to compare groups by creating a subsample of 'difficult' adolescents, based on involvement in anti‐social behaviour. Unexpectedly, this revealed that half of the teenagers were not 'difficult'. Factors associated with being identified as 'difficult' were explored.

With empirical material obtained from a study of transnational adoption in Norway, an argument is made for the concept of kinning. By this is meant a process by which a foetus, new‐born child, or any previously unconnected person, is brought into a significant and permanent relationship that is expressed in a kin idiom. Through a focus on adoption within a cultural setting that emphasizes the flesh and blood metaphor as central for kinship, the ambiguities and contradictions embedded in the relationship between biological and social relatedness are thrown into sharp relief. Questions of race and ethnicity also become pertinent to the kinning drama of adoptive parents which involves, it is argued, a process of transubstantiation of the adopted child.

Utilizing data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. census, this study investigates whether the passage of official‐English legislation at the state level during the 1980s affected the housing acquisition of foreign‐born Hispanics. The results suggest that both limited‐English‐proficient (LEP) and English‐fluent Hispanic immigrants who resided in states that passed English‐only legislation were less likely to acquire a home during the 1980s compared to their counterparts in other areas. Consistent with economic theory, however, the group that seemed to be most affected included older LEP residents. One explanation for these findings is that the official‐English legislation mirrored growing xenophobia against foreign‐born Hispanics, resulting in additional social stratification on the basis of ethnicity in housing markets.

Books reviewed in this article: Kamran Asdar Ali, Planning the Family in Egypt: New Bodies, New Selves David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel (EDS.), Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses Peter Lloyd‐Sherlock (ED.), Healthcare Reform and Poverty in Latin America Ishwar Modi (ED.), Ageing and Human Development: Global Perspectives United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations United Nations Population Division, World Population Ageing 1950–2050 Jacques Vallin, France Meslé, and Tapani Valkonen (EDS.), Trends in Mortality and Differential Mortality Myron Weiner and Michael S. Teitelbaum, Political Demography, Demographic Engineering Zhang Weiguo, Economic Reforms and Fertility Behavior: A Study of a North Chinese Village

This paper presents a systematic discussion of class differences in housework & breadwinner ideology, & tests these relationships using a national sample of Canadian husbands. Analyses show that bourgeois males have a lower tendency to participate in housework than the managerial class or than working-class males whether unionized or not. Bourgeois males are also more likely to adhere to the breadwinner ideology than male managers &/or non-union workers. Other mechanisms such as the relative contribution of wife to the family income, husband's or wife's time availability, &/or husband's ideological orientations also affect housework. Housework is not, however, affected by ethnicity or immigration status. The implications of the findings for feminist theory are discussed. 5 Tables, 80 References. Adapted from the source document.

The polemic between the multiculturalists & the liberal individualists is discussed with reference to Maurizio Viroli's 1999 critique of Michael Walzer's 1998 concept of multiculturalism & Edmund Burke's classic thoughts on liberalism (1770). The main tension between the two camps is in their different views of individual & community. Another point of tension is in the concepts of identity & ethnicity, whether used as internal reference or viewed as phenomena produced by power relations. Carlos Lenkersdorf's (1999) study on the language of the tojolabales in Mexico shows how their language reveals their identity. The tojolabale concept that personal integration is achieved through service to the community is applied to the construction of a pluralist idea of justice today. 10 References. Adapted from the source document.

Summary: Transcultural comparisons would be beneficial for both our understanding of suicide phenomena and the setting up of preventative strategies. Changes in attitude throughout history, gender and age differences, socio-economic factors, influence of race and ethnicity, and the impact of religion are among the aspects mentioned in this article. All of them can actually have a considerable effect on suicide rates, and all of them should be taken into account when interpreting suicide trends and designing antisuicide strategies. In fact, both risk and protective factors may vary remarkably in different cultures. The need for an integrative approach is evident today more than ever, and this fact calls for more concerted and coordinated, multidisciplinary approaches to suicide prevention.

The United States is a society diverse in culture, race, ethnicity, religion, and income; one struggling with a past involving oppression, inequality, and buried knowledge. In order to heal and strengthen, we must educate ourselves about the many strands of our history; grow to appreciate and enjoy the multiple cultures, races, and realities; and recognize the consequences of current and historical oppression. Social work professionals can and should play a lead role. Social work educators can provide leadership in developing learning opportunities with parallel foci on the history and impact of oppression, and the strength and joy of diversity. After a review of the issues, a model is presented for guiding/facilitating this early learning.

Historical evidence reveals that the definition of Latino mass media is a fragile but useful way to examine how cultural identity is forged through economic and industrial practices. Focusing on the development of Latino media and their political economy in San Antonio, Texas, the researcher describes four constructions of Latino producers and audiences: segmentation, massification, pan-ethnicity, and fragmentation. These constructions demonstrate that these media were sites for Latinos to define themselves as producers and audiences within the structural constraints of race and class in two nations, Mexico and the United States. The paper concludes the coexistence of these constructions today could be interpreted as positive signs of growing multiculturalism or negative effects of global trends that divide Latinos by class.

In spite of the French colonial intrusion, up to the 1950s, resource management in Saharan villages constituted what some have called the syndrome of collectivity. The syndrome of collectivity was the product of three interrelated factors: the Ksar, or a nucleated settlement pattern, ethnicity, and village-drawn constitutions. Since Independence, however, the Ksar's compact and nucleated settlement began to break up. I argue that the break-up of the Ksar and the emergence of a dispersed settlement pattern have led to signifi cant erosion in village institutions governing the commons. In addition to the appropriate emphasis on environmental strategies in the literature, I also contend that refl ection upon settlement change and dynamic ethnic relations is critical to crafting sustainable environmental strategies in the new millennium .

Demographics, political discussion with people in the immediate environment, individual political tendencies, & newspaper readership as factors in trust/mistrust of pre-election media polls were investigated with a secondary analysis of data from J. Shamir & A. Arian's study (1999) with 1,671 Israelis on political skepticism. Exposure to polls was high, but trust in polls was low. Multivariate analysis showed that religiosity & ethnicity were not associated with higher trust in polls, but political conversations, individual political tendencies, & newspaper readership were. Right-wing leanings were associated with distrust in polls. The interaction of these variables with different population groupings is discussed. The findings support projection theory & the influence of reference groups in political opinions. 2 Tables, 1 Appendix, 21 References. M. Pflum

Der Autor untersucht den Einfluss kurdischer Historiographie auf die Bildung einer kurdisch-nationalen Identität. Angesichts des Fehlens offizieller kurdischer Institutionen und Publikationen basiert die Studie auf Zeitungsartikeln aus der einzigen kurdischen Tageszeitung 'Özgur Gündem'. Wie aus der Studie hervorgeht, ist die kurdische nationale Geschichte ein unter kurdischen Intellektuellen vielfach umstrittenes Gebiet. Die Debatte wird in der Regel vom türkischen Nationalismus in seiner populären Ausprägung bestimmt. Waren früher religiöse und soziale Faktoren wichtig, so schließt der Autor, basiert die kurdische Identität heute in erster Linie auf ethnischen Faktoren. (DÜI-Mjr)

This study examined aggression and withdrawal as predictors of peer victimization. In addition, peer rejection was evaluated as both a moderator and mediator of these relations. The sample consisted of 1956 African‐American, Hispanic, and White elementary school‐aged boys and girls attending urban and inner‐city schools that were classified as high or moderate disadvantage. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that aggression predicted both contemporaneous and longitudinal victimization by peers. This relation maintained across school disadvantage, ethnicity, age, and sex, andwas mediated by rejection. Withdrawal, mediated by rejection, predicted victimization for fourth graders only; withdrawal also reduced risk for victimization for low rejected children. The implications for understanding the dynamics of childhood victimization and intervention are discussed.

Forms of doing ethnicity question an understanding of modern society as a society of free and equal individuals as well as the idea, that membership of social class determines social identities. What kind of a challenge the obversation of processes of ethnicitation represents in regard of the theories of contemporary society should discuss more precisely. In front of this background it is supposed to see ethnicitation as an indeterminate collective name for intern heterogene social practices of social construction of collective identities. It is argued, that even so processes of ethnicitation often indicate conflicts between majorities and minorities and the structural and manifested discrimination of the latter, it can not be sufficiently and exclusively explained in this way.

Ethnic economy and ethnic entrepreneurship are terms widely used in the anglo-american discussion in relation with questions of migration and integration of minorities. The results of this research are confronted with those coming out of the deconstructivist and post-colonial debate on ethnicity. Historical and present experiences show indeed that ethnic communities cannot be seen as invariable and homogeneous. Specific cultures, may they be grounded on religion or on nationality, display internal breaks and blurred outlines. Nevertheless, for certain periods and in certain circumstances, they may form the basis for ethnic resources, e.g. networks which can be used economically. A central finding is that such resources do not only exist for minorities economies but inside majorities economies as well.