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This work is organized in three (3) chapters. the first chapter, « Electoral Institutions and Political Polarization: An Experiment on Approval Voting in Benin » coauthored with J-F Laslier, K.Van Der Straten and L. Wantchekon, focus on the institutions 's goal in the division of societies. The main idea is that political institutions can shape political preferences and influence the formation of groups within societies. Some system such Simple plurality and runoff majoritarian voting systems tend to force voters to "choose sides," potentially exacerbating political, social, ethnic, or religious divisions. Voting rules that allow voters to simultaneously select several candidates should, in theory, avoid these drawbacks, and might thus lead to less polarized political outcomes. This chapter provides experimental evidence in support of this insight. Our data originates from an experiment on Approval Voting that took place during the 2011 presidential election in Benin, a democratic, multi-ethnic country in western Africa, with a political landscape characterized by a strong social and political north-south divide. In contrast to the official runoff rule used in Benin for this presidential election, we proposed Approval Voting to voters, whereby they can vote simultaneously for several candidates. We find that this electoral institution leads to an increase in the overall support for more consensual candidates. We also find that, under Approval Voting, like under Proportional Representation systems, ethnic voting does not disappear, and might even increase. The second chapter continue in the logic of voting motivation by doing some laboratory experiment about electoral clientelism. We focus on the vote buying and electoral promises. We wanted to show the impact on electoral clientelism on the election outcome in one way and in the second way, see if there is a link between modernization and clientelism. We did experiment in two different places (Burkina Faso and France) show that the impact of electoral ...

This work is organized in three (3) chapters. the first chapter, « Electoral Institutions and Political Polarization: An Experiment on Approval Voting in Benin » coauthored with J-F Laslier, K.Van Der Straten and L. Wantchekon, focus on the institutions 's goal in the division of societies. The main idea is that political institutions can shape political preferences and influence the formation of groups within societies. Some system such Simple plurality and runoff majoritarian voting systems tend to force voters to "choose sides," potentially exacerbating political, social, ethnic, or religious divisions. Voting rules that allow voters to simultaneously select several candidates should, in theory, avoid these drawbacks, and might thus lead to less polarized political outcomes. This chapter provides experimental evidence in support of this insight. Our data originates from an experiment on Approval Voting that took place during the 2011 presidential election in Benin, a democratic, multi-ethnic country in western Africa, with a political landscape characterized by a strong social and political north-south divide. In contrast to the official runoff rule used in Benin for this presidential election, we proposed Approval Voting to voters, whereby they can vote simultaneously for several candidates. We find that this electoral institution leads to an increase in the overall support for more consensual candidates. We also find that, under Approval Voting, like under Proportional Representation systems, ethnic voting does not disappear, and might even increase. The second chapter continue in the logic of voting motivation by doing some laboratory experiment about electoral clientelism. We focus on the vote buying and electoral promises. We wanted to show the impact on electoral clientelism on the election outcome in one way and in the second way, see if there is a link between modernization and clientelism. We did experiment in two different places (Burkina Faso and France) show that the impact of electoral ...

This thesis has attempted to look at how Ghana can avoid the conflict trap that has beset most African countries. In doing this, it sought to look at the perceptions and expectations of the inhabitants of the Western region as well as the impact of the oil exploration on their lives. To explain the concept of the conflict trap the economic and non-economic narratives of conflicts were thoroughly discussed and used as a lens through which the data collected was analysed with reference to other African countries. The study was based on seventeen (17) interviews and three (3) focused group discussions from two communities in the Western region of Ghana (Shama and Cape Three Points). Five officials of GNPC and the MoE were also interviewed to solicit their opinions about the LCP. The findings of the study indicate that most of the inhabitants of the two communities studied, perceived that, the resource belonged to them just like other resource rich states in Africa and that they deserve a percentage of the resource revenue. They expected improved job opportunities and social amenities in their communities. However, after over five years of exploration they complained about continuous lack of social amenities and declined livelihood due to ban on fishing close to the oil rig and the presence of sea weeds which had a negative impact on fish catch and undermining traditional livelihoods. To avoid the conflict trap there is the need for the expectations of the inhabitants of the oil bearing communities to be managed. The prudent management of resource wealth and the transparent accountability of resource revenues would help assuage any acrimony. Also, infrastructural development, by the provision of schools, hospitals and good roads would help mitigate the negative impact of the oil extraction.

How are the borders redefined by the "territorialities" which cross them? Which actors use these cross-border territorialities? What room is left to the state, when the local authorities living on the border refer to an indigenous culture, which preexisted to the nation, to (re)build a territory? The recent dynamics of the Aymara cross-border co-operation between Chile, Peru and Bolivia question the political and territorial reconfigurations which affect a fundamental state institution: the border. This doctoral thesis analyzes the cross-border public policies led by Aymaras rural mayors, according to a long-term approach of the construction of the Chilean state. By comprehending the state through its political, social and territorial peripheries, we study the networks of actors who take part in the transformations of the governance of the territory. The permanence of political and administrative actions on the border on one hand, the uses of inherited institutional roles on the other, show that beyond its alleged weakening, the state is paradoxically strengthened, through a complex securitization process of a diplomatically disputed cross-border area. ; Comment les frontières sont-elles redéfinies par les territorialités qui les traversent ? Par qui les territorialités transfrontalières sont-elles investies ? Quelle est la place laissée à l'Etat, lorsque des autorités frontalières mobilisent une culture indigène, préexistante à la nation, pour (re)construire un territoire ? Les dynamiques récentes de coopération transfrontalière aymara entre le Chili, le Pérou et la Bolivie interrogent les reconfigurations politiques et territoriales qui affectent une institution étatique élémentaire : la frontière. Ce travail de thèse analyse l'action publique transfrontalière des maires ruraux aymaras depuis la perspective de long terme de construction de l'Etat chilien. En abordant l'Etat par ses périphéries, politiques, sociales et territoriales, il questionne les jeux d'acteurs qui contribuent aux transformations du ...

How are the borders redefined by the "territorialities" which cross them? Which actors use these cross-border territorialities? What room is left to the state, when the local authorities living on the border refer to an indigenous culture, which preexisted to the nation, to (re)build a territory? The recent dynamics of the Aymara cross-border co-operation between Chile, Peru and Bolivia question the political and territorial reconfigurations which affect a fundamental state institution: the border. This doctoral thesis analyzes the cross-border public policies led by Aymaras rural mayors, according to a long-term approach of the construction of the Chilean state. By comprehending the state through its political, social and territorial peripheries, we study the networks of actors who take part in the transformations of the governance of the territory. The permanence of political and administrative actions on the border on one hand, the uses of inherited institutional roles on the other, show that beyond its alleged weakening, the state is paradoxically strengthened, through a complex securitization process of a diplomatically disputed cross-border area. ; Comment les frontières sont-elles redéfinies par les territorialités qui les traversent ? Par qui les territorialités transfrontalières sont-elles investies ? Quelle est la place laissée à l'Etat, lorsque des autorités frontalières mobilisent une culture indigène, préexistante à la nation, pour (re)construire un territoire ? Les dynamiques récentes de coopération transfrontalière aymara entre le Chili, le Pérou et la Bolivie interrogent les reconfigurations politiques et territoriales qui affectent une institution étatique élémentaire : la frontière. Ce travail de thèse analyse l'action publique transfrontalière des maires ruraux aymaras depuis la perspective de long terme de construction de l'Etat chilien. En abordant l'Etat par ses périphéries, politiques, sociales et territoriales, il questionne les jeux d'acteurs qui contribuent aux transformations du ...

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

Over the last twenty years, archaeological and archaeometrical research implemented in France has made it possible to define the various stages of the chaîne opératoire in iron and steelmaking as well as the indicators that are linked to them (archaeological structures, wastes). These studies reveal that the chaîne opératoire may (or may not) split in space and time, but may also contain varying degrees of intensity (mini-maxi production). This implies that the production sites can be from different natures: they may include partial or complete chaîne opératoire, and are part of a social context (e.g., rural, urban, specialized, or domestic craft). The relationships within the chaîne opératoire create links between the sites and form a technological, economic, and social network through trade in semi-finished and manufactured products. The evolution of these networks must be studied by taking into account the cultural and political contexts of each period to draw up a coherent understanding of this organization. The determination of site activities (smelting, refining, elaboration, consumption, recycling), as well as intensity, allow a dynamic cartography of these activities, both synchronic and diachronic, to be realized. The physicochemical linkages between the ore, the smelting slag, the post-smelting slag, and the metal produced make possible an eventual understanding of the connection between sites that are part of the same exchange network. This in turn reflects the regional development of metallurgical organization and the trade in iron semi-products and manufactured goods. The typological attribution (morphology, level of impurities, iron/carbon composition, phosphorus contents, etc) of semi-products worked on the forging sites also makes it possible to refine the vision of what circulate and of what the sites acquire. Thus, an archaeological and historical study of these data can structure the relative image we have of these relations in the various periods.

International audience ; While there is a growing body of literature dealing with the development of migrant domestic work in Western countries, so far there has been very little attention paid to the development of formal domestic services as an economic activity actively structured through public policy. Yet the development of the domestic services sector in Europe is part of a specific political and economic strategy, which has been actively promoted by national governments and national lobby groups, but also by the European Commission since the 1990s, so that it seems warranted to speak of a new 'political economy of domestic work'. The aim of this paper is to analyse the rationale behind this public intervention in favour of the development of domestic services, to highlight the economic, political and social issues it raises and to see how the policies implemented interact with existing welfare / care systems, employment regimes, and prevailing gender and social norms. This paper does so through an analysis of the policy discourse at the EU level, and a comparison of the policies implemented and their consequences in France and Sweden. The choice of these two countries is guided by the fact that while they represent very contrasted social models, France and Sweden are the two countries that have gone furthest in terms of the support provided to domestic services, and they have done so through the introduction of a same policy instrument, namely a 50 % tax reduction on domestic services. We suggest that the uncovering of similar trends in the logic and modes of public intervention and in the social, economic and political consequences of this public intervention in two strongly contrasted national models could be revealing of more global trends in Europe, linked to more profound transformations of welfare states, of labour markets, and of societies more generally.

While there is a growing body of literature dealing with the development of migrant domestic work in Western countries, so far there has been very little attention paid to the development of formal domestic services as an economic activity actively structured through public policy. Yet the development of the domestic services sector in Europe is part of a specific political and economic strategy, which has been actively promoted by national governments and national lobby groups, but also by the European Commission since the 1990s, so that it seems warranted to speak of a new 'political economy of domestic work'. The aim of this paper is to analyse the rationale behind this public intervention in favour of the development of domestic services, to highlight the economic, political and social issues it raises and to see how the policies implemented interact with existing welfare / care systems, employment regimes, and prevailing gender and social norms. This paper does so through an analysis of the policy discourse at the EU level, and a comparison of the policies implemented and their consequences in France and Sweden. The choice of these two countries is guided by the fact that while they represent very contrasted social models, France and Sweden are the two countries that have gone furthest in terms of the support provided to domestic services, and they have done so through the introduction of a same policy instrument, namely a 50 % tax reduction on domestic services. We suggest that the uncovering of similar trends in the logic and modes of public intervention and in the social, economic and political consequences of this public intervention in two strongly contrasted national models could be revealing of more global trends in Europe, linked to more profound transformations of welfare states, of labour markets, and of societies more generally.

International audience ; While there is a growing body of literature dealing with the development of migrant domestic work in Western countries, so far there has been very little attention paid to the development of formal domestic services as an economic activity actively structured through public policy. Yet the development of the domestic services sector in Europe is part of a specific political and economic strategy, which has been actively promoted by national governments and national lobby groups, but also by the European Commission since the 1990s, so that it seems warranted to speak of a new 'political economy of domestic work'. The aim of this paper is to analyse the rationale behind this public intervention in favour of the development of domestic services, to highlight the economic, political and social issues it raises and to see how the policies implemented interact with existing welfare / care systems, employment regimes, and prevailing gender and social norms. This paper does so through an analysis of the policy discourse at the EU level, and a comparison of the policies implemented and their consequences in France and Sweden. The choice of these two countries is guided by the fact that while they represent very contrasted social models, France and Sweden are the two countries that have gone furthest in terms of the support provided to domestic services, and they have done so through the introduction of a same policy instrument, namely a 50 % tax reduction on domestic services. We suggest that the uncovering of similar trends in the logic and modes of public intervention and in the social, economic and political consequences of this public intervention in two strongly contrasted national models could be revealing of more global trends in Europe, linked to more profound transformations of welfare states, of labour markets, and of societies more generally.

This paper discusses a role of trust in post-industrial society. I argue that a social theory of trust advanced and methodologically inconsistently. Trust is a key characteristic of developed human society, which is showing at two levels: individual and social (trust to public institutes and Government as a whole). In particular, trust is defined a progress. Success of self-actualization ones society depends on widespread element of culture – trust. I content the idea that trust is a product of traditional society based on principle of absolute faith that is confidence in ones and his actions. Trust is irrational, it correspond to notion "sense of trust". Contemporary sociology besides gives another one explanation of trust: trust is a product of rational activity, based on reflection. The modern sociological questioning shows that since early 1990s until 2000s, there is a strong tendency for rising of distrust. I also argue that the post-industrial society is in need of trust which is providing base for social communication.