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This article examines the need to resort to law and the legal process to address the risk posed by climate change to Montana and its people. Part II provides a brief overview of global warming. Part III demonstrates how civil litigation can and should provide a meaningful role in addressing climate change. Part IV traces the origin of the public trust doctrine and how the U.S. Supreme Court and Montana Supreme Court have applied the doctrine in the past. Part V argues that principles underlying the public trust doctrine make it appropriate for the Montana courts to expand the doctrine to atmospheric water. Part VI shows why Montana's 1972 Constitution requires Montana courts to expand the public trust doctrine to protect Montana's environment. Part VII outlines the current state of climate-change litigation in the U.S. and then in Part VIII the current state of climate-change litigation in Montana. Part IX previews the direction of climate-change litigation in Montana after the Montana Supreme Court's denial of original jurisdiction in Barhaugh v. Montana. Part X concludes that Montana's Constitution and public trust case law should play an integral role in disputes over the appropriate role of government in regulating greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to force major corporate emitters to reduce their emissions.

Ex ante and ex post -- The idea of efficiency -- Thinking at the margin -- The single owner -- The least cost avoider -- Administrative cost -- Rents -- The coase theorem -- Agency (with Eric Posner) -- The prisoner's dilemma -- Public goods -- The stag hunt -- Chicken -- Cascades -- Voting paradoxes -- Suppressed markets (with Saul Levmore) -- Rules and standards -- Slippery slopes (with Eugene Volokh) -- Acoustic separation -- Property rules and liability rules -- Baselines -- Willingness to pay and willingness to accept : the endowment effect and kindred ideas -- Hindsight bias -- Framing effects -- Anchoring -- Self-serving bias, with a note on attribution error -- Presumptions -- Standards of proof -- The product rule -- The base rate -- Value and markets

1. Issues, Concepts and Arguments -- 2. The Dynamics of UK Public Law -- 3. The Dynamics of European Law -- 4. The Reception of EU Law -- 5. EU Law and Principles of Judicial Review -- 6. Remedies -- 7. The Human Rights Act 1998 and Cross-fertilisation -- 8. The Dynamics of Legal Integration?

Die Topoi der Strafbegründung und -einschränkung haben ihren festen Platz in der gängigen Strafrechtsdogmatik. Verwiesen sei nur auf das nulla-poena-Prinzip (Art. 103 Abs. 2 GG, §§ 1, 2 StGB), das in drei seiner Ausprägungen explizit mit der Frage der strafbegründenden oder -einschränkenden Wirkung operiert (Verbot der Strafbegründung durch Gewohnheitsrecht, Rückwirkungs- und Analogieverbot zulasten des Täters). Aus dem Strafprozessrecht ist hier der in-dubio-Grundsatz zu nennen, der eine Zweifelsregelung zugunsten des Beschuldigten ausspricht. Allerdings offenbaren etwa Situationen, in denen die Strafbarkeit konfligierender Personen in Rede steht, dass die Frage, ob eine Entscheidung zulasten oder zugunsten eines Beschuldigten wirkt, tatsächlich nicht immer eindeutig beantwortet werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich der Sammelband der konzeptionellen und normativen Beleuchtung strafbegründender und -einschränkender Argumentationsmuster im Strafrechtsdiskurs.

This work introduces and further develops the feminist strategy of 'norm transfer': the proposal that feminist informed standards created at the level of international criminal law make their way into domestic contexts. Situating this strategy within the complementarity regime of the International Criminal Court (ICC), it is argued that there is an opportunity for dialogue and debate around the contested aspects of international norms as opposed to uncritical acceptance. The book uses the crime of rape as a case study and offers a new perspective on one of the most contentious debates within international and domestic criminal legal feminism: the relationship between consent and coercion in the definition of rape. In analysing the ICC definition of rape, it is argued that the omission of consent as an explicit element is flawed. Arguing that the definition is in need of revision to explicitly include a context-sensitive notion of consent, the book goes further, setting out draft legislative amendments to the ICC 'Elements of Crimes' definition of rape and its Rules of Procedure and Evidence. Turning its attention to the domestic landscape, the book drafts amendments to the United Kingdom (UK) Sexual Offences Act 2003 and to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999: thereby showing how the revised version of the ICC definition can be applied in context of the UK.

Law in its nature is not only used to control conduct that already occurs in society and sustain established behaviors patterns, but the law often contributes to its use as a means. The study revealed 1). Corporate Criminal Liability was an attempt to put the company in the sense of Equality Under the law with a view to achieving legal certainty, fairness and usefulness, 2) Control of corporate criminal penalties was implemented in several laws through a common formulation of the key criminal fines, 3) law enforcement against corporate crime can be achieved through a) Normative Approach. Therefore, it is required that the state will specifically articulate the responsibility for corporate criminal liability through legislative and executive agencies and what kind of liability can be formally demanded of the corporation as the object of criminal liability (legal policy), since the assessment of corporate errors is the basis of material for the demand of corporate criminals.

The article considers honor and dignity as objects of criminal and administrative offenses. The norms of criminal and administrative legislation providing for liability for attacks on the honor and dignity of the individual are analyzed. The issues of differentiation of the elements of crimes, offenses that have honor and dignity as the main and additional object are considered. Examining the gaps in the current legislation, the authors propose to provide for criminal liability for repeated commission of an administrative offense - insults in the Article 128.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

This article argues that a federal district court misinterpreted several statutes after an immigration raid in Postville, Iowa. In Part II, I begin with an account of Agriprocessors' prior legal troubles, which explains how it became such a politically attractive target. Next, I describe how the investigation of Agriprocessors led to a raid seeking to execute nearly 700 criminal arrest warrants. In Part III, I describe the causes of the accelerated criminal process that resulted in nearly 300 guilty pleas and sentencings in the span of twelve days. In Part IV, I argue that the accelerated process was premised upon the flawed interpretations of § 1028A(a)(1), the aggravated identity theft statute, and § 1228(c)(5), the judicial removal statute. In Part V, I argue that these mistaken applications of federal law are prone to repetition. In Part VI, I argue that rectifications of these misinterpretations are likely to diminish the feasibility of future raids followed by imprisonment.

1. Introduction -- Part I: Addiction -- 2. Addiction and Responsibility -- Part II: Affirmative Consent -- 3. Affirmative Consent -- Part III: Animals -- 4. Crimes Against Animals -- Part IV: Beyond a Reasonable Doubt -- 5. When Does Evidence Support Guilt "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt"? -- Part V: Blackmail -- 6. Blackmail: A Crime of Paradox and Irony -- Part VI: Bribery -- 7. Understanding Bribery -- Part VII: Civil Disobedience -- 8. Civil Disobedience, Punishment, and Injustice -- Part VIII: Complicity -- 9. Complicity -- Part IX: Corporate Punishment -- 10. Skepticism About Corporate Punishment Revisited -- Part X: Death Penalty -- 11. Capital Punishment and the Owl of Minerva -- Part XI: Fraud -- 12. Fraud -- Part XII: Hate Crimes -- 13. Hate (or Bias) Crime Laws -- Part XIII: Ignorance of Law -- 14. Ignorance of Law: How to Conceptualize and Maybe Resolve the Issue -- Part XIV: Incest -- 15. Incest -- Part XV: Inchoate Criminality -- 16. Inchoate Criminality -- Part XVI: Insanity -- 17. Insanity -- Part XVII: Mitigation -- 18. Mitigating Factors: A Typology -- Part XVIII: Moral Uncertainty -- 19. Moral Uncertainty and the Criminal Law -- Part XIX: Neuroscience -- 20. Neuroscience and the Criminal Law: Perils and Promises -- Part XX: Offensive Conduct -- 21. No Offense -- Part XXI: Political Philosophy and Punishment -- 22. Political Philosophy and Punishment -- Part XXII: Proportionality and Punishment -- 23. Proportionality in Punishment -- 24. The Subjectivist Critique of Proportionality -- Part XXIII: Prostitution -- 25. Prostitution -- Part XXIV: Race -- 26. Race, Criminal Law and Ethical Life -- Part XXV: Reckless Beliefs -- 27. Reckless Beliefs -- Part XXVI: Revenge Porn -- 28. The Crime of "Revenge Porn" -- Part XXVII: Role Morality -- 29. Role Morality -- Part XXVIII: Sex Offenses and Sexually Violent Predators -- 30. Sex Offenses and the Problem of Prevention -- Part XXIX: Stand Your Ground -- 31. Stand Your Ground -- Part XXX: Targeted Killing -- 32. Targeted Killing and the Criminal Law -- Part XXXI War Crimes -- 33. War Crimes and Just War Theory.