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PRE-EMPTIVE WAR UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW The thesis is devoted to problems associated with the international legal regulation of pre-emptive war. It is quite obvious that this phenomenon has a logical context revealed in national security policies individual states pursue for themselves. In this regard, analysis was made of the prerequisites for the emergence of a new doctrine of pre-emptive war, and here analysis of the "Bush Doctrine" made it possible to reveal the characteristics of pre-emptive war. In addition, the article pays precise attention to the problem of correlation between the characteristics of pre-emptive war and preventive war. It has been separately established that the current stage of international legaliz­ation of pre-emptive war requires significant improvement in mechanisms preventing this phenom­enon and the development of a system of sanctions. Important conclusions are drawn regarding the prospects for international consolidation and implementation of the pre-emptive war doctrine in the systems of international law.

"Der Band vereint Beiträge zur erziehungswissenschaftlichen qualitativen Forschung in Brasilien und Deutschland. Neben der Systematisierung der Bedeutung qualitativer Zugänge in beiden Ländern und in der pädagogischen Ausbildung liegt sein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf der dokumentarischen Methode, die in dem Sammelband in drei Kapiteln bezogen auf die Anwendung auf Gruppendiskussionen, Interviews sowie Bild- und Filmmaterial vorgestellt wird. Dabei finden sich jeweils Aufsätze zu methodologischen Grundlagen und methodischen Verfahrensweisen, wie auch solche zu ihrer Anwendung mit Beispielen aktueller erziehungswissenschaftlicher Studien aus Brasilien und Deutschland. Der Band bietet damit die erste umfassende englischsprachige Einführung in Methodologie und Forschungspraxis der dokumentarischen Methode." (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Nicolle Pfaff, Ralf Bohnsack, Wivian Weller: Reconstructive Research and the Documentary Method in Brazilian and German Educational Science - An Introduction (7-38); I. Qualitative Methods in Educational Science: Bernadette A. Gatti, Marli André: The Relevance of Qualitative Research Methods in Education in Brazil (41-51); Heinz-Hermann Krüger: The Importance of Qualitative Methods in the German Educational Science (53-74); Gerhard Riemann: The Significance of Procedures of Ethnography and Narrative Analysis for the (Self-)Reflection of Professional Work (75-95); II. The Documentary Method and the Interpretation of Group Discussions: Ralf Bohnsack: Documentary Method and Group Discussions (99-124); Karin Schittenhelm: School-to-Work Transitions of Young Women. A Cross-Cultural Approach Based on Group Discussions (125-142); Wivian Weller: The feminine presence in youth (sub)cultures: the art of becoming visible (143-163); Nicolle Pfaff: Social Distinction in Children's Peer Groups: First Results from Brazil and Germany (165-192); III. The Documentary Method and the Interpretation of Interviews: Arnd-Michael Nohl: Narrative Interview and Documentary Interpretation (195-217); Rógerio A. Moura (oder Rogério De Moura): CSOs and the Structure of Professional Education Programs in the Context of Youth Care: The Point of View of Coordinators in Brazil and Germany (219-235); Arnd-Michael Nohl, Ulrike Selma Ofner: Migration and Ethnicity in Documentary Interpretation - Perspectives from a Project on Highly Qualified Migrants (237-264); IV. The Documentary Method and the Interpretation of Pictures and Videos: Ralf Bohnsack: The Interpretation of Pictures and the Documentary Method (267-292); Alexander Geimer: Cultural practices of the reception and appropriation of films from the standpoint of a praxeological sociology of knowledge (293-309); Astrid Baltruschat: Film interpretation according to the documentary method (311-342); Andrea Salisch (oder Sabisch): Recording and Representing Aesthetic Experience in Diaries (343-363).

Since the end of WWII, states have formed several international organizations dealing with international peace and security issues. Among them are the Security Council, the Conference on Disarmament, the Arms Trade Treaty regime, and the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly. Although regional actors, such as Economic Community of West African States, European Union or the Arab League, are at best observers in those international security organizations (ISO), their member states frequently get active on their behalf. This paper examines how regional actors engage in ISO negotiations. It shows that not all regional actors are equally vocal in the negotiations, which is puzzling given that negotiation activity is important for negotiation success. To explain the variance in regional actor vocality, this paper draws on international conflict and cooperation theories and develops hypotheses on activity of regional actors in international negotiations, which are tested with quantitative methods. It is striking that even in the traditionally state-dominated policy field 'security', regional actors are vocal and are, thus, contributing to the creation of international peace architectures. However, the role of regional actors varies, depending on the characteristics of the negotiation arena and of the regional actors themselves.

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.

Der Autor nimmt an, daß die Vereinigten Staaten in Zukunft weder willens noch in der Lage sein werden, im internationalen System eine Führungsrolle zu übernehmen, die auf militärischer und wirtschaftlicher Macht beruht. Dies ist seiner Meinung nach heute auch nicht mehr so notwendig wie in der Zeit des Ost-West-Konfliktes. Es wird geschlossen, daß die USA künftig in enger Kooperation mit den wichtigsten Industriestaaten für ein internationales Problemmanagement sorgen sollten. (SWP-SfJ)

Die EU wächst in vielen Bereichen immer weiter zusammen. Nur im internationalen Bahnverkehr ist das Gegenteil der Fall. Dies ist dem vorsätzlichen Versagen der EU-Kommission geschuldet. Wie konnte es soweit kommen und wie kann das Bahnfahren als klimafreundliches Transportmittel auch auf internationalen Reisen etabliert werden? Wie ist die Lage? Das Jahr 2021 war das "Jahr […]

"This Handbook examines the study of failure in social sciences, its manifestations in the contemporary world, and the modalities of dealing with it - both in theory and in practice. It draws together a comprehensive approach to failing, and invisible forms of cancelling out and denial of future perspectives. Underlining critical mechanisms for challenging and reimagining norms of success in contemporary society, it allows readers to understand how contemporary regimes of failure are being formed and institutionalized in relation to policy and economic models, such as neo-liberalism. While capturing the diversity of approaches in framing failure, it assesses the conflations and shifts which have occurred in the study of failure over time. Intended for scholars who research processes of inequality and invisibility, this Handbook aims to formulate a critical manifesto and activism agenda for contemporary society. Presenting an integrated view about failure the Handbook will be an essential reading for students in sociology, social theory, anthropology, international relations and development research, organization theory, public policy, management studies, queer theory, disability studies, sports and performance research"--