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According to most scholars, Montesquieu argues that fear threatens a loss of self. Disconnected from the exercise of reason, fear is an emotion that is supposed to prevent the individual from acting with any kind of moral or rational agency. Fear is also premised on the liquidation of civil society; intermediate institutions and plural social structures are destroyed so that despots can act with unmitigated power and violence. I argue that this view does not capture Montesquieu's theory. In my alternative account, fear is intimately connected to our capacity for reason and to our sense of self. It is built on a network of elites, the rule of law, moral education, and the traditional institutions of civil society. I conclude that twentieth-century social science remains too indebted to conventional interpretations of Montesquieu's views, and contemporary theorists would be better served by the alternative analysis proposed here.

How does protest become criminalised? Applying an anthropological perspective to political and legal conflicts, Carolijn Terwindt urges us to critically question the underlying interests and logic of prosecuting protesters. The book draws upon ethnographic research in Chile, Spain, and the United States to trace prosecutorial narratives in three protracted contentious episodes in liberal democracies. Terwindt examines the conflict between Chilean landowners and the indigenous Mapuche people, the Spanish state and the Basque independence movement, and the United States' criminalisation of 'eco-terrorists.' Exploring how patterns and mechanisms of prosecutorial narrative emerge through distinct political, social and democratic contexts, Terwindt shines a light on how prosecutorial narratives in each episode changed significantly over time.0Challenging the law and justice system and warning against relying on criminal law to deal with socio-political conflicts, Terwindt's observations have implications for a wide range of actors and constituencies, including social movement activists, scholars, and prosecutors

This book examines changes of citizenship in the light of dislocated habitations. It highlights the ways in which the membership in a local community is shifting away from national frameworks, and explores the dislocations brought about by transnational and cosmopolitan forms of belonging. Containing theoretical, methodological and political contributions, the volume takes part in the social political and cultural discussion around migration, transnationalism, multiculturalism, multiple citizenship and cosmopolitan civic activities. It presents dislocation as a covering concept and a metaphor for describing circumstances in which the conventional ways and frames of conducting social scientific analysis, social policies, or politics no longer suffice. The book shows how scientific and political projects, educational curricula and policy institutions still lean mainly on the logics of mono-cultural nation-states and citizenships, without recognizing the dislocated nature of contemporary citizenship and civil society. Offering solutions, the book proposes new ways of collecting data and conducting analyses, explains the new logics of citizenship and civic activities, and offers tools for developing civic and citizenship policies that consider the transnational reality of people's everyday lives and life histories. Pirkkoliisa Ahponen (Ph.D.) Professor (Emerita) Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland. Her earlier research dealt with every day-life issues and comparative evaluations of institutional cultural policy. The current research topics concern problems of politics of culture and socio-cultural border-crossings with aims to decrease alienation and advance social and cultural equality of transnational citizens. Expertise of environmental policy issues in developing countries is included in her current interest areas from the theoretical perspective of risks to reflexive modernization. Recent articles include: 'Miserable or Golden Karelia? Interpreting a Cross-border Excursion of Students from Finland to Russia'. Journal of Borderland Studies vol. 26. nr. 2. 2011, 2159-1229, and 'A Cultural Transformation: The Design of Alienation in the Guise of Creativity' in Devorah Kalekin-Fishman Ann Denis (eds.) The Shape of Sociology for the 21st Century. Tradition and Renewal. (2012) SAGE. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore Washington DC, 254-266. Päivi Harinen (Ph.D.) University lecturer of sociology Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland Her research has focused on young people's societal and cultural memberships, as well as discrimination and racism as forms of social isolating. Her contemporary research deals with diaspora citizenship in different societal contexts and states.Päivi Harinen (Dr.Soc.Sc) works as a University Lecturer for sociology at the University of Eastern Finland. Her research interests deal with social inequality defined by age, ethnicity, and place of residence.Ville-Samuli Haverinen (M.Soc.Sc.). Previously (2012-2014), Haverinen has worked as a Junior Researcher in a four-year research project entitled Context of Diaspora Citizenship - Transnational Networks, Social Participation and Social Identification of Somalis in Finland and in the U.S.at the University of Eastern Finland. At present, Haverinen works as a part-time Project Secretary at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. He is a member of a work group that is responsible to organize the 12thSomali Studies International Association Congress.Revisiting Somali Identities - Addressing Gender, Generation and Belongingin Helsinki, Finland in August 2015. Haverinen is also a Ph.D. student at the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland.His research interests focus on the extent to which national models of immigrant integration can provide an explanation for the reality of different political-juridical surroundings as will be empirically observed by analyzing citizenship and integration policies and legislation in Finland and the United States.

Turnout! offers strategies for "emergency elections," like the 2020 races, and addresses the nuts-and-bolts for civic groups and individuals to effectively turn out the vote. Indeed, few elections in recent history represent the kind of apocalyptic turning point for our planet and democracy as the present one. Turnout! is both a creative work of political vision combined with a detailed manual for turning out millions of new voters.Participation at local, state, and federal levels will have an outsized impact on the future of democracy and life itself. The elections also provide an opportunity to power-up social movements that can re-frame and re-define civic participation in an age of extreme inequality, climate change, and pandemics. Contributors include powerful movement leaders Maria Teresa Kumar (Voto Latino), Aimee Allison (She the People), Winona LaDuke (Honor the Earth), and Matt Nelson (Presente.org); leading public officials advocating greater voter engagement like Oregon Senator Jeff Merkley and Wisconsin Lt. Governor Mandela Barnes, and councilors Helen Gym and Nikki Fortunato Bas. Turnout! reveals strategies and real-world tactics to mobilize millions of discouraged, apathetic, or suppressed voters, including women, low-income, Indigenous, Black, Latinx, Asian, LGBTQIA+, student and youth, and working-class voters.

In her pathbreaking book Designing Disability: Symbols, Space and Society, Elizabeth Guffey provides vital insights into decades of social and design processes that ultimately produced the most ubiquitous symbol of disability—and accessibility—worldwide: The International Symbol of Access (ISA). Building on existing scholarship from a range of disciplines coupled with original historical research, this book uncovers the origins and evolving (largely transatlantic) architectural and design discourse, and several moments of serendipity, that led to its creation. The ISA has since diffused to become part of the built environment in all corners of the world. Richly illustrated and charting at times vitriolic debates, protest activities, and artistic interventions up to the contemporary era, Guffey weaves together activist and aesthetic perspectives into a tapestry of social and design history relating to disability and accessibility. Structured in historical phases, the book's chapters progress across larger and shorter stretches over more than a century of wheelchair design, social and welfare policies and programs (mostly in the US, UK, and Scandinavia), architectural standards, and symbols relating to barriers and accessibility measures. Guffey engages the reader in what is necessarily a multidisciplinary, multilevel investigation, with unexpected twists and turns. On one level, the book focuses on the politics of highest office, with US Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower (who permanently or temporarily used wheelchairs) sketched against the backdrop of the lack of accessible government buildings in Washington, DC, and the social consensus then to hide impairment for fear of stigmatization (shifted marginally by disabled Veterans). On another level, welfare state provisions in the US, UK, and Scandinavia are discussed in light of progressive legislation and the persistent challenges of implementation. Finally, at ground level, the utmost significance of individuals devoted to universal design writ large becomes manifestly evident. Guffey recounts how, in US universities, inspirational figures such as Timothy Nugent (at Illinois), Ron Mace (at North Carolina State), and Viktor Papanek (at Purdue, CalArts, Kansas, etc.), campus planners, and students designed and constructed new worlds on the drawing board and poured in concrete. We follow design professionals, such as architect Selwyn Goldsmith in the UK, who was a strident arbiter of accessibility. Academic initiatives went hand-in-fist with advocacy activities in organizations and protest and artistic actions in the streets. Indeed, to raise general awareness of the ever-present attitudinal and structural barriers—institutionalized discrimination—that disabled people face daily and to secure disability rights, disability protests and cross-national organizing have repeatedly been necessary. The long and bumpy road to universal design extends into the future. Integral to this history of design development, revision, and critiques of various symbols of disability have been international events (world expositions, Olympics & Paralympics) and organizations (Rehabilitation International), artistic inspiration, design competitions, and guerilla art interventions. Tracing the convoluted process of designing what would become the ISA—fifty years ago now—leads to Susanne Koefoed, a Danish design student, and Karl Montan, leader of the Swedish Institute for the Handicapped, but also to international negotiations and chance. The on-going questioning of the official ISA, especially, its "misfit" nature as an amalgam of technical aid and person, emphasizes the shift from invisibility to ubiquity of disability via social change and political activism as well as cultural representations and the need for signs of identity. In the new century, newer initiatives in the US, such as Brendan Murphy's and the Accessible Icon Project (developed by Sara Hendren and Brian Glenney), have challenged the official ISA, revealing both persistence and change in understandings of disability and accessibility. When integrated into signage, the ISA designates accessible spaces and facilities. If the ISA has become present in public buildings and spaces everywhere, cultural notions of disability and access remain understudied across the social sciences, with especially the Global South remaining a blank page. Research is needed to chart the diverse local interpretations that mirror shifts from exclusion to inclusion of disabled people as the human rights revolution witnessed since the end of WWII continues, but also suffers backlash, even in the Global North. Paradoxically, this global icon refers simultaneously to disability, and its ameliorating factor, accessibility. Yet, the ambivalence and debate surrounding the ISA persist, as Guffey emphasizes especially in the later chapters, focusing on proposed alternatives to the existing ISA, codified as it is in law and conforming to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Until universal design (and the universalizing social policies likely needed to support it) succeeds in reducing the barriers in environments and in attitudes and in maximizing the usefulness of products and services during the design stage, identity formation processes are among the most positive aspects of the ISA. The icon's influence and implementation extend far beyond marking modifications to the built environment. Whether taken-for-granted, modified or critiqued, the current ISA has spread globally. It can now be found wherever people move in physical space, finding their way. The symbol testifies to the on-going shift from exclusion, along a slow and winding road, to social inclusion and full participation of disabled people. In sum, Guffey brings scholarship on the ISA to the next stage. It complements studies that chart the influence of disabled peoples' organizations and of international organizations as they facilitated remarkable shifts in disability paradigms. Yet institutionalized discrimination abounds, with the ISA marking that accessibility and universal design are far from achieved. If a few imprecisions tarnish the literature list, this historical work reconstructing a largely Western process cannot be faulted for not providing a complete global analysis of ISA implementation and adjustment. In that vein, with contributions from Guffey herself, the current exhibition "Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design" (Kries, Klein & Clarke, 2018) indeed extends the discussion to the Global South and across further disciplines, rightfully embedding the dialogue about symbols of disability and enhancing access within broader contexts. Footnote: Kries, Matteo, Amelie Klein & Alison J. Clarke (eds.) (2018). Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum. ISBN: 978-3-945852-26-2. The exhibition is currently on view at Germany's Vitra Design Museum (20 September 2018–10 March 2019), then at Barcelona Design Museum (20 October 2019–2 February 2020).

Theory with unstable referents -- Methodical approach -- Reflecting languages and symbols -- Paradigmatic lines and actor relationships -- Reconciling multiple knowledges -- Categorising and explaining as knowledge change -- Advocacy knowledge as political-legal intervention -- Final discussion -- Addendum.

[EN] In the current world we live immersed in online applications, being one of the most present of them Social Network Sites (SNSs), and different issues arise from this interaction. Therefore, there is a need for research that addresses the potential issues born from the increasing user interaction when navigating. For this reason, in this survey we explore works in the line of prevention of risks that can arise from social interaction in online environments, focusing on works using Multi-Agent System (MAS) technologies. For being able to assess what techniques are available for prevention, works in the detection of sentiment polarity and stress levels of users in SNSs will be reviewed. We review with special attention works using MAS technologies for user recommendation and guiding. Through the analysis of previous approaches on detection of the user state and risk prevention in SNSs we elaborate potential future lines of work that might lead to future applications where users can navigate and interact between each other in a more safe way. ; This work was funded by the project TIN2017-89156-R of the Spanish government. ; Aguado-Sarrió, G.; Julian Inglada, VJ.; García-Fornes, A.; Espinosa Minguet, AR. (2020). A Review on MAS-Based Sentiment and Stress Analysis User-Guiding and Risk-Prevention Systems in Social Network Analysis. Applied Sciences. 10(19):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196746 ; S ; 1 ; 29 ; 10 ; 19 ; Vanderhoven, E., Schellens, T., Vanderlinde, R., & Valcke, M. (2015). Developing educational materials about risks on social network sites: a design based research approach. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(3), 459-480. doi:10.1007/s11423-015-9415-4 ; Teens and ICT: Risks and Opportunities. Belgium: TIRO http://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/proj.asp?l=en&COD=TA/00/08 ; Risks and Safety on the Internet: The Perspective of European Children: Full Findings and Policy Implications From the EU Kids Online Survey of 9–16 Year Olds and Their Parents in 25 Countries ...

Notwithstanding significant changes in the research cultures of many social science disciplines, there remains a certain orthodoxy in the selection of qualitative methods for consumer research in particular. In this field, focus groups and depth (or qualitative) interviews reign supreme, while the use of documentary evidence is sparse. The obvious exception is the growing number of studies written by historians of consumer culture (see for example, Cohen, 2003; De Grazia, 2005; Donohue, 2006). Historians have traditionally used documents as evidence of particular events, values, ideas and practices at specific times and places. These events can then be organised into a sequence over time, thereby constituting a narrative of change. Historians, though, are less likely to try to build an explanatory model of change based on broader social scientific theories (there are of course exceptions, and this is a matter of degree rather than an absolute difference).

This doctoral dissertation focuses on business networks in the specific context of peripheral medium sized cities. Based on a field survey of entrepreneurs from Southern Brittany, this research highlights resources provided by business networks. Being located in a non-metropolitan territory does not seem to be a barrier to participation in networks, even for globalized and innovative firms. This multidisciplinary work also mobilises metropolization theories to address the particular geographical context of peripheral, medium-sized cities and assess their territorial development opportunities. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the network functioning of the firms have been interpreted using network sociology and management science literature on business leaders' behaviour. The partnership framework with three local development agencies has led to make practical proposals targeting local political decision-makers and stakeholders. Thus, implementing a network-based public policy could be an interesting path in order to come up with a new local development approach. ; Cette recherche doctorale s'intéresse aux réseaux d'entreprises dans le contexte spécifique de villes moyennes périphériques. En s'appuyant sur les résultats d'une enquête de terrain auprès de dirigeants d'entreprises innovantes et performantes de Bretagne Sud, la recherche a pu mettre en évidence les ressources territoriales issues des réseaux sociaux. Le fait d'être implanté dans un territoire non métropolitain ne semble pas être un obstacle à l'insertion dans les réseaux de dirigeants, y compris lorsque leurs entreprises sont mondialisées. Pluridisciplinaire, cette recherche a nécessité de mobiliser les théories de la métropolisation afin d'appréhender le contexte de villes moyennes périphériques et leurs opportunités de développement. En outre, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement réticulaire des entreprises ont été interprétés à la lumière de la sociologie des réseaux et des théories de la science de gestion liées au ...

This doctoral dissertation focuses on business networks in the specific context of peripheral medium sized cities. Based on a field survey of entrepreneurs from Southern Brittany, this research highlights resources provided by business networks. Being located in a non-metropolitan territory does not seem to be a barrier to participation in networks, even for globalized and innovative firms. This multidisciplinary work also mobilises metropolization theories to address the particular geographical context of peripheral, medium-sized cities and assess their territorial development opportunities. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the network functioning of the firms have been interpreted using network sociology and management science literature on business leaders' behaviour. The partnership framework with three local development agencies has led to make practical proposals targeting local political decision-makers and stakeholders. Thus, implementing a network-based public policy could be an interesting path in order to come up with a new local development approach. ; Cette recherche doctorale s'intéresse aux réseaux d'entreprises dans le contexte spécifique de villes moyennes périphériques. En s'appuyant sur les résultats d'une enquête de terrain auprès de dirigeants d'entreprises innovantes et performantes de Bretagne Sud, la recherche a pu mettre en évidence les ressources territoriales issues des réseaux sociaux. Le fait d'être implanté dans un territoire non métropolitain ne semble pas être un obstacle à l'insertion dans les réseaux de dirigeants, y compris lorsque leurs entreprises sont mondialisées. Pluridisciplinaire, cette recherche a nécessité de mobiliser les théories de la métropolisation afin d'appréhender le contexte de villes moyennes périphériques et leurs opportunités de développement. En outre, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement réticulaire des entreprises ont été interprétés à la lumière de la sociologie des réseaux et des théories de la science de gestion liées au ...