The research investigates the dynamics of the Renaissance appearance in Poitiers and in the surrounding area, in the period between the end of the 15th and the first half of the 16th century. In particular, the identification of the peculiar characteristics of the architecture was achieved favoring the analysis of the most widespread type in the urban context, the hôtel. As the main pole of the historical Poitou province, Poitiers has known an intense architectural activity since the end of the 15th century, nevertheless, the Renaissance city remains essentially unexamined, unlike the medieval and 17th century ones. The aim of my research is to fill this historiographical gap by analyzing the architectural production from the flamboyant age to that of those centers, not far away, such as Tours and Blois, where the Renaissance sees its first flourishing. To understand the modality of migration of the Italian Renaissance model in the Poitiers region, were first examined the architectural complexes of the Early Renaissance which represent the paradigm for the whole region and the related commissions, that were receptive to the importation of classical canons. These analyses were conducted comparing times and processes of diffusion with the vicissitudes of the centers of the Loire Valley. Subsequently, starting from an historical and urban study, the construction typology of the hôtel was analyzed at a local level. This hôtel represents the town residence model of the French bourgeoisie, whose economic and political power increased during the 15th century. The Poitiers's architectural corpus, here considered, consists of about fifty residential complexes, built starting from the end of the 15th century: starting from such a considerable panorama, the research focused on the monographic study of four architectures, emblems of the change of stylistic language. Starting from the flamboyant Fumé hôtel, the investigation passed through the Berthelot and the d'Estissac hôtels, considered to be the first Renaissance buildings, to finally reach the Beaucé hôtel, that reflects the mature French Renaissance formal solutions. In addition, the chapels built at Notre-Dame-La-Grande, Saint-Germain, Saint-Hilaire and the castles of the Fumé, Berthelot and d'Estissac families were analyzed in the context of the study of the commissions. The research approach followed the modus operandi developed by the Roman School of Architecture of "Sapienza" University of Rome, which combines archival research and an analysis of the textual and iconographic sources with the direct study of the buildings, characterized by architectural survey and by the examination of both construction phases and materials. The joint-PhD program with "Sorbonne Université" as well as the attendance of the "Center André Chastel" were fundamental to frame the research in the French historiographical field. ; Notre travail de recherche se concentre sur l'apparition de la Renaissance à Poitiers et dans le territoire environnant entre la fin du XVe et la première moitié du XVIe siècle. Nous en avons identifié les caractéristiques spécifiques dans le domaine de l'architecture en analysant notamment la typologie de bâtiment la plus diffusée dans le contexte urbain : celle de l'hôtel. Ancienne capitale du Poitou, Poitiers a connu une intense activité sur le plan architectural dès la fin du XVe siècle. Malgré cela, les études concernant le patrimoine bâti de la ville à l'époque de la Renaissance demeurent essentiellement peu développées comparativement à celles qui se penchent sur l'architecture du Moyen-Âge et du XVIIe siècle. La recherche que nous avons menée a tenté de combler cette « lacune » historiographique en analysant la production architectonique et en la rapprochant de celle d'autres centres avoisinants, comme Tours et Blois, où la Renaissance s'est d'abord épanouie. Afin de comprendre les modalités de diffusion des modèles de la Renaissance italienne dans la région de Poitiers, nous avons avant tout examiné les principaux ensembles architectoniques à partir de la fin du XVe siècle, qui sont exemplaires du langage régional. Nous avons également tenté de comprendre la volonté de leurs commanditaires, sensibles à l'application des canons classique et nous avons comparé ces observations avec des données similaires concernant les principaux centres du Val de Loire. Ensuite, grâce à une approche historique et urbaine, nous avons analysé, dans le cas de Poitiers, la typologie de l'hôtel, le modèle par excellence de la résidence urbaine de la riche bourgeoisie française, dont la puissance économique et politique s'était intensifiée au cours du XVe siècle. Le corpus architectonique poitevin que nous avons considéré est constitué d'environ cinquante ensembles résidentiels édifiés dès la fin du Quattrocento. À partir de ce vaste panorama, notre recherche s'est concentrée sur l'étude monographique de quatre bâtiments emblématiques qui témoignent du changement de langage architectonique : le flamboyant hôtel Fumé, les hôtels Berthelot et d'Estissac, considérés comme les premiers édifices de la Renaissance, et l'hôtel Beaucé, qui présente des solutions formelles de la Renaissance française mûre. En outre, dans le cadre de l'étude des commanditaires, nous avons également analysé les chapelles érigées à Notre-Dame-La-Grande, Saint-Germain et Saint-Hilaire et les châteaux bâtis dans les alentours de Poitiers par les familles Fumé, Berthelot et d'Estissac. Notre approche méthodologique a suivi le modus operandi élaboré par l'École romaine d'Architecture de « Sapienza - Università di Roma », qui propose de combiner une recherche archivistique et une analyse des sources textuelles et iconographiques à l'observation directe des édifices, caractérisée par le relèvement architectonique et l'examen des matériaux et des phases de construction. Le projet de cotutelle avec « Sorbonne Université » et la fréquentation du « Centre André Chastel » ont quant à eux permis d'inscrire la recherche dans le cadre historiographique français. ; El tema de investigación estudia los mecanismos de aparición del Renacimiento en Poitiers y sus aledaños, en un lapso temporal comprendido entre el final del siglo XV y la mitad del XVI. En particular, han sido individuadas sus peculiaridades en el ámbito de la arquitectura, privilegiando el análisis de la tipologia de mayor difusión en el contexto urbano, el hôtel. Poitiers, polo principal de la antigua provincia de Poitou, vivió una actividad intensa en el campo arquitectónico hacia finales del siglo XV. No obstante, la parte de la ciudad de época renacentista no ha sido exhaustivamente estudiada, a diferencia de los periodos medieval y del siglo XVII. La investigación busca completar este "vacío" historiografico analizando la producción arquitectónica realizada en la edad gótico-tardía y relacionándola a aquella de otros centros de las cercanías, en los que el Renacimiento se difundió tempranamente, como son Tours e Blois. Con el fin de comprender la modalidad de migración del modelo renacentista italiano en la región de Poitiers, se han examinado en primer lugar los complejos arquitectónicos emblemáticos del primer Renacimiento, que representan un modelo para toda la región, y sus respectivos promotores, atentos a la adopción de cánones clásicos, comparando tiempos y modalidades de difusión con las vicisitudes de los centros del Valle del Loira. Posteriormente, partiendo del aspectos historicos y urbanos, se profundizó a nivel local el examen de la tipología contructiva del hôtel, modelo de estancia de la rica burguesía francesa, cuyo poder económico y político se incrementó durante el siglo XV. El corpus arquitectónico potevino tomado en consideración está constituído por cinquenta conjuntos residenciales aproximadamente, construidos a partir de finales del Cuatrocientos: dada la amplitud de casos, se ha desarrollado el estudio monográfico de cuatro ejemplos emblemáticos del cambio del estilo en el lenguaje. Partiendo del flamboyant hôtel Fumé, y pasando por sus contemporáneos hôtels Berthelot y d'Estissac, considerados los primeros ejemplos renacentistas, se ha llegado al hôtel Beaucé, el cual refleja las soluciones formales adoptadas en el Renacimientos francés maduro. En el ámbito de las indagaciones sobre los promotores, además, han sido analizadas las capillas construídas en Notre-Dame-La-Grande, en Saint-Germain, en Saint-Hilaire y los castillos de las familias Fumé, Berthelot, d'Estissac. El tema de investigación estudia los mecanismos de aparición del Renacimiento en Poitiers y sus aledaños, en un lapso temporal comprendido entre el final del siglo XV y la mitad del XVI. En particular, han sido individuadas sus peculiaridades en el ámbito de la arquitectura, privilegiando el análisis de la tipologia de mayor difusión en el contexto urbano, el hôtel. Poitiers, polo principal de la antigua provincia de Poitou, vivió una actividad intensa en el campo arquitectónico hacia finales del siglo XV. No obstante, la parte de la ciudad de época renacentista no ha sido exhaustivamente estudiada, a diferencia de los periodos medieval y del siglo XVII. La investigación busca completar este "vacío" historiografico analizando la producción arquitectónica realizada en la edad gótico-tardía y relacionándola a aquella de otros centros de las cercanías, en los que el Renacimiento se difundió tempranamente, como son Tours e Blois. Con el fin de comprender la modalidad de migración del modelo renacentista italiano en la región de Poitiers, se han examinado en primer lugar los complejos arquitectónicos emblemáticos del primer Renacimiento, que representan un modelo para toda la región, y sus respectivos promotores, atentos a la adopción de cánones clásicos, comparando tiempos y modalidades de difusión con las vicisitudes de los centros del Valle del Loira. Posteriormente, partiendo del aspectos historicos y urbanos, se profundizó a nivel local el examen de la tipología contructiva del hôtel, modelo de estancia de la rica burguesía francesa, cuyo poder económico y político se incrementó durante el siglo XV. El corpus arquitectónico potevino tomado en consideración está constituído por cinquenta conjuntos residenciales aproximadamente, construidos a partir de finales del Cuatrocientos: dada la amplitud de casos, se ha desarrollado el estudio monográfico de cuatro ejemplos emblemáticos del cambio del estilo en el lenguaje. Partiendo del flamboyant hôtel Fumé, y pasando por sus contemporáneos hôtels Berthelot y d'Estissac, considerados los primeros ejemplos renacentistas, se ha llegado al hôtel Beaucé, el cual refleja las soluciones formales adoptadas en el Renacimientos francés maduro. En el ámbito de las indagaciones sobre los promotores, además, han sido analizadas las capillas construídas en Notre-Dame-La-Grande, en Saint-Germain, en Saint-Hilaire y los castillos de las familias Fumé, Berthelot, d'Estissac.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 762 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is covered by railway line, 323 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 31 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 403 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 10 per cent of area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 3 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm). About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 30 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 10 per cent of area is low (51- 100 mm/m). Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 47 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 6 per cent of area is severely (e3) eroded. About 19 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 35 per cent area is strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) is 0.75%), 35 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 5 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur content is low (1 ppm) in an area of 8 per cent of the microwatershed. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 41 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 12 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 371 (49) Guava - - Maize - 371 (49) Sapota - - Bajra - 371 (49) Pomegranate - 200 (26) Groundnut - 77 (10) Musambi - 200 (26) Sunflower - 200 (26) Lime - 200 (26) Redgram - 294 (39) Amla - 272 (35) Bengal gram 195 (26) 99 (13) Cashew - - Cotton - 200 (26) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 277 (36) Jamun - - Tomato - 77 (10) Custard apple - 277 (36) Brinjal - 77 (10) Tamarind - - Onion - 77 (10) Mulberry - 195 (26) Bhendi - 277 (36) Marigold - 277 (36) Drumstick - 196 (26) Chrysanthemum - 277 (36) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Shethalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 50.879" and 160 29' 29.691" and East longitude 770 18' 30.581'' and 770 16' 48.138" covering an area of about 772.15 ha coming under Shettilli, Kadechoora and Badiyala villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 71 (54.20%) men and 60 (45.80 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 4. Majority of the respondents (41.98%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 41.98 per cent illiterates, 54.21 per cent pre university education and 1.53 per cent attained graduation. About, 88.24 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 63.36 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 79.41 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 32.35 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.94 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 26.47 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.31, women available in the micro watershed was 1.25, hired labour (men) available was 5.78 and hired labour (women) available was 6.09. 2 Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 98.24 per cent (50.54 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.76 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.63 per cent. Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 26.47 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 66.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 16.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Sorghum was Rs.20437.92 , 25768.30 and 11224.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:5.40, 1: 1.70 and 1: 2.10 respectively. Further, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 84117.65 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57205.88 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 2.94 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3485.29 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3 Majority of the farmers (97.06%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 35.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.12%) and oilseeds (88.24%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (100.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (41.18 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Buragapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 391 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 375 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soil and 16 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 375 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 55 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm). About 55 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 41 per cent has clayey soils. About of 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) and 55 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area falls under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed. An area of about 11 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded and 85 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). About 56 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 40 per cent area is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 58 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 10 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. Available potassium is high (>337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Except one ha where it is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 32 per cent of area in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 86(22) 31(8) Guava - - Maize - 117(30) Sapota - - Bajra - 117(30) Pomegranate - 117(30) Groundnut - - Musambi 86(22) 31(8) Sunflower 86(22) 31(8) Lime 86(22) 31(8) Redgram - 117(30) Amla - 86(22) Bengal gram 86(22) 31(8) Cashew - - Cotton 86(22) 31(8) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 117(30) Jamun - 86(22) Tomato - - Custard apple 86(22) 31(8) Brinjal - - Tamarind - 86(22) Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 117(30) Marigold - 117(30) Drumstick - 86(22) Chrysanthemum - 117(30) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Buragapalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 42.322" and 160 53' 23.247" and East longitude 770 26' 57.655'' and 770 25' 40.042" covering an area of about 388.59 ha coming unde Buragapalli Village of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Buragapalli-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Buragapalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 6 (17.14%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 59 (50.00%) men and 59 (50.00 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 3.3, small farmers were 3.5, semi medium farmers were 3.3 and medium farmers were 4. Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.29 per cent illiterates, 61.87 per cent pre university education and 6.78 per cent attained graduation. About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.81 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.38, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 15.18 and hired labour (women) available was 15.35. Further, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2 In the study area, about 0.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 500.00 kms for about 6.00 months. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 97.48 per cent (51.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.52 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.72 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 36.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 46.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (96.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 96.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Onion was Rs.20883.79, 10823.21, 23248.08, 14623.48 and 362565.84 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.40, 1: 5.70, 1: 0.92, 1: 2.10 and 1:0.72 respectively. Further, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 83515.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62572.86 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 13 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 28.57 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 428.57 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. 3 Regarding marketing channels, 51.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 37.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 80.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (80.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (82.86%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (60.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), Less rainfall (45.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
This note is prepared as part of the FSAP. Its main objective is to describe the status and recent developments in corporate financial reporting framework in Montenegro and highlight key issues relevant to financial sector. The note represents a technical annex to the main FSAP Aide-Memoire and seeks to provide a high level overview of developments since the 2007 A&A ROSC2, as well as highlight the areas that are most relevant to the financial sector. The Annex 1 to this note offers details on status of implementation of 2007 A&A ROSC policy recommendations and was based on the team's knowledge of corporate financial reporting reforms in Montenegro and limited research. Montenegro has undertaken notable efforts to improve the corporate financial reporting framework since the 2007 A&A ROSC, especially in improving the statutory framework and efforts to align it with the EU acquis communautaire. However, implementation and enforcement of financial reporting and auditing requirements has been hampered by major capacity and resource constraints. The major consequences are that, with exception of banks and insurance companies, there is limited quality financial information on corporate entities available in the market that is reliable for economic decision making or supervision of financial sector entities. The capacity and skills of the accounting and auditing profession in Montenegro needs further development while the institutions responsible for accounting and auditing regulation, in some cases, are at inception. acquis communautaire.
Special economic zones can be an effective instrument to promote industrialization if implemented properly in the right context. In China, starting in the 1980s, special economic zones were used as a testing ground for the country's transition from a planned to a market economy, and they are a prime example of China's pragmatic and experimental approach to reforms. One of the great special economic zone success stories in China is the Suzhou Industrial Park, a modern industrial township developed in the early 1990s through a Sino-Singapore partnership. It is successful not just in the economic sense, but also in terms of urban and social development in an eco-friendly way. One key lesson is that in a weak market environment, a facilitating and reform-oriented host government, coupled with foreign expertise and knowledge as well as a "whole value chain" approach can go a long way in developing urban-industry well-integrated special economic zones. This paper is intended to examine the success factors and key lessons of the Sino-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park, which can be useful for other developing countries.
Riječ uredništvaPrije nekoliko godina u jednom dvobroju Šumarskog lista pojasnili smo zadaću ove rubrike. Naglasili smo da ona nije zamišljena da podučava šumarske stručnjake o šumarstvu (struku su učili na Fakultetu), nego da podsjetimo na aktualnosti koje se događaju u šumi i šumarskoj struci. Navodeći činjenice, nastojimo pomoći da šumarska praksa, pa i znanost, lakše zauzme stav o pojedinom aktualnom stručnom problemu ili događanjima kako bi štitila šumu i struku. Stoga, osvrnimo se na prošlogodišnje rubrike koje nam ukazuju na probleme koji nas očekuju.U dvobroju 1-2/2021. najavili smo cjelogodišnje obilježavanje 175-e obljetnice osnivanja Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva (1846. g.) i 145-e obljetnice (1877. g) tiskanja znanstveno-stručnog i staleškog glasila Šumarskog lista. Naveli smo kako je Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo, uz ostalo, ostvarilo svoja dva glavna cilja: uvođenje više šumarske nastave u Hrvatskoj osnivanjem Gospodarsko-šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima 1860. godine, a potom Šumarske akademije (danas Šumarski fakultet) 1898. godine kao četvrte visokoškolske ustanove Zagrebačkog sveučilišta. Tiskanjem prvoga broja svojega glasila, Šumarskog lista 1. siječnja 1877. godine, ostvaren je i drugi cilj. Posebno smo istaknuli kako je već tada usvojeno mišljenje da je za gospodarenje šumskim ekosustavima potrebno visokoškolsko obrazovanje. Upitali smo se kakva je danas situacija sa šumarskom strukom? Zaključili smo: nikakva – svi znaju sve o šumi, a nisu niti "primirisali" šumarsko obrazovanje bilo kojega ranga. Skrenuli smo pozornost na netržišno gospodarenje šumskim resursima, posebice najvrjednijima, kada izvozom drvne sirovine, a ne drvoprerađivačkih proizvoda izvozimo radna mjesta i obezvrjeđujemo dugogodišnji trud šumarskih stručnjaka.U dvobroju 3-4/2021. raspravljali smo na temu teksta Thomasa Waitza, zastupnika Zelenih u EU, objavljenog pod bombastičnim naslovom "Novo izvješće o krčenju šuma u Hrvatskoj", na kojega su se odmah "zalijepili" naši Zeleni. Nakon više od 250 godina gospodarenja našim šumama po načelu potrajnog gospodarenja, ovaj naslov je uvreda hrvatskim stručnjacima. Osim toga, ovo je poistovjećivanje pojmova krčenja i kontrolirane sječe šuma, što je očiti primjer neznanja, bolje rečeno amaterizma koji danas preplavljuje ne samo šumarsku nego i druge struke. Svakako preporučamo opetovano pročitati ovu Riječ Uredništva, kako bi imali jaču podlogu za eventualnu raspravu o odnosnoj temi.U dvobroju 5-6/2021. rubriku smo posvetili "Odlasku čovjeka koji je život posvetio šumi i šumarstvu". Bez obzira na njegov životni put opširno prikazan u rubrici In memoriam, osvrnuli smo se kratko na najvažnije dijelove toga životnog puta, zaključujući: "Odlaskom profesora Matića završilo je jedno razdoblje, koje će nama suvremenicima ostati u sjećanju kao nezaboravno iskustvo, plemenitog, šumarskog načina života i zajedništva, a koje je rezultiralo njegovanim i očuvanim šumama. Hoće li novi trendovi koji su sve izraženiji u današnjem šumarstvu, a prema kojima su šumarski stručnjaci sve manje povezani sa šumom, ali i međusobno, uspjeti odgovoriti na nove izazove, posebice u okolnostima sve izraženijih klimatskih promjena, tek je za vidjeti."U dvobroju 7-8/2021. uz temu: Tko je kriv za loše poslovanje drvoprerađivača? navodimo tekst Europskoga šumarskog instituta i Svjetske banke pod naslovom "Pregled i preporuka za sustav prodaje drvne sirovine Hrvatskih šuma". Čitamo da se kod nas 93 % drvnih proizvoda prodaje administrativno na temelju dugoročnih ugovora, a tržišno samo 5 % (Poljska 89-90 %, Češka 96 %, a Estonija i Francuska približno 100 % tržišno). Hrvatska prodaje drvnu sirovinu po 20-30 % nižoj cijeni u usporedbi s europskim cijenama i cijenama u susjednim zemljama, što čini gubitak od oko 316 milijuna kuna godišnje (hrast 163 milijuna kn, bukva 105 milijuna kn, smreka i jela 48 milijuna kn). S obzirom na gospodarenje po načelu potrajnosti te na kvalitetu i prirodnost naših šuma (čime je osiguran i FSC certifikat – od čega najveći benefit ubiru upravo drvoprerađivači), mišljenja smo da je gubitak i veći.Što donosi nova EU strategija za šume do 2030. tema je dvobroja 9-10/2021. Smatra se ključnim za ostvarivanje ciljeva Europskoga zelenog plana, smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova za najmanje 55 % do 2030. i klimatske neutralnosti do 2050. godine. Pomaže i ispunjavanje ciljeva EU-a za povećanje uklanjanja CO2 prirodnim ponorima prema Zakonu o klimi. Strategijom se šumi, šumarima i sektoru koji se temelji na šumi daje središnja uloga u ostvarivanju tih ciljeva. Uz njihovu pomoć očekuje se europski prelazak na moderno, klimatski neutralno, resursno učinkovito i konkurentno gospodarstvo.U dvobroju 11-12/2021. pokušali smo sažeti nazovimo prognoze "Što nam donosi Glazgovska klimatska konferencija". U sklopu potpisane Deklaracije o korištenju šuma i zemljišta, koju je do sada podržalo preko 140 država u kojima se nalazi više od 90% svjetskih šuma, čelnici zemalja obvezali su se zajednički raditi na zaustavljanju i preokretanju gubitka šuma i degradacije zemljišta do 2030. godine. Glavni cilj konferencije odnosio se na ograničavanje povišenja globalne prosječne temperature na razinu koja je znatno niža od 2°C iznad razine u predindustrijskom razdoblju. Ovdje nas zabrinjava činjenica da mnogi neupućeni, a mjerodavni, poistovjećuju krčenje šuma i kontroliranu sječu šuma koja je uzgojni zahvat u održavanju, a posebice u obnovi šumskih sastojina. Usprkos našoj visokoj šumovitosti, to bi nam u budućnosti moglo bitno utjecati na dosadašnji dokazano uspješni način gospodarenja našim šumama.Uredništvo ; EditorialWe explained the mission of this column in a double issue of Forestry Journal several years ago. We pointed out that the intention of the column was not to teach forestry experts about forestry (the profession which they study at the faculty), but to point to some current events taking place in the forest and the forestry profession. By stating the facts, we try to help the forestry practice and science to take a stand on a particular professional problem or event, all with the view of protecting the forest and the profession. Therefore, let us remind ourselves of last year's columns, which point to the problems that await us in the future.In the double issue 1-2/2021 we announced the year-round celebration of the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Croatian Forestry Society (1846) and the 145th anniversary (1877) of the publication of the scientific-professional paper Forestry Journal. Among other things, we pointed out that the Croatian Forestry Society achieved its two main goals. The first was the introduction of higher forestry education in Croatia by founding the College of Agriculture and Forestry in Križevci in 1860 and the Academy of Forestry (the present Faculty of Forestry) in 1898 as the fourth higher education institution of the University of Zagreb. The second goal was achieved by publishing the first issue of Forestry Journal on January 1st, 1877. We especially emphasised that the awareness of the need for higher education to manage forest ecosystems was keenly felt even then. We asked ourselves what the current situation was regarding the forestry profession. We concluded it was dire: everybody knows everything about the forest without having the slightest idea of the forestry profession. We also drew attention to the non-market management of forest resources, particularly the most valuable ones, when by exporting wood raw material instead of wood processing products, we export jobs and devalue the long-lasting hard work of forestry experts. In the double issue 3-4/2021, we discussed the text by Thomas Waitz, representative of the Green Party in the EU, published under the bombastic title "New Report on Deforestation in Croatia", which our Greens immediately "embraced". In view of over 250 years of managing our forests according to the principle of sustainable management, this title is an insult to Croatian experts. In addition, this mixing up of the concepts of deforestation and controlled felling of forests is a blatant example of ignorance, or rather amateurism, which today permeates not only forestry but also other professions. We warmly recommend rereading this Editorial in order to gain a stronger basis for a possible debate of this subject.The Editorial in the double issue 5-6/2021, was entitled "The demise of a man who has devoted his life to forests and forestry". Although his life path was extensively presented in the column "In memoriam", we briefly described the most important points of his life path, concluding: "The demise of Professor Matić ends a period which we, his contemporaries, will always look upon as an unforgettable experience of living a noble foresters' life in togetherness, the result of which are well-tended and preserved forests. Will the new trends, increasingly visible in present day forestry, in which foresters have less and less contact with forests and with their colleagues, be able to respond to all the challenges, particularly in the light of distinct climate changes, remains to be seen." The topic of the double issue 7-8/2021 "Who is to blame for poor business results of wood processors?" is accompanied by the text of the European Forestry Institute and the World Bank, entitled "A survey and recommendations for the wood raw material sale system in the company Croatian Forests Ltd." According to the text, 93 % of wood products in Croatia are sold administratively on the basis of long-term contracts, and only 5 % are sold on the market (Poland 89 - 90 %, Czechia 96 %, and Estonia and France about 100 % on the market). Compared to European prices and prices in neighbouring countries, Croatia sells wood raw material at prices which are 30 – 30 % lower, which incurs a loss of about 316 million kuna annually (oak 163 million kuna, beech 105 million kuna, spruce and fir 48 million kuna). Taking into consideration the principles of sustainable management, as well as the quality and naturalness of Croatian forests (which has earned them the FSC certificate – of which it is the wood processors who reap the highest benefits), we suspect that the losses are even higher than the ones mentioned above. The topic of the double issue 9-10/2021 was "What does the new EU forest strategy for 2030 bring?" A core part of the European Green Deal, this strategy anticipates a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % by 2030 and a climate-neutral continent by 2050. It also helps meet EU targets to increase CO2 removal through natural sinks under the Climate Act. The strategy gives forests, foresters and the forest-based sector a central role in meeting these targets. With their help, a European transition to a modern, climate-neutral, resource-efficient and competitive economy is expected. The double issue 11-12/2021 was concerned with predictions contained in the text "What does the Glasgow Conference bring us?" As part of the signed Declaration on Forests and Land Use, which has so far been supported by over 140 countries in which more than 90 % of world's forests are located, the leaders pledged to work together to "halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation" by 2030. The main objective of the conference was to limit the increase in global average temperature to a level significantly lower than 2°C above the level in the pre-industrial period. Here, we are concerned about the fact that those who are uninformed, but in position of authority, equate deforestation and controlled felling, which is a silvicultural operation performed in order to maintain and regenerate forest stands. Despite the fact that Croatia is highly forested, this could significantly affect our proven success in the management of our forests.Editorial Board
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm). About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity. About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils. An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1). An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium. An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation. About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38. Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2 Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent. Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively. Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3 Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households. In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
In its military campaign in Gaza, Israel faces a seemingly endless list of alleged human rights violations. International monitors argue the Israel Defense Forces have starved Gazans, targeted journalists attempting to cover the carnage, tortured detainees, and attacked hospitals full of wounded civilians. The U.S. — a passionate backer of civilian protections in Ukraine — has struggled to find the right way to address these claims while still standing by its long-time partner. The bombing has been "indiscriminate," says President Joe Biden, but perhaps it will improve tomorrow. Killing more than 10,000 women and children in two months is not "genocide," argues White House spokesperson John Kirby, but Hamas' brutal Oct. 7 attacks were. If human rights are fundamentally a matter of world consensus, then what does it tell us that the United States threatens to cast a second veto against a United Nations Security Council resolution begging for a humanitarian suspension of fighting? What does it mean when a supposed champion of human rights seems to jettison them when it becomes inconvenient? For that matter, why should Israel care about human rights when it perceives its fight as existential? Kenneth Roth has a unique perspective on these questions. Roth, considered by many to be a dean of the human rights movement, spent nearly three decades as the executive director of Human Rights Watch before stepping down last year to become a visiting professor at Princeton University. Under his leadership, HRW drew flak for, among other things, declaring Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories to be apartheid, all while documenting in meticulous detail abuses committed by Palestinian groups, including Hamas. RS spoke with Roth to get his thoughts on human rights at a time of crisis. The following conversation has been edited for length and clarity. RS: How would you rate the Biden administration's handling of the Gaza crisis from a human rights perspective? Roth: The Biden administration has been far too deferential to the Israeli Government, despite the pretty clear commission of war crimes in Gaza. And while the administration has pushed to ameliorate some of those war crimes — by pressing for humanitarian access, by urging greater attention to avoiding civilian casualties — that rhetorical push has not been backed by the use of the leverage that the administration has that might have really put pressure on the Israeli government to stop, whether that would be withholding or conditioning ongoing arm sales or military assistance, or even allowing a Security Council resolution to go forward.RS: What would a better approach look like?Roth: The initial problem was that Biden pretty unconditionally wrapped himself in the Israeli government's response to the horrible October 7 attacks by Hamas. If you look at his initial comments, while there were caveats written in about the need to respect humanitarian law, there was no emotional punch behind them. It was pretty clear that Biden simply stood with Israel and was giving it a green light to proceed with its military response to Hamas without much effort, at least during the first few weeks, to ensure that that response really did comply with humanitarian law. So I think the Israeli government got the message that the references to humanitarian law were necessary for certain audiences, but that the administration's heart was not in them. RS: Would a more forceful form of messaging at the start have led to different results? Roth: Obviously, it's hard to know the counterfactual. But the U.S. government, which has the greatest leverage of any external actor, didn't really use that leverage to ensure that its periodic rhetorical commitment to the need to respect humanitarian law was matched by its much more forceful embrace of the Israeli military response to Hamas. RS: I've seen some reporting that the State Department has done internal inquiries as to whether U.S. officials could be legally complicit if Israel is found to have committed war crimes in Gaza. Do you have any thoughts on that question? Roth: Well, they could be. Biden's references to the Israeli military conducting indiscriminate bombing were clearly not just a verbal slip. It probably reflected the internal conversations that the administration has. The second one even seems to have been somewhat deliberate. And the significance of that is that indiscriminate bombardment is a war crime. As any administration lawyer would know, continuing to provide weapons to a force that is engaged in war crimes can make the sender guilty of aiding and abetting war crimes. That is not some crazy, wacko theory. That was the basis on which former Liberian President Charles Taylor was convicted by an internationally backed tribunal, the so-called Special Court for Sierra Leone, for providing weapons to the Sierra Leonean rebel group known as the Revolutionary United Front, a group that was notorious for chopping off the limbs of its victims. Because Taylor kept providing arms in return for the RUF's diamonds while he knew the RUF was committing these war crimes, this internationally-backed tribunal found him guilty of aiding and abetting, convicted him, and sentenced him to 50 years in prison, which he is currently serving in a British prison. RS: My next question is a little tricky, but I'm curious how you approach it. Israel claims that this war is a fight for its very survival. Why should a country that views itself as being in that position care about respecting human rights?Roth: Well, I think the question is why should it care about adhering to international humanitarian law and protocols. It's worth noting that humanitarian law was not drafted by a bunch of human rights activists and peaceniks. This was drafted by the world's leading militaries. It was designed for war, for situations where governments often feel that they are existentially at risk, and these were the limits that the world's leading militaries imposed on themselves. Israel has signed on to these standards, and it claims to abide by them. It has many capable lawyers who could be applying them. It just isn't applying them. It probably requires a certain psychological analysis to figure out why, but some of the signals being sent from the top indicate a willingness to disregard the requirements of humanitarian law. When you have Defense Minister [Yoav] Galant referring to the residents of Gaza as "human animals," when you have [Prime Minister Benjamin] Netanyahu invoking the biblical story of Amalek in which there's a divine injunction to not spare the men, women, children, or animals, these are not-so-subtle signals that the top political and military leadership in Israel doesn't care that much about civilian casualties. This has seemed to have manifested itself in the indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks that the Israeli military has carried out in Gaza. RS: It seems to me that focusing on war crimes or potential war crimes can sometimes lead to really bad policy outcomes. In this case, Israel is really spotlighting Hamas' alleged war crimes. You think back to the war in Iraq, where there was a lot of highlighting of Saddam's alleged war crimes. How can advocacy for human rights avoid supporting unfettered militarism? Roth: First, I think it's important to note that war crimes by one side do not justify war crimes by the other. If a warring party could cite the other side's war crimes, you would quickly have no more Geneva Conventions because allegations of war crimes are often made in the passions of conflict. The fact that some people have committed war crimes — in this case, both sides — doesn't justify that others resort to criminal conduct. Now, in terms of military action, few people contest that Israel had every right to respond to Hamas' military attack. It was an extraordinarily lethal military attack. It was ruthless, with widespread murder, rape, abduction, and indiscriminate bombardment. So with an attack of that sort, no one should be surprised that the Israeli government responds. The only real question was, will it respond consistent with humanitarian law? Or would it flout that law?RS: What does all this mean — especially the fact of the U.S. seemingly taking a step back in advocacy for the protection of human rights — what does all this mean for the state of human rights today? Roth: It is harmful because the U.S. government is such a powerful voice, and when it does seem to make an exception in its human rights advocacy for a close ally like Israel, it discredits the U.S. as a voice for human rights around the world. Now, I should say this is not the only instance of inconsistency on the part of Washington. We're seeing it as well as the Biden administration tries to build alliances to oppose Russia's invasion of Ukraine or to contain China. So while the administration has spoken numerous times about its fundamental commitment to human rights, it's been a very inconsistent commitment. And that inconsistency is probably most visible in the Middle East, which has been essentially a black hole in the administration's human rights policy. It's very difficult to be so permissive of human rights violations in one region of the world and have a whole lot of credibility on human rights in other parts of the world. This means that one of those powerful voices we have has weakened itself. It's not the first time that has happened. Under [former President Donald] Trump, the U.S. essentially abandoned any pretense of enforcing human rights. Prior administrations have had comparable inconsistencies. The U.S. still has been able to be a useful voice for human rights, despite these inconsistencies, in some cases, but it is a much weaker voice than if it had really been principled and consistent. RS: How do you see the future of the push to get states to protect human rights? Are we in a moment of crisis that galvanizes change? Roth: If you look at the various efforts to uphold human rights, they've been quite vigorous in certain cases. There has been a very strong response to Russian war crimes in Ukraine, complete with multiple General Assembly resolutions, the Human Rights Council standing up a commission of inquiry, the International Criminal Court launching an immediate investigation and actually charging Putin and one of his aides with war crimes. A place where it's been weaker has been, say, China's crimes against humanity against the Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, where we came within two votes of putting on the agenda a discussion of then-UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet's very strong report on what she called possible crimes against humanity. But we didn't even get that agenda item, so that's a place where the world has been much weaker. But there's been greater mobilization, greater willingness to speak out on a range of other situations, whether that be Myanmar or Iran, Saudi abuses in Yemen for a time, Sudan, Ethiopia for a time, Venezuela, Nicaragua. So the idea that because there's this black hole in U.S. human rights policy, therefore nothing can get done, that's just not true. A lot gets done, but the defense of human rights is weaker because the U.S. has been an inconsistent supporter of the effort.
One year after a national election in which the Democrats won not only the presidency but 18 congressional seats and 9 new senators, the party lost two major gubernatorial races in Virginia and New Jersey, but won an unexpected congressional seat in upstate New York. Clearly, Obama's coattails did not prove strong enough to bring out the two groups that helped him go over the top in last year's election, namely, the youth vote and the African American votes. There are many lessons to be learned by both parties from this past week' s elections, but there is also the risk of over interpreting results as a prequel of next year's mid-term elections. First, in an "off-off" year, most of the electorate was indifferent to the elections, worried as they are about more pressing issues such as higher taxes, the ever-expanding deficit and more than anything else, about unemployment, which has just surpassed the 10% mark in spite of reported GDP growth of 3.5% this quarter. Second, the state gubernatorial races were played out at the local level and had more to do with the candidates themselves than with the voters 'discontent with the President. Indeed, in a Virginia exit poll, 60% of the voters said that they had based their vote on state issues, while only 24% of those polled said they had used their vote to express their dissatisfaction with the President and 20% to express their support for him. On the other hand, Congressional elections reflect more of the national mood, and here the Democrats were winners: due to an inner brawl among Republicans, they unexpectedly won a seat the Republicans had held since the 1870s in the twenty-third district of New York. still, just as it would be a mistake to give national significance to the state races, it would also be silly to miss the obvious: the preponderant mood in the country is anti-incumbency, and this affects both parties. But clearly, independents who voted for Obama are re-directing their votes toward the Republicans and becoming savvier, more issue specific voters. In addition, both parties have base problems: the Democrats need to figure out how to get their base to the polls during off-year elections, and the Republicans must find ways to control their base so that it does not destroy the party. Turnout was the definitive factor in both gubernatorial races: it fell from 3.7 million to under 2 million in Virginia, and from almost 4 million to 2.3 million in New Jersey. The Republicans and Independents were more energized than the Democratic base, so they voted in larger numbers. Young voters between 18 and 29 years of age represented only 10% in Virginia and 9% in New Jersey. In contrast, in the 2008 presidential race they represented 21% and 17% respectively, and are credited for delivering the states to Obama in both cases. In New Jersey, an unpopular Democratic incumbent, albeit an Obama ally, lost to a new Republican face that ran on a fiscally conservative platform. Obama's appeal was apparently weaker than the voters' aversion for Jon Corzine, so U.S district attorney Chris Christie won, becoming the first Republican to win that position in 12 years. In Virginia, Bob McDonnell underplayed his extreme socially conservative views and his connection to Christian Right leader Pat Robertson. Instead, he ran a positive campaign based on job creation, quality of life for Virginians and fiscal responsibility. His opponent, Creigh Deeds, ran a negative TV ad campaign based on his opponent's social conservatism and his ideology as reflected in a misogynist twenty-year old thesis. In a calculation that backfired, Deeds distanced himself from President Obama for most of his campaign, only to turn to him towards the end. It proved to be too late. On that sunny autumnal day, Democratic voters, especially African Americans and young voters, the two groups than gave Obama his victory in Virginia, were absent from the polls. After eight years of two outstanding Democratic governors, the Executive Mansion in Richmond reverted to Republicans. Unlike Governor Warner who in 2005 prepared the way for his successor, Tim Kaine had spent most of 2009 out of the state, in his new national role as chairman the Democratic National Committee, and did very little to help Deeds. Kaine's national ambition seems to have gotten in the way of his local role as Deeds' promoter and cheerleader, and he became, in the words of Professor Larry Sabato, more of a "partisan rather than a unifying figure" at home. However, the apathy of Democratic voters has deeper roots than just civic irresponsibility or lack of engagement. It is also a reflection of disillusion and even rage with the failure of the Obama administration to create jobs and to deal with Wall Street in stricter terms, for example by breaking up the "too-big-to-fail" banks, introducing stricter regulation of derivatives trading and by reducing of CEO's compensation. Again, in spite of all the rhetoric, Obama seems to have bailed out Wall Street at the expense of middle-class tax payers and small businesses. In sum, Obama's young followers and liberals stayed home because Obama is moving too slowly in crucial issues; independents switched parties because of their own fears of losing their jobs and facing higher taxes, as well as to punish the Democrats for too much government spending with little results for higher employment; and McDonnell benefited as much from a weak, erratic opponent who ran a terrible campaign as he did from his own smart strategy and pragmatic style.While the main problem then for Democrats is how to energize the base so that they can fulfill their civic duty and vote, the Republicans have the opposite problem: how to control their base so that it does not get in the way of allowing the party to field moderate candidates that can get the Independent vote. In this sense, what happened in New York 23rd district may be a blessing in disguise for the Republicans, as it will teach them a lesson in time for next year mid-term election. In this previously little known congressional district near the Canadian border, the Republican Party nominated moderate Assemblywoman DeDe Scozzafava in a special election called to fill the seat of Representative JohnMcHugh (R-NY) who had been appointed Secretary of the Army by President Obama. This was regarded as a safe Republican seat given that the party had held it for over 100 years. However, in a twist of events that took both parties by surprise, Conservatives rebelled against the party nominee, whose social values were deemed too liberal, and fielded their own candidate, Doug Hoffman, with the support of talk show celebrities Rush Limbaugh, Glen Beck and Sarah Palin. The Club for Growth, main supporter of Tea Partiers and Birthers, poured a lot of money in support of Hoffman, and consequently Scozzafava, the official Republican Party nominee, started training in the polls. On the weekend before the election, Scozzafava abandoned the race and endorsed the Democratic candidate! The Right was jubilant, confident of a victory in this rural district, which has very few immigrants and is 93% white. Indeed, Fox news insisted on predicting a "tidal wave" in favor of the Conservative candidate all throughout Election Day, only to be forced to concede at past midnight that instead, the Democratic candidate, Bill Owens, had won. The election in the 23rd district, then, served as a warning to Republicans of whatnot to do in 2010. While the two Republicans that won the gubernatorial races did so by moving to center, thus appealing to Independents and moderates, the main losers in New York state were the Tea Partiers and Birthers who have taken advantage of the vacuum of leadership at the top, have hijacked the Republican Party and made the country at times seem ungovernable. Let it be noted here that both conservative candidates then- to- be governors elect, Chris Christie in New Jersey and Bob McDonnell in Virginia, had rejected Palin's offer to campaign for them. Recognizing the relevance of this kind of wisdom, as well as his good looks and ability to persuade, McDonnell is already being touted as a possible candidate for the 2012 national ticket.2009 will be remembered as the year of anti-incumbency, but this anti-incumbent mood is not so much about Obama, who still enjoys close to 60% of popularity, as it is about government in general. Indeed, every special Congressional election since Obama assumed the presidency has been won by Democrats even in seats previously held by Republicans. In politics, one year is an eternity, so it is difficult to extrapolate the November 3rd results to next year's mid-term election. It all depends on whether the economic stimulus starts to work more consistently and is translated into jobs. The passage of health care reform by the House is undoubtedly a victory for Democrats, but it was a narrow one, with 39 Democrats voting against it, in spite of serious compromises by House Speaker Pelosi, including one amendment that prohibits the use of federal money for abortion and that is already under fire by the party's liberals. If the so-called Stupak amendment is not taken out in House-Senate conference, then the Party may see a huge backlash by women and other groups. Still, health care reform will be a reality by year's end, and once it passes it will become sacred: voters will embrace it (as they did with Medicaid and Medicare, as well as Social Security) and, together with job recovery, it may become the basis of a better mid-term election for Democrats than most pundits are predicting now.Finally, while the two gubernatorial races were won by the Republicans, and can be read as a warning to incumbent governors everywhere in next year's elections, it is clear that the largest group that went to the polls were mainly McCain voters, as well as disgruntled independent voters who shifted to the right. And while this trend is good news for the Republicans, the inexorable weight of demographics is against them: these races were won by an overwhelmingly white and older, more male than female, electorate who constitute at the same time an increasingly smaller percentage of the population as a whole. The fastest-rising voting groups do not vote for the Republican Party, which they consider the party "without ideas". To win next year, the GOP needs to regroup fast, get rid of the Palin-Limbaugh baggage and find new leadership. A year has gone by since their huge electoral loss and they have yet to find it. Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Basavanthapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 7 ha by railway, rock outcrop and others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed. About 1 per cent are sandy, 58 per cent soils are loamy and 34 per cent are clayey soils at the surface. About 89 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils. An area of about 84 per cent area is moderately (e2) and 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed. About an area of 4 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 45 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 36 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 8 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 5 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent and 25 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 222 (31) 83 (11) Guava - 107 (15) Maize 107 (15) 198 (27) Sapota - 107 (15) Bajra 107 (15) 198 (27) Pomegranate - 222 (31) Groundnut - 120 (17) Musambi 115 (16) 107 (15) Sunflower 115 (16) 107 (15) Lime 115 (16) 107 (15) Redgram - 292 (40) Amla 107 (15) 128 (18) Bengal gram 115 (16) - Cashew - 56 (8) Cotton 115 (16) 107 (15) Jackfruit - 107 (15) Chilli 107 (15) 128 (18) Jamun - 115 (16) Tomato 107 (15) 13 (2) Custard apple 170 (24) 64 (9) Brinjal 107 (15) 13 (2) Tamarind - 115 (16) Onion 107 (15) 13 (2) Mulberry - 107 (15) Bhendi 107 (15) 128 (18) Marigold 107 (15) 128 (18) Drumstick - 222 (31) Chrysanthemum 107 (15) 128 (18) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Basavanthapur is located at North latitude 160 50' 36.18" and 160 48' 58.005" and East longitude 770 4' 34.164'' and 770 2' 0.183" covering an area of about 723.95 ha coming under Balajinagara, Kyasavanahalli, Kanahalli and Hedagimadra villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Basavanthapur micro watersheds of Thanagunda sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Basavanthapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 17 (50.00%) were small, 5 (14.71 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (56.47%) men and 73 (42.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 1. Majority of the respondents (44.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.06 per cent illiterates, 38.23 per cent pre university education and 7.65 per cent attained graduation. About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture. Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.41 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 44.12 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Sprayer, 79.41 per cent possess Weeder, 11.76 per cent possess Harvester and 32.35 per cent possess Thresher. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 0.00 per cent possess local cow and 14.71 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and hired labour (women) available was 9.26. Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2 In the study area, about 1.76 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 733.33 kms for about 9.33 months. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.26 per cent (41.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.81 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 7.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 82.35 percent possessed bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 82.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 21.43 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (92.86%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.32645.44, 35533.97, 64938.73 and 37645.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70, and 1:0.00 respectively. Further, 32.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 52823.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 30411.76 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 17 horticulture trees and 91 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12352.94 for land development and Rs. 794.12 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 97.06 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3 Majority of the farmers (94.12%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (2.94%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (102.94 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (97.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%), inadequate extension services (88.24 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.18%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Nala-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 461 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 382 ha (83%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 68 ha (15%) by rock outcrops and 11 ha (2%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 13 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 3 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm). About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 31 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 74 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 43 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 43 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 40 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed. An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 44 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 65 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 38 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 45 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient in an area of 52 per cent and sufficient in 31 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 322(70) 45(10) Guava - - Maize - 368(80) Sapota - - Bajra - 368(80) Pomegranate - 322(70) Groundnut - 45(10) Musambi 288(62) 35(8) Sunflower 288(62) 35(8) Lime 288(62) 35(8) Redgram - 323(70) Amla - 367(80) Bengal gram 322(70) 45(10) Cashew - - Cotton 288(62) 80(18) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 368(80) Jamun - 322(70) Tomato - 272(59) Custard apple 322(70) 45(10) Brinjal 35(8) 333(72) Tamarind - 322(70) Onion 35(8) 45(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi 262(57) 106(23) Marigold - 368(80) Drumstick - 323(70) Chrysanthemum - 368(80) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Yadgir Nala-1 is located at North latitude 160 52' 25.18" and 160 51' 10.235" and East longitude 770 9' 47.358" and 770 8' 6.025" covering an area of about 461.31 ha coming under Hatthakuni and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Nala-1 micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 11 were marginal, (31.43 %) were small 10 (28.57%), 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 100 (57.47%) men and 74 (42.53 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (38.51%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.30 per cent illiterates, 5.75 per cent pre university education and 4.02 per cent attained graduation. About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 45.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 18.39 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 51.43 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 62.86 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 7.74 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.43. Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 38.24 per cent (30.00 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 61.76 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 11.00 live bore wells and 11.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2 The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Papaya and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.87 per cent. Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 77.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.70 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 3.7 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Green gram and papaya was Rs. 41288.68, 63392.27, 39091.61, 47918.04 and 64184.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.1, 1:1.5, 1:3.9, 1: 2.4, 1:1.6 and 1:5 respectively. Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 208760.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 153331.43 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 67 horticulture trees and 122 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13022.86 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 40.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 45.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (80.0 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households. 3 Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (71.43%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), inadequate extension services (20.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (31.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
FEMALE REPRESENTATIVE AND RESISTANCE IN OKA RUSMINI'S EARTH DANCE Mita Hati Priyantini English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts, Surabaya State University. Mitahati@rocketmail.com Mamik Triwedawati SS. M.Pd. English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, Surabaya State University Abstrak Novel Earth Dance merupakan novel karya Oka Rusmini yang menyuarakan kaum subordinasi seperti wanita maupun queer. Dalam tesis ini, penelitian di lakukan terhadap dua tokoh representatif yakni Telaga sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel dan Kenten sebagai karakter queer. Dengan demikian, dapat di rumuskan tiga masalah yaitu (1) Bagaimana penggambaran representatif wanita dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini; (2) Bagaimana representatif memimpin perlawanan dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini; dan (3) Bagaimana dampak dari perlawanan terhadap tokoh-tokoh dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini. Data dari tesis ini di ambil dari novel sebagai sumber utama dan membaca intensif untuk langkah berikutnya. Untuk menjawab semua masalah, penelitian menggunakan teori Feminisme untuk menggambarkan representatif dan perlawanan perempuan, baik penyebab dan dampakanya. Penelitian kepustakaan di gunakan sebagai data pendukung dalam analisis. Selanjutnya, deskripsi analisis di gunakan untuk menjelaskan hasil analisis. Setelah merumuskan tiga masalah dan langkah penelitian di atas, di temukan bahwa representatif wanita yang melakukan perlawanan di sebabkan karena adanya dominasi laki-laki yang meminggirkan wanita dalam konteks budaya Bali. Namun, pada akhirnya perlawanan wanita tetap mendapatkan hukuman dari para dewa yang harus di terima. Kata Kunci: wanita, representatif dan perlawanan. Abstract Earth Dance is novel by Oka Rusmini which championing the subordinate group such as woman or queer. In this thesis, the study is focused on two representative characters; they are Telaga as the main character and Kenten as a queer character in the novel. Thus, there are three problems which will describe in this study (1) how is female representative depicted in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance; (2) how is female representative leads to female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth dance; and (3) how is the impact of female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance characters. The data from this thesis are taken from novel as the main source and intensive reading for the next step. To answer the three problems, the research use theory of Feminism to depict female representative and resistance, whether the cause and impact to the doer. Library research is used as supporting data in analysis. Next is the analysis description used to explain the result of analysis. after the discussion the three problems above, the result is, that female representative did the resistance is because the male domination which subordinate them in the context of Balinese custom. Yet, in the end, these female resistance have to willingly accept their punishment from the gods. Key words : woman, representative and resistance. INTODUCTION The term of women derives from rakta swanita which means women's seed. Balinese custom were originates from Hinduism, in which the concept of Balinese women is contiguous as Hindu women; they are born, lived and are bound with their desa adat. The concept of of unity between men and women is called arddanisvarimurthi in which men and women are described to complete each other. While Balinese custom establish the joint responsibility of a marriage couple for sociopolitical and religious duties, the earlier ethnography of Bali has often associated men as the heads of the households with the role of representing households (Nakatani, 1997:727). Nakatani found that Balinese women have not only double but also triple roles. This research is done on women's roles in her family as a wife and mother, their social roles and a breadwinner in the custom. At the end, she calls Balinese women as wonder women. If super women are demanded to do their house chores as well as their career, 'wonder women' are demanded to do their role in desa adat as one of the characteristic of Balinese women. Bali which is known as the patriarchal system which oppressed women to will under men's dominance. Balinese custom arranged women to submissive to their husband though the women is in a high caste or lower caste status without a protest (Chaitanya, 2010:4-5). For Balinese women, the primary tasks are to produce a good quality children, fostering balance and harmony within family and to work as a family team in society/adat (Suyadnya, 2006:6). In the previous age, Balinese women are work in the house and made songket to earn more money and fulfill the household needs. Married women in Balinese have also roles in maintaining the ritual represented their household. They must take care of preparation and presentation of offering, ceremonial gift-giving and ritual assistance as their main task or they divide the certain task, especially the presentation of offering and gift-giving to their daughter or another female member in the house (Nakatani, 1997:736-737). Through Nakatani's definition of women, that the society prejudice women's main chores are to maintaining the household and take care of their family and it has become obstacles for their career. Most of Oka rusmini's works break taboo to tradition and vividly talking about body and erotic caused much controversy among her family, friends and even society who read her works. They might be disturbed, but she ignored. As an author, she can do something expressing her dissatisfaction, unhappiness and anxiety via the written words. Oka had produced three novel, collection of short stories and poetry, those are, Tarian Bumi (Earth Dance translated into English by Lontar foundation and German as Erdentanz), Putu Menolong Tuhan (Putu Helps His God, translated in English by Vern Cork), Sagra, Pemahat Abad (The Sculptor of the Century, translated in English by Pamela Allen), Tempurung, and Pattiwangi. In every her novels, poetry, and short stories, Oka Rusmini works are ingenious in the sense that focus almost solely on female characters and convey feminine perspective in a consistent and provocative manner. In addition to critiquing the caste system, which in her view is very much shaped and controlled by patriarchal system in Balinese Hindu, Oka depicts competition and tension among her main female characters, and this competition can often be fierce, sometimes even be violent. She explores without reservation the positive as well as the negative qualities of Balinese women from both social groups., but at the same time she never forget to reiterate that patriarchy bears the ultimate responsibility for the social problem related to the caste system. Based on background of the study above, it can be simplify the three problems which emerge as the discussion in this study. How is the female representative depicted in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance? How does female representative leads to female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance? How is the impact of female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance characters? In analyzing the data, this study use the theory of feminism. The theory of female resistance contains the definition of female representative which leads to resistance and the impact to the main character in the novel. RESEARCH METHOD In carrying out the study, the library reasearch, which used for literary work deal with this study, is basically descriptive and qualitative research. Most of the data collected from many speech dialogue in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance as the object analysis which define into twenty chapter in the novel. Earth Dance was firstly published by Indonesia Tera, Magelang, Indonesia in 2000 and was originally serialized in the newspaper Republika, 4 march-8 April 1997. The data is analyzed by using feminism criticism, which is why the librarian research is used as the method. Conducting this analysis will be used to answer the questions in the statement of the problems. The procedure of analysis divided as follows; (1) The first step is to collect data speeches, thoughts, and quotations which have relation to the discussion, (2) Then clasify the data of speeches, thought and quotations to the Telaga and Kenten as the object of analysis, (3) Selecting quotations of the data are finally analyzed by the theories that are mentioned above to describe the concept of female resistance, (4) The ideal characteristic of female resistance begins with the description of female in this novel in order to know what is the impact on Telaga's character as the main character through other characters, (5) Finally, to depict the characterization of Telaga and the impact of female resistance to indicate the significance of resistance in Telaga's personality, the analysis is done by the theories that have been mentioned in preeceding explanation. ANALYSIS The first question will be revealed the main problem that focuse on how female representative in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance. In this discussion, the female representative divide into three sub-chapters; (1) Physical description of Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada as a brahmana, (2) physical description of Kenten as a lesbian character, and (3) diferentiate of language uses between brahmana and sudra. The second question will be revealed the second problem which focuse on how is female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance. The discussion is emerge the main character rebells her own fate as a brahmana and female queer character who ignores the society which determine her as queer. The last question is, how is the impact of female resistance to the main character will be revealed by the discussion which divide into four sub-chapters; (1) punishment for rebel the caste system, (2) Telaga exilled from griya, (3) Telaga changing caste, and (4) Kenten isolated from society. Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance brings up the issues of gender and class-society. Narrated by Ida Ayu Telaga surrounded by four women who shapes Telaga's character and resist from her own custom, which in Telaga's mind was unfair. Telaga is a brahmana woman who feels trapped and unhappy with her own caste and custom. Her mother was a sudra who ambitious to married only to brahmana man. One the issue which cause problematic among woman is physical appearance. It is like that they were race as the most beautiful among others. Physical appearance of main character in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance Telaga is describe as beauty as a goddess and belongs to brahmana. Made the other girls envy of her. When she was danced oleg, it had always been a public secret that nobody could surpass Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada. Oleg is a dance of love, a dance about delights of romance, about the beauty of courtship (Earth Dance, 2011:13). One of the prominently character named Kenten. She is a best friend of Sekar and also the female queer character. She is a commoner and living only with her mother. Her father was disappeared and doesn't mention in the novel. she was a woman with ten men power and well built phsically strong. Kenten realizes since the begining of her different in desire. Although, she has to play the role of woman, especially in every month when a blood flows between her two legs. She needs to cleanse her body every month. Language system to caste is describes in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance in some of dialogues and monologue of Telaga's, as in evident in Telaga's speak as third-person narratives below: "Telaga considered him as an idiot, but an idiot who she had to approach with respectful titles: aji – noble father, or ratu – lord. He was a man without character; a man who could be proud of nothing but his masculinity. How could she trust him? As a child, Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada had ashamed to call him her respected father. Telaga's father had an Ida Bagus as a father and Ida Ayu as a mother, so people said his noble blood was of the very highest carat. And so, Telaga had to call this man she hardly knew "Ratu"." (P.17) Through the quotation above is proving that Language uses was strictly adhered by Balinese people. In the past infringement of these rules were harshly punished by fines and even debt slavery. Today, the extreme of language use have been largely abandoned because these sanction can no longer be applied. In Balinese caste system, everything has arranged even in the language uses. The Balinese language is itself a hierarchical, while most words have only one form and is thus insensitie to status; some 1,500 everyday words have two or more lexemes which are hierachically ranked and thus status highly sensitive. The basic rule is that the inferior must uses refined when speaking to a superior caste, whereas superior may use less refined to inferior caste (Howe, 2005:113). In Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance brings up the issues of gender and class-society. Narrated by Ida Ayu Telaga surrounded by four women who shapes Telaga's character and resist from her own custom, which in Telaga's mind was unfair. Telaga is a brahmana woman who feels trapped and unhappy with her own caste and custom. Her mother was a sudra who ambitious to married only to brahmana man. Throughout her entire childhood, Telaga witnesses the oppresive forces of adat and their impact on her mother, wondering if this is what it means to be a noble woman. She can only oppose the practice silently, asking herself many questions while watching the harsh life that her mother has to endure as an ex-sudra woman who has dared to enter the sacred brahmana realm. Telaga's own daily life is mostly confined by the griya walls and the complex rules that regulate her almost every move. Telaga's state of mind with regard to all these restriction is conveyed by free indirect speech. "Unfortunately, she could not enjoy that time for long. Telaga inevitably had to return this borrowed era to Life. She wished she could trick her way back into childhood, even just for a day or two. If only she could, she would grab that time and hide it so Life couldn't find it and ask Telaga for its return. But Telaga could not persuade all-powerful Life to compromise. Life insisted on the following of rigid rules: rules that could not be bent, even slightly." (P.57) The quotation blur's the narrator voice and what occur's in Telaga's mind. The narrator is involved emotionally in Telaga's lament concerning her lost childhood because of her noble status. Telaga is actually complaining about the gods' cruel decision to snatch her childhood so quickly from her, but such complain can only be uttered in the form of a monologue. And moreover, it is softened to the point that it sounds more like nagging than protesting, as if Telaga wants to be sure that it will not offend the gods. Differ from Telaga, Kenten is sudra and the queer character who has different desire for mostly normal women. in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance who describe as a stubborn woman. No one dared to bother her. Like Luh Sekar, she disdains men, but whereas Luh Sekar is willing to use men to achieve her ambitions, Luh Kenten does not need men and never intends to marry one for any reason. The novel describes her as a lesbian. She feels sexually aroused by looking at Sekar's naked body, but develops an aversion towards her own feminine body. As the result of resistance, female representative in the novel are willingly to receive the consequences of their desire against the rules. The main characters in the novel; Telaga and queer character; Kenten, are the most impacted because of their desire to resistance from the persistent custom which subordinate them. The consequences which had to be submissive by Telaga and Kenten will impact on their entire life. Delueze explain that power do not repression of desire, instead it is the expansion of desire (Colebrook, 2002:91). Ideology is take the concepts of how individual acts against their interest. Colebrook framed that feminity seen in the Jane Austen's or any novelistic composition of character describes on the fabrics, skin colour, gestures, rhythms of speech and body parts – the thiness of waist which it is become the misspresented of ideological stereotypes of woman. Woman is a group of socialy coded affect and intensities that have gone into making up the image of personhood (Colebrook, 2002:93). It is the law of Balinese hinduism if a noble woman who marry man bellow their caste will be exilled from her house. She no longger posses nobility and she cann't posses everything from her former house. Her child will be her husband caste (Avelling, 2006:2). Telaga and Wayan couldn't bear the feelings any longer even they tried harder to ignore it. So, they decide to face every risk which confronts them. Begin with Telaga who exilled from griya and do not allowed to bring anything from her former house. She her child must join to Wayan's caste as a sudra and living with her mother-in-law who opposes her marry to her only son. Yet, because Telaga is no longer a brahmana, she must address everyone in griya with the highest title – Ratu. The worst of it, Wayan found dead in his studio. Telaga had to endure Wayan's mother and sister who since begining didn't accept she coming to their house. Luh Gumbreg who realize that Telaga didn't get blessing from her family before she married with Wayan, ask Telaga to held pattiwangi ritual. The ritual which is remove the noble status from noble woman who marry a commoner. The ritual is also become the reminder for the others noble women to not do the same thing as Telaga. CONCLUSION Oka Rusmini is a Balinese writer who assert Balinese tradition in every her novel. Earth Dance is one of her novel which brings up the issue of female representative who resist against subordination. The main character, Ida Ayu Telaga as the narrator, represent female in high class-caste society who against the people grouping in Hinduism. Divide people into four categories and determine them based those categories. The higher the class-caste, the more they receive privilages and subordinate the lowest caste. While, the queer character – Kenten as a commoner must facing society's judge because her queerness. Both Telaga and Kenten who are representative their female in Balinese society and resist with their own ways. Telaga choose to betray her caste by marrying a commoner – Wayan Sasmita, and receive insult whether from people in griya even her own mother and from Wayan's family. She is no longer a noble woman, instead she is a commoner such her husband. Her child also bear the caste of her husband as a commoner. Through Telaga's action, she unintentionally purify her mother's past mistake by marry a brahmana man. Kenanga who was a pragina is a sudra who ambitious marry only to a brahmana man, after she finally marry Ida Bagus Tugur – Telaga's father, she never living a peace. Ida Bagus Tugur was marry Kenanga only to posses Kenanga's body. Differ from Telaga, Kenten as a female queer resist from her society by ignoring people's jugdements. Kenten is Kenanga's close friend. They become closer because of people in the village consider them as a shame. Since Kenanga was kid, her father caught for joining the Communist party, and since then people judge her as a communist's daughter. Kenten who desire for Kenanga's body could only keeping a secret for herself. No one she could confide in, although everybody in the village knews her intimacy with Kenanga. It can be conclude that female representative in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance resist from rules that subordinate them. The rules which determine them to be truely woman who submissive to their husband and family. A woman who strong and balance the household. As the consequences of their resistance, they should abandon and willingly receive what destiny determine them according to the Balinese Hinduism law. REFERENCES Andrini, Susi. 2003. "Oka Rusmini's Pen Breaks Tradition". Dalam The Jakarta Post, 24 Januari. Jakarta. Blair, Emily. 2007. Virginia Woolf And The Ninetenth-Century Domestic Novel. New York: New York Press. Colebrook, Claire. 2002. Routledge Critical Thinker: Gilles Delueze. London: Routledge Darma Putra, I Nyoman. 2011. A Literary Mirror: Balinese reflections on modernity and identity in the twentieth century. Nethrlands: KITVL Press. Howe, Leo. 2005. The Canging World of Bali Religion Society and Tourism. Abingdon: Routledge. Morton, Stephen. 2003. Routledge Critical Thinker: Gayatri Cakravorty Spivak. London: Routledge. Homer, Sean. 2005. Routledge Critical Thinker: Jacques Lacan. Abingdon: Routledge McAfee, Noëlle. 2004. Routledge Critical Thinker: Julia Kristeva. London: Routledge Salih, Sara. 2002. Routledge Critical Thinker: Judith Butler. London: Routledge. Thornham, Sue. 2000. Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsetted Relation. Terjemahan Asma Bey Mahyudin. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra. Internet Source: Nakatani, A. 1997. Private or Public?: Defining Female Roles in The Balinese Ritual Domain. Southeast Asian Studies, (Online), Vol 34, Nomor 4, (http://repository.kulib.kyotou.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56616/1/KJ00000131966.pdf?origin=publication_detail diakses 12 Februari 2014). Wayan Suyadnya, I. 2006. Balinese Women and Identities: Are They Trapped In Tradition, Globalization Or Both?, (Online), (http://qjournal.co.id/new/index.php/paper/1598/balinese-women-and-identities-are-they-trapped-in-traditions-globalization-or-both-, Diakses 12 Februari 2014). Bell, Millicent. 1986. Female Regional Writing: An American Tradition. Revue française d'études américaines, (Online), No. 30, (http://www.jstor.org/stable/20873460, diakses 26 Januari 2014). Zatlin, Phyllis, 1987. Women Novelists in Democratic Spain: Freedom to Express the Female Perspective. Anales de la literatura española contemporánea, (online), Vol. 12, No. 1/2, (http://www.jstor.org/stable/27741803, diakses 26 Januari 2014). Rodgers, Audrey T. 1979. Images of Women: A Female Perspective. College Literature, (online), Vol.6, Nomor 1, (http://www.jstor.org/stable/25111245, diakses 26 Januari 2014). Peacock, Martha M. 1993-94. Geertruydt Roghman and the Female Perspective in 17th-Century Dutch Genre Imagery. Woman's Art Journal, (online), Vol. 14, Nomor 2. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1358443, diakses 26 Januari 2014). Niehof, A. 1998. The changing lives of Indonesian women; Contained emancipation under pressure, (online), (http://www.kitlv-journals.nl, diakses 12 Februari 2014).
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 789 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 77 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 per cent by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed. About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent are loamy soils and 61 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface. An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands soils. An area of about 4 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 72 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed. About an area of 39 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 43 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 211 (27) Guava - 67 (8) Maize 59 (8) 152 (19) Sapota - 67 (8) Bajra 59 (8) 152 (19) Pomegranate - 111 (14) Groundnut 59 (8) 65 (8) Musambi - 111 (14) Sunflower - 112 (14) Lime - 111 (14) Redgram - 141 (18) Amla 59 (7) 79 (10) Bengal gram - 44 (6) Cashew - - Cotton - 67 (9) Jackfruit - 67 (8) Chilli 59 (7) 123 (15) Jamun - - Tomato 59 (7) 79 (10) Custard apple 59 (7) 123 (15) Brinjal 59 (7) 79 (10) Tamarind - - Onion 59 (7) 79 (10) Mulberry - 67 (8) Bhendi 59 (7) 123 (15) Marigold 59 (7) 123 (15) Drumstick - 67 (8) Chrysanthemum 59 (7) 123 (15) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 9 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Yadgir-3 is located at North latitude 160 59' 12.832" and 160 57' 2.636" and East longitude 770 12' 16.869'' and 770 9' 22.368" covering an area of about 790.04 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli Villages of Chithapura taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-3 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6. Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation. About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43 Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2 In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent. Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively. Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3 In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
