Suchergebnisse

AbstractHow does quantifying and ranking national performance influence state behavior? Cross-national assessments in education, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) promoted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have become increasingly prominent in recent years. However, cross-national assessments are politically contentious, and their impact remains underexplored. We argue that assessment participation has a meaningful, positive impact on education outcomes and evaluate three hypotheses related to elite, domestic, and transnational mechanisms. Our mixed-method approach draws on a panel dataset covering all cross-national assessments and all countries as well as an original survey of education officials directly responsible for planning and implementation in 46 countries. We find that assessment participation increases net secondary enrollment rates even after accounting for potential self-selection. The magnitude of this increase is large: on a global basis, it is equivalent to improved access to higher education for 27–32 million students annually. The empirical evidence suggests elite-level mechanisms are primarily responsible for these findings.

The present article provides legal analysis of the concept of 'protracted armed violence' which is part of the commonly accepted definition of non-international armed conflict (NIAC). The International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia interpreted this notion as the intensity requirement. However, the practice of other international legal institutions that use this concept (such as International Criminal Court and some other judicial institutions) is not always coherent with this finding. This fact raised several theoretical and practical issues in the process of interpretation and implementation of international legal norms. Therefore, the aim of the article is to critically reassess the 'protracted armed violence' concept in various branches of international law and to contribute to the better understanding of the NIAC phenomenon.

Cover; Half-title; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Contributors; Abstracts; The Rational Design of International Institutions; Trust Building, Trust Breaking: The Dilemma of NATO Enlargement; The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions: Uncertainty and Escape; Most-Favored-Nation Clauses and Clustered Negotiations; Situation Structure and Institutional Design: Reciprocity, Coercion, and Exchange; Private Justice in a Global Economy: From Litigation to Arbitration; Multilateralizing Trade and Payments in Postwar Europe.

Résumé Alors que les juridictions pénales internationales sont de mieux en mieux connues, l'absence de toute étude de sciences sociales sur la Cour internationale de justice, « organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies », a laissé dans l'ombre le centre historique de la justice internationale ; cette note analyse leurs relations dans le jugement des « crimes qui choquent la conscience de l'humanité ». Après avoir analysé la faiblesse de la Cour, on montre comment deux rapports au droit et à la justice internationale se sont différenciés, l'un à travers certains recours à la CIJ puis dans les mobilisations pour la justice pénale internationale, l'autre dans la doctrine et dans la diplomatie juridique des grands États ; on explique enfin la part des conflits sur la centralité de la Cour dans la construction de son arrêt du 26 février 2007, dans lequel elle a jugé notamment que la Bosnie-Herzégovine n'avait pas prouvé que la Serbie était juridiquement responsable du génocide de Srebrenica.

Students of world politics have tended to assume that states act as units. Yet trans-governmental relations—direct interactions among sub-units not controlled or closely guided by the policies of cabinets or chief executives—are frequently important. Trans-governmental relations are facilitated by extensive personal contacts among officials and by conflicts of interest between departments or agencies within modern governments. International organizations can play important roles in transgovernmental networks by (i) affecting the definition of issues; (2) promoting coalitions among governmental subunits with similar interests; and (3) serving as points of policy intervention in trans-national systems. As policy interdependence among developed-country governments becomes more extensive and complex, these roles of international organizations are likely to become increasingly important. Internationalism of this relatively informal, non-institutionalized type is not a "dead end."