ABSTRAK Taufik, Achmad, Tinjauan Hukum Tanggung Jawab Ayah Terhadap Nafkah Anak Akibat Perceraian (Studi Putusan Nomor 1930/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bbs). Skripsi. Tegal: Program Studi Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal. 2019. Nafkah anak yang wajib diberikan ayah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pokok anak dan sesuai pula dengan kondisi ayah dan anak tersebut. Adanya kelalaian untuk memberikan nafkah sehingga pihak yang wajib dinafkahinya menjadi terlantar, merupakan permasalahan yang sering terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Islam. Kenyataan seperti tersebut sering terjadi terutama dalam masyarakat yang kurang pengetahuannya tentang bagaimana cara memperoleh suatu hak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk: 1) Mendeskripsikan tinjauan hukum tanggung jawab ayah terhadap nafkah anak akibat perceraian dalam hukum positif di Indonesia, 2) Mendeskripsikan penyelesaian tanggung jawab ayah terhadap nafkah anak akibat perceraian pada putusan nomor 1930/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bbs. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif, jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, meliputi: bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tertier. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian diperoleh suatu kesimpulan bahwa: 1) Tanggung jawab ayah terhadap nafkah anak akibat perceraian dalam hukum positif di Indonesia, yaitu: Al-Qur'an dan Hadist (Surat At-Talaq ayat 6, Al-Baqarah ayat 233, An-Nissa ayat 5); Undang-Undang No. l Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan Pasal 41 huruf (a); dan KHI Pasal 104 ayat (1), Pasal 105 huruf (c) dan 156 huruf (d). 2) Penyelesaian tanggung jawab ayah terhadap nafkah anak akibat perceraian pada Putusan Nomor 1930/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bbs diselesaikan dalam sidang Pengadilan Agama Brebes dengan menerapkan Yurisprudensi Mahkamah Agung Nomor 608 K/AG/2003 tanggal 23 Maret 2005, Pasal 330 KUH Perdata dan Pasal 98 ayat (1) KHI, Pasal 8 Peraturan Pemerintah No. 10 Tahun 1983 jo. PP No. 45 Tahun 1990 tentang Izin Perkawinan dan Perceraian Bagi pegawai Negeri Sipil, dan Pasal 105 huruf c KHI. Menurut penulis Pasal 105 huruf c Kompilasi Hukum Islam kurang tepat karena dalam pasal tersebut dimakudkan biaya pemeliharaan anak belum mumayyiz atau belum berumur 12 tahun dan sudah mumayyiz tanpa adanya batasan. Anak dalam hal ini sudah berusia 17 tahun 3 bulan berarti sudah mumayyiz sedangkan dalam putusan tercantum batasan kewajiban pemberian nafkah anak sampai anak tersebut dewasa dan mandiri. Jadi menurut penulis penerapan pasal yang cocok adalah dengan menerapakan Pasal 156 huruf d KHI yang berbunyi "semua biaya hadhanah dan nafkah anak menjadi tanggung jawab ayah menurut kemampuannya, sekurang-kurangnya sampai anak tersebut dewasa dapat mengurus diri sendiri (21 tahun). Kata Kunci: Tanggung Jawab Ayah, Nafkah Anak, dan Perceraian. ===================================================================================================== ABSTRACT Taufik, Achmad, Review of the Law of Father's Responsibility Against Child's Livelihoods Due to Divorce (Study of Decision Number 1930/Pdt.G/2018/ PA.Bbs). Skripsi. Tegal: Legal Studies Program, Faculty of Law, Pancasakti Tegal University. 2019. Child care that must be given is in accordance with the child's basic needs and in accordance with the condition of the father and child. The existence of negligence to provide a living so that the party that is obliged to pay for it becomes neglected, is a problem that often occurs among the Islamic community. Such facts often occur especially in communities that lack knowledge about how to obtain a right. The purpose of this study is to: 1) Describe the legal review of father's responsibility for the livelihood of children due to divorce in positive law in Indonesia, 2) Describe the completion of father's responsibility for the livelihood of children due to divorce in decision number 1930/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bbs. This study uses a normative approach, this type of research is descriptive. The source of this research data is secondary data, including: primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Methods of collecting data using literature studies and document studies. Analysis of research data using qualitative analysis. The results of the study obtained a conclusion that: 1) Father's responsibility for the livelihood of children due to divorce in positive law in Indonesia, namely: Al-Qur'an and Hadith (Surat At-Talaq ayat 6, Al-Baqarah ayat 233, An-Nissa ayat 5); Law No. l Year 1974 concerning Marriage Article 41 letter (a); and KHI Article 104 paragraph (1), Article 105 letters (c) and 156 letters (d). 2) Completion of father's responsibility for the livelihood of a child due to divorce in Decision Number 1930/Pdt.G/2018/PA.Bbs resolved in the Brebes Religious Court session by applying the Supreme Court Jurisprudence Number 608K/AG/2003 dated March 23, 2005, Article 330 Civil Code and Article 98 paragraph (1) KHI, Article 8 Government Regulation No. 10 of 1983 jo. PP No. 45 of 1990 concerning Marriage and Divorce Permits for Civil Servants, and Article 105 letter c KHI. According to the author Article 105 letter c Compilation of Islamic Law is not quite right because in the article the maintenance costs of children are not yet mumayyiz or 12 years old and have been mumayyiz without any restrictions. Children in this case are aged 17 years and 3 months, meaning they are already mumayyiz while in the decision there are limits to the obligation to provide children with livelihood until the child is mature and independent. So according to the author, the application of a suitable article is to apply Article 156 letter d KHI which reads "all hadhan costs and the livelihood of the child are the responsibility of the father according to his ability, at least until the child can take care of himself (21 years). Keywords: Father's Responsibility, Child's Livelihood, and Divorce.
Mestrado APNOR e Belarus State Economic University ; One of the main priorities of the European Union is promoting growth-enhancing conditions and reducing inequalities between levels of development among its Member States, which are key targets of the European Cohesion Policy. Since its inception, the objective of the policy was defined as the promotion of convergence between EU regions, in particular economic convergence, the reduction of regional disparities in the level of development that has been measured as convergence of GDP per capita relative to the EU average. This indicator has become one of the main ways in evaluating the European Сohesion Policy's effectiveness. The main purpose of this research is to assess if EU economies are converging. Therefore, the objectives of the research were: (1) to clarify the concepts of convergence: beta-convergence and sigma-convergence, (2) to review the different methods of convergence estimation and (3) to provide an update assessment of regional disparities in the European Union, using various estimation methods for the period from 2005 to 2016. For the study, it was used secondary data for 276 NUTS 2 level regions from Eurostat. The results of convergence estimation with help of Lorenz Curves, Gini coefficient and Robin Hood coefficient, kernel density estimation of the GDP per capita distribution and the cumulative frequency distribution curve showed existence of σ-convergence or reduction of disparities among regions in time. At the same time the results of increasing Variation coefficient detected divergence process. The results of linear regression analysis, Salter graph and Markov analysis of transition probability matrix indicated existence of β-convergence, defined as negative relationship between the initial income level and subsequent income growth rate. It means that poorer regions of EU tend to catch up with the rich ones in terms of the level of income per capita. ; Uma das principais prioridades da União Europeia é a promoção de condições favoráveis ao crescimento e a redução das desigualdades entre os níveis de desenvolvimento dos seus Estados Membros, que são dos principais alvos da política de coesão europeia. Desde a sua criação, o objetivo da política foi definido como a promoção da convergência entre as regiões da UE, em particular, a convergência económica, a redução das disparidades regionais no nível de desenvolvimento que foi medido como a convergência do PIB per capita em relação à média da UE. Este indicador tornou-se uma das principais formas de avaliar a eficácia da política europeia de coesão. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é verificar se as economias da UE estão a convergir. Portanto, os objetivos da pesquisa foram: (1) esclarecer os conceitos de convergência: convergência beta e convergência sigma, (2) rever os diferentes métodos de estimação da convergência e (3) proporcionar uma avaliação atualizada das disparidades regionais na União Europeia, usando vários métodos de estimação para o período de 2005 a 2016. Para o estudo, foram utilizados dados secundários para 276 regiões do nível NUTS 2 do Eurostat. Os resultados da estimação da convergência com auxílio das Curvas de Lorenz, Coeficiente de Gini e Coeficiente de Robin Hood, estimativa da densidade da distribuição do PIB per capita e da curva de distribuição de frequência acumulada, mostraram existência de convergência sigma ou redução de disparidades entre regiões no tempo. Ao mesmo tempo, os resultados do aumento do coeficiente de variação detetaram um processo de divergência. Os resultados da análise de regressão linear, gráfico de Salter e da análise de Markov à matriz de probabilidades de transição, indicaram a existência de convergência beta, definida como relação negativa entre o nível de riqueza inicial e a taxa de crescimento da riqueza subsequente. Isso significa que as regiões mais pobres da UE tendem a alcançar as mais ricas em termos do nível de rendimento per capita. ; Одним из основных приоритетов Европейского союза является содействие улучшению условий роста и сокращению неравенства между уровнями развития среди его государств-членов. Эти аспекты являются ключевыми задачами Европейской политики сплочения. С момента своего создания цель политики сплочения определялась как содействие конвергенции между регионами ЕС, в частности экономической конвергенции, сокращение региональных диспропорций в уровне развития, которое выражается как конвергенция показателя ВВП на душу населения по сравнению со средним показателем по ЕС, Этот критерий стал одним из основных методов оценки эффективности политики сплочения в рамках ЕС. Основная цель этого исследования - ответить на вопрос сближаются ли экономики стран ЕС в своем экономическом развитии. Поэтому цели исследования заключаются в следующем: (1) раскрыть понятие экономической конвергенции, а также пояснить концепции бета-конвергенции и сигма-конвергенции, (2) изучить методы оценки конвергенции, (3) предоставить актуальную оценку регионального неравенства в Европейском союзе с использованием различных методов в период с 2005 по 2016 гг. В ходе исследования использовались данные по 276 регионам 2 уровня Номенклатуры территориальных единиц для целей статистики статистической службы Европейского союза. Результаты оценки конвергенции с использованием кривых Лоренца, коэффициента Джини и коэффициента Робина Гуда, оценки плотности ядра распределения ВВП на душу населения, кривой кумулятивного распределения частот показали наличие σ-конвергенции или уменьшение различий между регионами во времени. В то же время результаты вычислений коэффициента вариации говорят o дивергенции регионов Европейского Союза. При этом результаты линейного регрессионного анализа, построения графика Солтера и анализ вероятностной матрицы цепного перехода Маркова свидетельствуют о β-конвергенции, определяемой как отрицательная связь между начальным уровнем дохода и последующим уровнем роста доходов. Это означает, что более бедные регионы ЕС склонны догонять регионы с более богатые с точки зрения уровня дохода на душу населения.
Мета. У дослідженні необхідно проаналізувати можливість та умови забезпечення ефективної роботи систем теплопостачання при переході частки теплогенеруючих потужностей на біопаливо. В якості біопалива пропонується застосовувати солому злакових культур, які широко розповсюджені в Придніпровському регіоні. Головною метою роботи є науковий прорахунок можливості та вартості конкретних заходів для такого переходу. Для прикладу береться котельня компактного містечка Дніпропетровського національного університету залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна (ДНУЗТ), що споживає природний газ. Методика. В роботі проведено аналіз законодавчої бази України, що стимулює застосування відновлювальних джерел в якості палива, а також зроблено аналіз механізмів стимулювання та розвитку цього напрямку. Також визначаються можливості Придніпровського регіону щодо забезпечення отримання та поставок соломи для роботи котельні. Аналізуються вартісні показники перевезень вантажів по території України в 2016 році, які залежать від відстані та розміру вантажівок. Ці показники, а також показники, що пов'язані з її купівлею, розглядаються сумісно з енергетичними можливостями застосування соломи в якості палива. Результати. При існуючих в Україні (станом на 2016 рік) продуктивності зернових у сільському господарстві та вартісних показників у галузі перевезень, переведення частки потужностей на відновлювальне паливо є досить рентабельним. Вартість одиниці теплової потужності при цьому може бути знижена в чотири рази. Наукова новизна. Вперше запропоновано використовувати нові комплексні підходи для оцінки вартості одиниці потужності теплової котельні при переході на застосування відновлювальних джерел енергії. Авторами також запропонована нова логістика доставки цих джерел до місця їх застосування. З технічної та вартісної сторін визначено оптимальний порядок потужності переводу на нові відновлювальні джерела енергії у конкретному регіоні, в залежності від структури посівних площин та їх продуктивності. Практична значимість. Введення запропонованих рішень та підходів до забезпечення потужності котельні відновлювальними джерелами енергії можуть бути реалізовані при відносно невеликих капіталовкладеннях та можуть дати значний економічний ефект. ; Цель. В исследовании необходимо проанализировать возможность и условия обеспечения эффективной работы систем теплоснабжения при переходе части теплогенерирующих мощностей на биотопливо. В качестве биотоплива предлагается применять солому злаковых культур, которые широко распространены в Приднепровском регионе. Главной целью работы является научный просчет возможности и стоимости конкретных мероприятий для такого перехода. Как пример берется котельная компактного городка Днепропетровского национального университета железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна (ДНУЖТ), потребляющая природный газ. Методика. В работе проведен анализ законодательной базы Украины, которая стимулирует применение возобновляемых источников в качестве топлива, а также сделан анализ механизмов стимулирования и развития этого направления. Также определяются возможности Приднепровського региона по обеспечению получения и поставок соломы для работы котельной. Анализируются стоимостные показатели перевозок грузов по территории Украины в 2016 году, которые зависят от расстояния и размера грузовиков. Эти показатели, а также показатели, связанные с ее покупкой, рассматриваются совместно с энергетическими возможностями применения соломы в качестве топлива. Результаты. При существующих в Украине (по состоянию на 2016 год) производительности зерновых в сельском хозяйстве и стоимостных показателей в области перевозок, перевод доли мощностей на биотопливо является достаточно рентабельным. Стоимость единицы тепловой мощности при этом может быть снижена в четыре раза. Научная новизна. Впервые предложено использовать новые комплексные подходы для оценки стоимости единицы мощности тепловой котельной при переходе ее на применение возобновляемых источников энергии. Авторами также предложена новая логистика доставки этих источников к месту их применения. С технической и стоимостной сторон определен оптимальный порядок мощностей перевода на новые возобновляемые источники энергии в конкретном регионе, в зависимости от структуры посевных площадей и их продуктивности. Практическая значимость. Введение предлагаемых решений и подходов к обеспечению мощностей котельной возобновляемыми источниками энергии могут быть реализованы при относительно небольших капиталовложениях и могут дать значительный экономический эффект. ; Purpose. The study analyzed the possibility and conditions for the effective operation of heating systems during the transition of the heat-generating capacity to biofuels energy. The straw of cereal crops, which are prevailing in Dnipro region, is used for this. The main purpose is scientific calculation of opportunities and cost of specific measures for such a transition. As an example it was taken the boiler-room of campus at Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan (DNURT) that consumes natural gas. Methodology. The work analyses the legislative base of Ukraine, which promotes the using of renewable energy sources as fuel, as well as the incentive mechanisms for the development of this trend. The paper identifies opportunities of Prydniprovsk region to ensure straw supply for the boiler-room. Cost parameters of cargo transportation on the territory of Ukraine in 2016, which depend on the distance and the size of the trucks, are analysed. These indicators, as well as indicators related to its purchase, are considered together with energy potential of using the straw as fuel. Findings. With existing in Ukraine (as of 2016) the grain yielding capacity in the agriculture and cost indicators in the field of transportations, the transition of capacity share to biofuel is sufficiently profitable. The thermal power unit cost can be reduced fourfold. Originality. For the first time it is proposed to use the new integrated approaches to assess the cost of thermal power unit boiler with its transition to the use of renewable energy sources. The authors also proposed a new logistics delivery of these sources to the place of their application. From a technical and cost points of view it was determined the optimal order of capacity transfer for new renewable sources of energy in a given region depending on the structure of areas under crops and their productivity. Originality. The introduction of the proposed solutions and approaches to capacity boiler renewable energy sources can be realized with a relatively small investment and can provide significant economic benefits.
Мета. У дослідженні необхідно проаналізувати можливість та умови забезпечення ефективної роботи систем теплопостачання при переході частки теплогенеруючих потужностей на біопаливо. В якості біопалива пропонується застосовувати солому злакових культур, які широко розповсюджені в Придніпровському регіоні. Головною метою роботи є науковий прорахунок можливості та вартості конкретних заходів для такого переходу. Для прикладу береться котельня компактного містечка Дніпропетровського національного університету залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна (ДНУЗТ), що споживає природний газ. Методика. В роботі проведено аналіз законодавчої бази України, що стимулює застосування відновлювальних джерел в якості палива, а також зроблено аналіз механізмів стимулювання та розвитку цього напрямку. Також визначаються можливості Придніпровського регіону щодо забезпечення отримання та поставок соломи для роботи котельні. Аналізуються вартісні показники перевезень вантажів по території України в 2016 році, які залежать від відстані та розміру вантажівок. Ці показники, а також показники, що пов'язані з її купівлею, розглядаються сумісно з енергетичними можливостями застосування соломи в якості палива. Результати. При існуючих в Україні (станом на 2016 рік) продуктивності зернових у сільському господарстві та вартісних показників у галузі перевезень, переведення частки потужностей на відновлювальне паливо є досить рентабельним. Вартість одиниці теплової потужності при цьому може бути знижена в чотири рази. Наукова новизна. Вперше запропоновано використовувати нові комплексні підходи для оцінки вартості одиниці потужності теплової котельні при переході на застосування відновлювальних джерел енергії. Авторами також запропонована нова логістика доставки цих джерел до місця їх застосування. З технічної та вартісної сторін визначено оптимальний порядок потужності переводу на нові відновлювальні джерела енергії у конкретному регіоні, в залежності від структури посівних площин та їх продуктивності. Практична значимість. Введення запропонованих рішень та підходів до забезпечення потужності котельні відновлювальними джерелами енергії можуть бути реалізовані при відносно невеликих капіталовкладеннях та можуть дати значний економічний ефект. ; Цель. В исследовании необходимо проанализировать возможность и условия обеспечения эффективной работы систем теплоснабжения при переходе части теплогенерирующих мощностей на биотопливо. В качестве биотоплива предлагается применять солому злаковых культур, которые широко распространены в Приднепровском регионе. Главной целью работы является научный просчет возможности и стоимости конкретных мероприятий для такого перехода. Как пример берется котельная компактного городка Днепропетровского национального университета железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна (ДНУЖТ), потребляющая природный газ. Методика. В работе проведен анализ законодательной базы Украины, которая стимулирует применение возобновляемых источников в качестве топлива, а также сделан анализ механизмов стимулирования и развития этого направления. Также определяются возможности Приднепровського региона по обеспечению получения и поставок соломы для работы котельной. Анализируются стоимостные показатели перевозок грузов по территории Украины в 2016 году, которые зависят от расстояния и размера грузовиков. Эти показатели, а также показатели, связанные с ее покупкой, рассматриваются совместно с энергетическими возможностями применения соломы в качестве топлива. Результаты. При существующих в Украине (по состоянию на 2016 год) производительности зерновых в сельском хозяйстве и стоимостных показателей в области перевозок, перевод доли мощностей на биотопливо является достаточно рентабельным. Стоимость единицы тепловой мощности при этом может быть снижена в четыре раза. Научная новизна. Впервые предложено использовать новые комплексные подходы для оценки стоимости единицы мощности тепловой котельной при переходе ее на применение возобновляемых источников энергии. Авторами также предложена новая логистика доставки этих источников к месту их применения. С технической и стоимостной сторон определен оптимальный порядок мощностей перевода на новые возобновляемые источники энергии в конкретном регионе, в зависимости от структуры посевных площадей и их продуктивности. Практическая значимость. Введение предлагаемых решений и подходов к обеспечению мощностей котельной возобновляемыми источниками энергии могут быть реализованы при относительно небольших капиталовложениях и могут дать значительный экономический эффект. ; Purpose. The study analyzed the possibility and conditions for the effective operation of heating systems during the transition of the heat-generating capacity to biofuels energy. The straw of cereal crops, which are prevailing in Dnipro region, is used for this. The main purpose is scientific calculation of opportunities and cost of specific measures for such a transition. As an example it was taken the boiler-room of campus at Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan (DNURT) that consumes natural gas. Methodology. The work analyses the legislative base of Ukraine, which promotes the using of renewable energy sources as fuel, as well as the incentive mechanisms for the development of this trend. The paper identifies opportunities of Prydniprovsk region to ensure straw supply for the boiler-room. Cost parameters of cargo transportation on the territory of Ukraine in 2016, which depend on the distance and the size of the trucks, are analysed. These indicators, as well as indicators related to its purchase, are considered together with energy potential of using the straw as fuel. Findings. With existing in Ukraine (as of 2016) the grain yielding capacity in the agriculture and cost indicators in the field of transportations, the transition of capacity share to biofuel is sufficiently profitable. The thermal power unit cost can be reduced fourfold. Originality. For the first time it is proposed to use the new integrated approaches to assess the cost of thermal power unit boiler with its transition to the use of renewable energy sources. The authors also proposed a new logistics delivery of these sources to the place of their application. From a technical and cost points of view it was determined the optimal order of capacity transfer for new renewable sources of energy in a given region depending on the structure of areas under crops and their productivity. Originality. The introduction of the proposed solutions and approaches to capacity boiler renewable energy sources can be realized with a relatively small investment and can provide significant economic benefits.
Als zentrale Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit ist festzuhalten, dass sich die Versorgung von Gewaltopfern in den letzten Jahren insgesamt verbessert hat (BmFSFJ 2012). Es werden aber auch große Missstände betreffend der Versorgung des Einzelnen und der Versorgung bestimmter Gruppen offensichtlich: Die fachgerechte Dokumentation von Verletzungsspuren und deren Kumulierung in einem gerichtsverwertbaren Gutachten wird bis heute von den Hauptakteuren der Gewaltopferversorgung vernachlässigt und nicht ausreichend oder unsachgemäß betrieben. Das Gesundheitssystem ist meist erste Anlaufstelle für Opfer von Gewalt und trotzdem werden aufgrund fachlicher, zeitlicher und finanzieller Defizite in vielen Fällen Gewaltopfer nicht erkannt und Verletzungsspuren nicht ausreichend dokumentiert (Hagemann-White und Bohne 2003, Jungbluth et al. 2012). Dies gilt in gleichem Maße für die Polizei, wobei hier das Problem nicht bei der Erkennung von Gewaltopfern, sondern vielmehr bei der korrekten Dokumentation des Geschehens und der Verletzungsspuren liegt (Hagemann-White und Kavemann 2004). Gerade aber die Erkennung von Gewaltopfern und die zeitnahe und professionelle Untersuchung von Verletzungsspuren ist neben der Einbindung in ein Hilfesystem von großer Wichtigkeit für Geschädigte, um Gewalterfahrungen zu verarbeiten (Seifert et al. 2006). Werden Opfer von Gewalt nicht direkt als solche erkannt und versorgt, verbleiben die Personen in vielen Fällen in dem gewaltbehafteten Milieu und erleiden weiteren Schaden (Hagemann-White und Bohne 2003). Dies führt zu einem höheren Risiko für langfristige Gesundheitsschädigungen und einer erhöhten Inanspruchnahme des Gesundheitssystems (Mark et al. 2007, Hornberg et al. 2008). Doch auch, wenn eine Identifizierung als Gewaltopfer stattgefunden hat und eine Versorgung eingeleitet wurde, kann eine nicht fachgerecht durchgeführte Verletzungsdokumentation schwerwiegende Folgen für Betroffene haben. Eine mangelnde Faktenlage aufgrund von unsachgemäßer Dokumentation führt dazu, dass die meisten Fälle vor Gericht wieder eingestellt werden, wodurch Geschädigte eine erneute Traumatisierung erfahren (Ritz-Timme und Graß 2009). Dem Informationsverlust in der Kommunikation zwischen Gesundheitssystem und Polizei kann die Rechtsmedizin entgegenwirken. Als Vermittler zwischen Gesundheitssystem, Hilfenetzwerken und Behörden kann die Rechtsmedizin für einen besseren Informationsaustausch sorgen und mit Kenntnis der jeweiligen Strukturen, Opfer von Gewalt ausführlich versorgen und weitervermitteln (Seifert et al. 2006). Es wäre wichtig, Personal, das in Kontakt mit Gewaltopfern steht, mit Informationen, Fortbildungen und Interventionsprojekten hinsichtlich rechtlicher und medizinischer Aspekte der Gewaltopferversorgung zu schulen und auszubilden. Gerade auch deshalb, weil sowohl auf Seiten der Polizei, als auch bei den Akteuren des Gesundheitssystems ein großes Interesse an Weiterbildungen besteht. Erste positive Auswirkungen solcher Schulungen und Interventionsprojekte sind bereits dokumentiert (Hagemann-White und Kavemann 2004, Ellsäßer und Cartheuser 2006, Graß et al. 2013). Schlussendlich verfügt die Rechtsmedizin selbst über die Möglichkeit der Verletzungsdokumentation und Gutachtenerstellung sowie über eine große Expertise im Umgang mit Opfern von Gewalt (Graß und Rothschild 2004, Banaschak et al. 2011). Medizinisches Fachwissen, Erfahrung vor Gericht und Kenntnis der Hilfsstrukturen für Gewaltopfer sowie eine direkte Einbindung in die medizinische und psychologische Versorgungsmöglichkeit einer Universitätsklinik ermöglichen der Rechtsmedizin, Gewaltopfer umfassend zu versorgen (Seifert et al. 2006). Zudem richtet sich das rechtsmedizinische Hilfsangebot an alle in ein Gewaltdelikt involvierten Personen. Geschädigte, wie auch Beschuldigte, Frauen und Kinder sowie Männer und Senioren werden neutral und unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht oder Herkunft untersucht, um ein möglichst detailliertes Bild des Tathergangs zu zeichnen. Somit stellt die Rechtsmedizin auch für die im Hilfenetzwerk unterversorgten und nicht angesprochenen Gruppen, wie Männer und Senioren, einen Anlaufpunkt dar. Zusätzlich ist die rechtsmedizinische Gewaltopferambulanz ein niederschwelliges Hilfsangebot, welches Betroffenen einen schnellen und unkomplizierten Zugang zum Hilfenetzwerk ermöglicht. Immer mehr rechtsmedizinische Institute stellen deutschlandweit rechtsmedizinische Gewaltopferambulanzen zu Verfügung, die positiv aufgenommen werden und stetig wachsende Fallzahlen zu verzeichnen haben (Seifert et al. 2006, Wischmann et al. 2013). Trotzdem steht das Engagement der Rechtsmedizin in der Gewaltopferversorgung auf einer unsicheren Finanzierung und kann momentan vielerorts nur durch einen erhöhten Aufwand des Personals geleistet werden. Angesichts der positiven Erfahrungen der letzten Jahre durch rechtsmedizinisches Engagement in der Gewaltopferversorgung, sollten die rechtsmedizinischen Institute sowohl politischen als auch finanziellen Zuspruch erfahren, um sich dauerhaft in die Hilfestrukturen für Gewaltopfer einzufügen und so deren Versorgung optimieren zu können. ; In conclusion it can be said that the care for victims of crime has been genereally improved in recent years (BmFSFJ 2012). Still, certain individuals and groups are unattended: The documentation of trauma marks and their compilation in a report that may be used as evidence in court, is still not professionally conducted by the main actors of the victims of violence aid network. In genereal, victims of violence first reach out for medical support. However they are often not recognized and therefore not adequately treated as a victim of violence, due to the lack of professional, financial and temporal resources (Hagemann-White and Bohne 2003, Jungbluth et al. 2012). This is applicable as well for the police forces, whereas the main problem here lies in the imperfect documentation of events and trauma marks (Hagemann-White and Kavemann 2004). But it is crucial that identification, examination and support for victims of violence is delivered swiftly and professionally, to help people overcome their trauma. Not correctly identified victims will most likely remain in their violent environment and suffer from further damage (Hagemann-White and Bohne 2003). Thus, causing longtime health risk and increased need for medical care (Mark et al. 2007, Hornberg et al. 2008). Apart from correct identification, deficient documentation of trauma marks can lead to a closing of trial, which can result in further traumatization (Ritz-Timme and Grass 2009). Since the forensic medicine is in touch with the public authorities, the medical care system and the aid network for victims of violence, it can mediate between these institutions to avoid a loss of information due to insufficient communication (Seifert et al. 2006). People that may face victims of violence in their daily routine need to know more about the medical and legal background of the care of victims of violence. So it is essential that personal of medical facilities and policemen are being trained and given information by forensic medical institutions. All the more, since there is great appreciation and documented positive effects of these trainings (Hagemann-White and Kavemann 2004, Ellsaesser and Cartheuser 2006, Grass et al. 2013). Forensic medicine delivers professional examination and support for victims of violence and offers great experience in presenting expertise before court (Grass and Rothschild 2004, Banaschak et al. 2011). Since the forensic medicine is in touch with all authorities, relevant to victims of violence and is imbedded in a university context with all medical and psychological support nearby, it offers an extensive care for victims of violence (Seifert et al. 2006). Also, the examinations conducted by the forensic medicine are being offered to anybody that has been involved in the criminal act, irrespective of sex, age and guiltiness and is therefore offering prompt and low-threshold help to all individuals that are not sufficiently being taken care of by the aid network. Clinics for protection against violence, operated by forensic medical institutions, are increasingly frequented and received positive feedback in recent years (Seifert et al. 2006, Wischmann et al. 2013). However a lot of forensic medicine institutes are short-staffed and underfunded. Regarding that there have been great appreciation and positive effects due to forensic medicine commitment in the care for victims of violence, it is necessary to provide funds and political support to keep up and improve support for victims of violence.
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Interest in "emotions" within organisation increased in the last years. However, research in this field is scarce. In the discussion about emotions in organisation the increasing number of multicultural teams is adding an additional variable: "culture", making research even more complicate. Practitioners report that where culture meets conflicts accompanied by negative emotions such as "anger" occur. However, also positive emotions like "happiness" may occur, having a positive influence on motivation and enhance cohesion, what may be considered as benefit in multicultural teams. Although anger as well happiness are considered as universally experienced emotion, there is some evidence that the causes, expression, and the behaviour which follows anger and happiness are culturally influenced. In multicultural teams the knowledge about the "antecedents" of these two emotions and the following "behaviour" seems to be especially important as on one hand misunderstandings and conflict connected with anger, may have serious social consequences reducing performance or even resulting in contra productive behaviour threatening the organisation, and on the other hand experience of success and good communication, enhancing team collaboration, seems to be connected with happiness. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding with regards the culturally-influenced antecedents of the two emotions anger and happiness as well as about the resulting behavioural consequences in multicultural team settings. The two research questions guiding this work are: 1. In which multicultural team situations do the emotions anger and happiness arise? 2. Which are the antecedents, in team settings, of the two emotions and which is the resulting behaviour respectively consequences that follows? Ahead, the Theoretical Part should provide the reader a basic introduction about emotions and the connected relevant factors like cognition, sociality and culture with regard to the research questions. Offering a working definition of culture and emotion, the attempt to illustrate the role of emotion in multicultural team settings as well the discussion about the discrepancy of expectation and of expression regarding emotions throughout cultures, should make the reader more sensible about a) the possible detected differences in antecedents and behavioural consequences and b) their impact in multicultural teams. In Chapter One a discussion about the two sides of multicultural team performance and the connected role of emotion is presented. Communication and connected misunderstandings get hereby special attention. Chapter Two should bring the reader in the position to come to a better understanding about the complex construct: "emotion" and its connection with cognition, sociality and culture, to get a feeling about the importance emotions may play in multicultural teams. The Empirical Part consists in the study conducted in a South Tyrolean (North Italy) work environment, revealing as well great similarity in both antecedents and behavioural consequences of the researched emotions anger and happiness; however, identifying fine culturally-related differences based on different cultural emphasis on values. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: A.INTRODUCTION2 1.PROBLEM STATEMENT2 2.RESEARCH AIM2 3.STRUCTURE OF THESIS3 B.THEORETICAL REVIEW4 1.PERFORMANCE OF MULTICULTURAL TEAMS4 1.1Positive impact on performance5 1.1.1Positive cognitive outcomes and better manoeuvring in a global business world7 1.1.2Success experience: Motivation and enhancement of team cohesion11 1.1.3The role of positive emotion14 1.2Negative impact on performance17 1.2.1Low performance and conflict due to communicational problems and misunderstandings23 1.2.2The role of negative emotion41 1.3Summary43 2.EMOTIONS: AN ATTEMPT FOR CLASSIFICATION44 2.1Definition of emotion44 2.1.1Emotion cognition50 2.1.2Emotion social context57 2.1.3Emotion cultural context62 2.2Emotions and impact on individual and social behaviour70 2.2.1Expectation of emotion70 2.2.2Expression of emotion76 2.3Summary81 C.EMPIRICAL PART82 1.RESEARCH82 1.1Research methodology84 1.1.1Qualitative research84 1.1.2Advantages- disadvantages with regard to the research aim85 1.2Procedure89 1.2.1Overview about the research sample: Team members90 1.2.2Presentation of the qualitative and quantitative tools used in the study91 1.2.3Sequence of research96 1.2.4Analysis97 1.3Research results100 1.3.1Results: anger antecedents-consequences101 1.3.1.1RESULTS: PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE – ANGER101 1.3.1.1.1Antecedents of the emotion anger101 1.3.1.1.2Behaviour which followed the emotion anger103 1.3.1.1.3Taking a different view point…104 1.3.1.1.4Influence of the single behaviour on the team as a whole106 1.3.1.1.5Additional data…108 1.3.1.2RESULTS: INTERVIEWS - ANGER108 1.3.1.3RESULTS: LIST - ANGER113 1.3.2Results: happiness antecedents-consequences116 1.3.2.1RESULTS: PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE - HAPPINESS116 1.3.2.1.1Antecedents of the emotion happiness116 1.3.2.1.2Behaviour/Reaction following the emotion happiness118 1.3.2.1.3Taking a different view point…119 1.3.2.1.4Influence of the single behaviour on the team as a whole121 1.3.2.1.5Additional data…123 1.3.2.2RESULTS: INTERVIEWS - HAPPINESS123 1.3.2.3RESULTS: LIST - HAPPINESS127 1.3.3Concrete results: commonness - differences129 1.3.3.1COMMONNESS ANTECEDENTS: ANGER130 1.3.3.2COMMONNESS ANTECEDENTS: HAPPINESS130 1.3.3.3COMMONNESS-BEHAVIOUR/CONSEQUENCES: ANGER130 1.3.3.4COMMONNESS-BEHAVIOUR/CONSEQUENCES: HAPPINESS131 1.3.3.5DETECTED DIFFERENCES131 1.3.3.6OTHER INTERESTING THINGS133 2.DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE135 3.DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH142 4.ATTACHMENTS144 ATTACHMENT 1: Standardised introduction (English version)144 ATTACHMENT 2: Standardised introduction (German version)145 ATTACHMENT 3: Standardised introduction (Italian version)146 ATTACHMENT 4: Pre-tested pictures University Saarbrücken147 ATTACHMENT 5: Questions asked in Part A) Projective Technique (German version)148 ATTACHMENT 6: Questions asked in Part A) Projective Technique (Italian version)148 ATTACHMENT 7: Questions asked in Part B) Face to Face Interview (German version)149 ATTACHMENT 8: Questions asked in Part B) Face to Face Interview (Italian version)150 ATTACHMENT 9: List (German version)151 ATTACHMENT 10: List (Italian version)152 ATTACHMENT 11: Form for answers (English version)153 ATTACHMENT 12: Form for answers (German version)153 ATTACHMENT 13: Form for answers (Italian version)154 ATTACHMENT 14: Categories – Antecedents - ANGER154 ATTACHMENT 15: Categories – Antecedents - HAPPINESS155 ATTACHMENT 16: Categories – Behaviour - ANGER156 ATTACHMENT 17: Categories – Behaviour - HAPPINESS158 ATTACHMENT 18: Breakdown results List – ANGER159 ATTACHMENT 19: Breakdown results List – HAPPINESS159 ATTACHMENT 20: Map from South Tyrol – Trentino – Veneto160 5.REFERENCE LIST161
Although the effects of insecurity are believed to be important, these have never been directly measured. Previous estimates of the costs of conflict have only captured the joint effect of violence and insecurity. The distinction is important for understanding the origins of the costs and for policy design. Spatially disaggregated measures of insecurity are created based on the spatial-temporal variation in the placement of violence. These are used to generate the first estimates of the relative causal contributions of the risk and experience of violence. The article also provides the first micro-data based counterpart to the cross-country literature on the costs of conflict.
A Comparative Study on the Impact of Traditional and Inclusive Teaching Strategies on Students' Learning Asma Naureen Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan i_kayani@yahoo.com Research Highlights This research paper was focused at analyzing the impact of traditional and inclusive teaching strategies on the learning of students of class II, in inclusive setting. In inclusive teaching all the students are included in learning process without any discrimination. (Ainscow et al, 2006) "Inclusive learning and teaching is to engage students in learning that is meaningful, relevant and accessible to all. It embraces a view of the individual and individual difference as the source of diversity that can enrich the lives and learning of othersâ€. (Hockings, 2010) The study was experimental in nature in which traditional and inclusive instructional strategies were compared. The study proposed three hypotheses and the results of the study indicated that the students of experimental group and control group were almost equal before conducting the experiment. The result of post-test shows that the students of experimental group who were taught in inclusive teaching setting had shown comparatively better results than the students placed in control group who were taught in a traditional way. So, achievement level of students of experimental group was better than that of the students of control group which proved that inclusion in teaching was more effective than the traditional teaching setting. Ambrose et al, (2010) also recommended inclusive teaching strategies and said it is important that the pedagogical strategies we employ in the classroom reflect an understanding the psyche and social needs of the students. Research Objectives The main objectives of the study were: To find the impact of inclusion on the learning of students with special needs. To find the impact of inclusion on the learning of students without special needs. Significance of the Study This experimental study is very significant in different ways; on one hand it would give awareness to the people about inclusive education as even many of the teachers do not know about inclusion. On the other hand, it would enable the community members to adopt the positive attitude towards those children who are suffering from some disorders or disabilities or different from other students. This study would provide guidance to the teachers and parents for helping students with and without special needs. It would also help the teachers and administrators to look and analyze their teaching and make necessary changes in their educational strategies. Key principles are valuing diversity, entitlement, dignity, individual needs, planning, collective responsibility, professional development, and equal opportunities.†(Darlington, 2003) According to UNESCO, 2005 it is the duty of the state as well as of the society to involve all the students in learning process and no one feels excluded. In the National Report on the Development of Education, 2008 the emphasis was given on inclusive education with the objective to support Education For All (EFA), with special emphasis on eradicating the obstacles to all excluded: girls and women, the disabled, ethnic/linguistic minorities, nomads, and many others to participate and learn in regular schools so this study would enhance the efforts of government in creating the positive attitude among the educators in specific and public in general. Methodology The study was experimental in nature in which traditional method of imparting instruction was compared with inclusive instructional strategies. The procedure of the study was that two groups of students had been taken and tested before and after teaching. Pre-test, post-test equivalent design was used in this research study. In this design, pre-test was administered before the application of the experimental and control treatments and post-test was administered at the end of the treatment period. Students studying in three sections of class II constitute the population of the study. They are 83 students who are studying in three different sections. Their ages ranged from 7 to 9 years. Sample was taken from the school named F.G. Junior Model School, G-7/3-1, Islamabad. Sample size consists of 56 students, twenty-eight students were placed in experimental group and same number of students was in the control group. Both the groups were representative of inclusion, in which there were students from religious/linguistic minorities, slow learners, having low vision or articulation, hyper-actives, etc. Pre-test was used before the treatment started to equate the groups. Treatment of planned inclusive instructional techniques was given to experimental group while control group was taught by ordinary traditional method. The duration of it was two forty days. When the treatment period over, an instructor made post-test was conducted to measure the achievement of the students in the subject of English. First four lessons were taken from the text book for class II. To determine the impact of inclusive instructional strategies on students' learning in inclusive setting and traditional teaching in inclusive setting, the significance of difference between the scores of experimental and control groups at 0.05 level was tested by applying t-test and analysis was made. It was shown by analysis of data that both the groups (experimental and control) in the beginning of the experiment were approximately equal. Results The results of post-test have shown that inclusive instructional strategies were more effective than that of traditional method of teaching students at primary level as experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group. The result of the study reflected that inclusive instructional strategies were more effective than traditional method of teaching. Findings The following findings emerged because of the analysis of data. It was found that the mean scores of control group was not found to be almost equal on pre-test and post-test. It was found that there was significant difference between mean scores on pre-test and post-test of experimental group after being treated by inclusive teaching strategies. It was found that the mean score of experimental group and that of the control group was not statistically significant at 0.05 levels. Hence, both the groups were found to be almost equal on pre-test. It was found mean score of experimental group was more than that of control group after being treated by inclusive teaching strategies.
Introduction. Over the last two years, in the official documents of the Government of the Russian Federation there has been the requirement to organize the professional training of students in accordance with the professional standards. The verification of the compliance with the standards should be provided through the procedures of objective assessment of qualification of college and university graduates. Thus, in the current conditions arose the need to searching for new assessment tools or ways to improve the previous ones. The authors believe that the new and original ideas can be derived from the fields of real sectors of productive-economic and social activity where the aspects of determination of quality of the final product are worked out far better, and interpretations of the results of activity are unambiguous and consistent Aim. Taking into account the aspects of education management and established practices of assessment procedures, the aim of the present publication is to discuss general methodological approaches to organization of scientific-methodical maintenance of the expertise on the results of professionals' training in educational institutions. Methodology and research methods. The research is based on the qualimetric and system-based approaches, methods of comparative analysis of the content of the local and foreign normative documents as well as a wide range of scientific publications that describe the theory and practice of application of assessment in educational technical, economic and management systems. Results and scientific novelty. According to the introduced professional standards, methodological problems of measurement of students' knowledge and adequacy of their assessment are designated. Various approaches to assessment of education quality and its results are described; assessment procedure and its main tools are presented: criteria, parameters, indicators and norms as a reference point in the choice of standards for assessment. It is stated that the traditional methods and means of assessment accepted today in education are severely outdated and continue to lag far behind progressive tendencies of quality measurement. In particular, widespread test measurements of educational achievements of graduates of the higher (and secondary) school are not holistic therefore cannot be considered as valid, especially concerning the level of professional qualification. On the basis of synthesis of the approaches to assessment in various spheres, the possibility of their application in the organizations of professional education is approved. The considered technique and technology of development of evaluative judgments are based on the results of the formalized expert procedures; thus enabling to draw various conclusions about activity of the separate organizations and education systems in general, to reveal the level of bringing them into line with norms and standards of the received results and deviations from the rated values, as well as to perform the required training correction procedures. The authors stress the need for formation of a team of the qualified experts capable to provide development and implementation of effective technologies for the organization of assessment activities. Practical significance. The problem research area on the search for new approaches to internal procedures for assessment of the graduates' competencies is determined. The objectivity of evaluation and reliability of the results of such procedures have to be comparable to similar performance characteristics of the Centers for Independent Assessment of Professional Qualifications. It will enable to significantly reduce transactional costs of all agents of educational services, and will create conditions for transition from the existing standard-qualification reference books to the system of professional standards. ; Введение. В течение последних двух лет в официальных документах правительства РФ выдвигается требование приведения профессиональной подготовки выпускников высших и среднеспециальных образовательных учреждений в соответствие разрабатываемым профессиональным стандартам. Проверка этого соответствия должна производиться через процедуры объективной оценки квалификации выпускников вузов и колледжей. В новых условиях возникает альтернатива создания нового или совершенствования прежнего диагностического инструментария. Свежие для системы образования идеи можно почерпнуть, как полагают авторы публикации, в области реальных секторов производственно-экономической и социальной деятельности, где аспекты определения качества конечного продукта проработаны намного лучше и трактовки результатов деятельности однозначны и непротиворечивы.Цель статьи – с позиций управления образованием и сложившейся вне этой сферы практики оценки квалификации работников обсудить общеметодологические подходы к организации научно-методического сопровождения экспертизы результатов профессиональной подготовки специалистов в учебных учреждениях. Методология и методики. В ходе работы использовались положения квалиметрического и системного подходов, методы сравнительного анализа содержания отечественных и зарубежных нормативных документов, а также научных публикаций, посвященных теории и практике оценки качества продуктов образовательной, технической, экономической и управленческой деятельности. Результаты и научная новизна. Обозначены методологические проблемы измерения знаний студентов и адекватности их оценки с точки зрения внедряемых профессиональных стандартов. Описаны различные подходы к оценке качества образования и его результатам; процедура оценивания и ее основной инструментарий: критерии, параметры, показатели и нормы как ориентир в выборе эталонов оценки. Констатируется, что традиционные методы и средства оценки, принятые сегодня в образовании, сильно устарели и продолжают отставать от прогрессивных тенденций измерения качества. В частности, широко распространенные тестовые измерения учебных достижений выпускников высшей (и средней) школы не носят комплексного характера, поэтому не могут считаться валидными, особенно относительно уровня профессиональной квалификации. На основе обобщения подходов к оцениванию в различных сферах утверждается возможность их проецирования на практику организаций профессионального образования. Рассмотрены методика и технология выработки оценочных суждений, которые строятся на заключениях формализованных экспертных процедур и позволяют делать разнообразные выводы о деятельности отдельных организаций и системы образования в целом; выявлять степень приближения к норме полученных результатов и отклонения от нее, а также производить требующуюся коррекцию обучения. Подчеркивается необходимость формирования корпуса квалифицированных экспертов, способных обеспечить разработку и внедрение эффективных технологий организации и проведения оценочных мероприятий. Практическая значимость. Очерчено проблемное поле исследований по поиску новых подходов к внутренним (в стенах вуза и колледжа) процедурам оценивания компетенций выпускников системы профессионального образования. Объективность оценивания и достоверность результатов таких процедур должны быть сопоставимы с подобными характеристиками деятельности центров независимой оценки профессиональных квалификаций. Это позволит значительно снизить трансакционные издержки субъектов и потребителей образовательных услуг и создаст условия для перехода от существующих тарифно-квалификационных справочников к системе профессиональных стандартов. Ключевые слова: оценка; методы оценивания; критерии оценивания; показатели оценивания; шкалы оценивания; эксперт
Introduction. Over the last two years, in the official documents of the Government of the Russian Federation there has been the requirement to organize the professional training of students in accordance with the professional standards. The verification of the compliance with the standards should be provided through the procedures of objective assessment of qualification of college and university graduates. Thus, in the current conditions arose the need to searching for new assessment tools or ways to improve the previous ones. The authors believe that the new and original ideas can be derived from the fields of real sectors of productive-economic and social activity where the aspects of determination of quality of the final product are worked out far better, and interpretations of the results of activity are unambiguous and consistent Aim. Taking into account the aspects of education management and established practices of assessment procedures, the aim of the present publication is to discuss general methodological approaches to organization of scientific-methodical maintenance of the expertise on the results of professionals' training in educational institutions. Methodology and research methods. The research is based on the qualimetric and system-based approaches, methods of comparative analysis of the content of the local and foreign normative documents as well as a wide range of scientific publications that describe the theory and practice of application of assessment in educational technical, economic and management systems. Results and scientific novelty. According to the introduced professional standards, methodological problems of measurement of students' knowledge and adequacy of their assessment are designated. Various approaches to assessment of education quality and its results are described; assessment procedure and its main tools are presented: criteria, parameters, indicators and norms as a reference point in the choice of standards for assessment. It is stated that the traditional methods and means of assessment accepted today in education are severely outdated and continue to lag far behind progressive tendencies of quality measurement. In particular, widespread test measurements of educational achievements of graduates of the higher (and secondary) school are not holistic therefore cannot be considered as valid, especially concerning the level of professional qualification. On the basis of synthesis of the approaches to assessment in various spheres, the possibility of their application in the organizations of professional education is approved. The considered technique and technology of development of evaluative judgments are based on the results of the formalized expert procedures; thus enabling to draw various conclusions about activity of the separate organizations and education systems in general, to reveal the level of bringing them into line with norms and standards of the received results and deviations from the rated values, as well as to perform the required training correction procedures. The authors stress the need for formation of a team of the qualified experts capable to provide development and implementation of effective technologies for the organization of assessment activities. Practical significance. The problem research area on the search for new approaches to internal procedures for assessment of the graduates' competencies is determined. The objectivity of evaluation and reliability of the results of such procedures have to be comparable to similar performance characteristics of the Centers for Independent Assessment of Professional Qualifications. It will enable to significantly reduce transactional costs of all agents of educational services, and will create conditions for transition from the existing standard-qualification reference books to the system of professional standards. ; Введение. В течение последних двух лет в официальных документах правительства РФ выдвигается требование приведения профессиональной подготовки выпускников высших и среднеспециальных образовательных учреждений в соответствие разрабатываемым профессиональным стандартам. Проверка этого соответствия должна производиться через процедуры объективной оценки квалификации выпускников вузов и колледжей. В новых условиях возникает альтернатива создания нового или совершенствования прежнего диагностического инструментария. Свежие для системы образования идеи можно почерпнуть, как полагают авторы публикации, в области реальных секторов производственно-экономической и социальной деятельности, где аспекты определения качества конечного продукта проработаны намного лучше и трактовки результатов деятельности однозначны и непротиворечивы.Цель статьи – с позиций управления образованием и сложившейся вне этой сферы практики оценки квалификации работников обсудить общеметодологические подходы к организации научно-методического сопровождения экспертизы результатов профессиональной подготовки специалистов в учебных учреждениях.Методология и методики. В ходе работы использовались положения квалиметрического и системного подходов, методы сравнительного анализа содержания отечественных и зарубежных нормативных документов, а также научных публикаций, посвященных теории и практике оценки качества продуктов образовательной, технической, экономической и управленческой деятельности.Результаты и научная новизна. Обозначены методологические проблемы измерения знаний студентов и адекватности их оценки с точки зрения внедряемых профессиональных стандартов. Описаны различные подходы к оценке качества образования и его результатам; процедура оценивания и ее основной инструментарий: критерии, параметры, показатели и нормы как ориентир в выборе эталонов оценки. Констатируется, что традиционные методы и средства оценки, принятые сегодня в образовании, сильно устарели и продолжают отставать от прогрессивных тенденций измерения качества. В частности, широко распространенные тестовые измерения учебных достижений выпускников высшей (и средней) школы не носят комплексного характера, поэтому не могут считаться валидными, особенно относительно уровня профессиональной квалификации. На основе обобщения подходов к оцениванию в различных сферах утверждается возможность их проецирования на практику организаций профессионального образования. Рассмотрены методика и технология выработки оценочных суждений, которые строятся на заключениях формализованных экспертных процедур и позволяют делать разнообразные выводы о деятельности отдельных организаций и системы образования в целом; выявлять степень приближения к норме полученных результатов и отклонения от нее, а также производить требующуюся коррекцию обучения. Подчеркивается необходимость формирования корпуса квалифицированных экспертов, способных обеспечить разработку и внедрение эффективных технологий организации и проведения оценочных мероприятий.Практическая значимость. Очерчено проблемное поле исследований по поиску новых подходов к внутренним (в стенах вуза и колледжа) процедурам оценивания компетенций выпускников системы профессионального образования. Объективность оценивания и достоверность результатов таких процедур должны быть сопоставимы с подобными характеристиками деятельности центров независимой оценки профессиональных квалификаций. Это позволит значительно снизить трансакционные издержки субъектов и потребителей образовательных услуг и создаст условия для перехода от существующих тарифно-квалификационных справочников к системе профессиональных стандартов. Ключевые слова: оценка; методы оценивания; критерии оценивания; показатели оценивания; шкалы оценивания; эксперт
Objetiva-se, neste texto, discorrer sobre os ensinos e as aprendizagens vivenciadas por cinco mulheres erveiras que trabalham no Ver-o-Peso. Ao tratar-se de lugares da EJA (Educação de jovens e adultos) pontuam-se os cotidianos familiar e de trabalho em que são vivenciados ensinos e aprendizagens e são compartilhados saberes culturais. Diante disso, pondera-se que este trabalho resultou de uma pesquisa de mestrado no Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade do Estado do Pará PPGED - UEPA, realizada no período de 2018 a 2020. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, com abordagem qualitativa (MINAYO, 2009); observação in loco (MINAYO, 1994) e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Na sistematização e na análise dos dados foram construídas categorias analíticas e temáticas (OLIVEIRA; MOTA NETO, 2011). A construção das categorias teve como referência técnicas da análise de conteúdo, (BARDIN, 2011). Diante disso, a pesquisa indicou os seguintes resultados: no processo de manipulação das ervas medicinais destaca-se a conexão entre corpo e mente, nos momentos saber identificar, diferenciar e combinar raízes, cascas e suas propriedades medicinais, pela textura, pela cor, pelo aroma e pelo formato. Os ensinos e aprendizagens vivenciados por elas ocorrem por meio da oralidade, do registro escrito, da observação e da gestualidade. Assim, os ensinos, as aprendizagens e os saberes constituem as autonomias de ser erveira, referente à memória, à herança familiar e ao sustento material, a partir do trabalho no setor das ervas.Palavras-chave: Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Saberes Culturais; Mulheres erveiras.Between places and subjects of EJA: Women herb handlers and their cultural knowledge in Ver-o-PesoABSTRACTThe objective of this text is to discuss the teachings and learning experienced by five women herb handlers, who work at Ver-o-Peso. When dealing with EJA (Youth and Adult Education) places, the family and work routines are highlighted in which teaching and learning are experienced and cultural knowledge is shared. Therefore, it is considered that this work resulted from a master's research in the Postgraduate Program in Education of the State University of Pará PPGED - UEPA, carried out from 2018 to 2020. It is a field research, with a qualitative approach, (MINAYO, 2009); observation in loco (MINAYO, 1994) and semi-structured interviews. In the systematization and analysis of data, analytical and thematic categories were built (OLIVEIRA; MOTA NETO, 2011). The construction of the categories was based on technical content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). Therefore, the research indicated the following results: in the process of handling medicinal herbs, the connection between body and mind stands out, at times knowing how to identify, knowing how to differentiate and combine roots, bark and leaves and their medicinal properties, by texture, by color, by aroma, by shape. The teachings and learning experienced by them occur through orality, written record, observation, and gestures. Thus, teachings, learning and knowledge constitute the autonomy of being women herb handlers, referring to memory, family inheritance, and material support, from work in the herb sector.Keywords: Youth and Adult Education; Cultural Knowledge; Women herb handlers.Entre lugares y temas de EJA: Herbolarias y sus conocimientos culturales en Ver-o-PesoRESUMENEl objetivo de este texto es discutir las enseñanzas y el aprendizaje experimentado por cinco mujeres herbolarias que trabajan en Ver-o-Peso. Cuando se trata de lugares de EJA (Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos), se destacan las rutinas familiares y laborales en las que se vive la enseñanza y el aprendizaje y se comparte el conocimiento cultural. Por lo tanto, se considera que este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación de maestría en el Programa de Posgrado en Educación de la Universidad Estatal de Pará PPGED - UEPA, realizada de 2018 a 2020. Es una investigación de campo, con enfoque cualitativo, (MINAYO, 2009); observación in loco (MINAYO, 1994) y entrevistas semiestructuradas. En la sistematización y análisis de datos se construyeron categorías analíticas y temáticas (OLIVEIRA; MOTA NETO, 2011). La construcción de las categorías se basó en el análisis de contenido técnico (BARDIN, 2011). Por tanto, la investigación arrojó los siguientes resultados: en el proceso de manipulación de las hierbas medicinales se destaca la conexión entre cuerpo y mente, en ocasiones saber identificar, saber diferenciar y combinar raíces, corteza y hojas y sus propiedades medicinales, por textura, color, aroma, forma. Las enseñanzas y el aprendizaje experimentado por ellos ocurren a través de la oralidad, el registro escrito, la observación y los gestos. Así, la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y el conocimiento constituyen la autonomía de ser herbolaria, referida a la memoria, la herencia familiar y el apoyo material, del trabajo en el sector herbáceo. Palabras clave: Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos; Conocimiento cultural; Herbolarias.
The increased demand for meat from wild animals for human consumption, as an alternative protein source, brings with it the need for research that demonstrates the quality of such product. The technical information about the meat from collared peccaries still needs studies and aiming to collaborate with the already existing knowledge, this research had as its objective to provide subsidies for evaluation of the sanitary quality of the meat from collared peccaries. Twelve animals were used, six males and six females, aged four to five months, from the breeding stock of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid and, after euthanasia by a slaughter technique used in goats, the meat samples were collected through sterile swabs at the locations of the hind leg, loin, belly and axilla of each animal, totaling 48 samples. The maximum mesophilic count found was 1.9 x 103 CFU/ml, the total coliform and thermotolerant coliform counts were below the one determined in the legislation for meat from domestic animals, however, through biochemical tests, the presence of E. coli from the biotype 1 and biotype 2 was found, in seven and six samples, respectively. Search results for Salmonella spp. were negative in all samples and, as for Staphylococcus spp., only one sample had the count above the level allowed by law. The contamination load related to the bacteria E. coli proved to be high, making 13 samples unfit for consumption. Regarding the other data, the meat from young collared peccaries showed a low contamination load. ; El aumento de la demanda de carne de animales silvestres para consumo humano como fuente alternativa de proteínas trae consigo la necesidad de investigaciones que demuestren la calidad de los productos. La información técnica sobre la carne de pollo aún debe ser estudiada y, con el objetivo de colaborar con el conocimiento existente, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo otorgar subsidios para la evaluación de la calidad sanitaria de la carne de pollo. Se utilizaron doce animales, seis machos y seis hembras, de entre cuatro y cinco meses, de la brigada de la Universidad Federal Rural del Semiárido y, tras la eutanasia mediante técnicas de sacrificio de cabras, se recogieron las muestras de carne mediante hisopos. estéril en las puntas de la pierna, el lomo, el vientre y el azila de cada animal, totalizando 48 muestras. El conteo máximo de mesófilos encontrado fue de 1.9 x 103 UFC / ml, los conteos de coliformes totales y coliformes termotolerantes estuvieron por debajo de lo determinado en la legislación para animales domésticos, sin embargo, mediante pruebas bioquímicas la presencia de Escherichia coli de biotipo 1 y biotipo 2 en siete y seis muestras, respectivamente. Resultados de la búsqueda de Salmonella spp. fueron negativas en todas las muestras y, en cuanto a Staphylococcus spp., solo una muestra tuvo un recuento superior al permitido por la ley. La carga de contaminación relacionada con la bacteria E. coli resultó ser alta, lo que hizo que 13 muestras no fueran aptas para el consumo. En relación al resto de datos, la carne de recolectores jóvenes presentó una carga contaminante baja. ; O aumento da procura por carne de animais silvestres para o consume humano como uma fonte de proteína alternativa traz consigo a necessidade de pesquisas que demonstrem a qualidade dos produtos. As informações técnicas sobre a carne de cateto ainda carecem de estudos e, visando colaborar com os conhecimentos já existentes, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa fornecer subsídios para a avaliação da qualidade sanitária da carne de catetos. Foram utilizados 12 animais, seis machos e seis fêmeas, com idade entre quatro e cinco meses, do plantel da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido e, após eutanásia por técnicas de abate para caprinos, as amostras de carne foram coletadas por meio de swabs estéreis nos pontos de pernil, lombo, barriga e axila de cada animal, totalizando 48 amostras. A contagem máxima de mesófilos encontrada foi de 1,9 x 103 UFC/ml , as contagens de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes ficaram abaixo do determinado na legislação para animais domésticos, porém, por meio de testes bioquímicos foi constatada a presença de Escherichia coli de biotipo 1 e biotipo 2 em sete e seis amostras, respectivamente. Resultados da pesquisa para Salmonella spp. foram negativos em todas as amostras e, quanto a Staphylococcus spp., apenas uma amostra apresentou contagem acima do permitido por lei. A carga de contaminação relacionada à bacteria E. coli se mostrou elevada, tornando 13 amostras impróprias para consumo. Em relação aos demais dados, a carne de catetos jovens apresentou baixa carga de contaminação.
The Psychological Reports Journal's history over the years has been the subject of analysis and reflection, which has been mirrored in the articles published in its different issues. Satisfaction there is to say that the Psychological Reports Journal has grown throughout this time, and it has become an instrument of visibility and impact, as well as a space for academic and research reflection both in our country and in the international arena. From the Journal, we have always endeavored to promote an open policy for the participation, highlighting all the contributions that have made us advance in our objectives, where quality is fundamental and paramount. For this reason, we are always in a continuous reassessment of the aspects that make the Psychological Reports Journal a striking alternative for the publication of the works of authors. I would like to highlight my special thanks to the Journal's publishing team, the Editorial Committee, the evaluators and the readers but, above all, to the authors, for their valuable support to the continuity of the success and the quality of our magazine. In behalf of the Psychological Reports Journal, I also wish to thank the Pontificia Bolivariana University for its trust and support. I would like to end by giving thanks to our previous editor, Dr. Ana Fernanda Uribe Rodriguez. Her work, time and knowledge have made it possible to transform this idea into its current reality. I wish her big success in her new tasks and hope to count with her valuable contributions in the future. ; La trayectoria de la Revista Informes Psicológicos a lo largo de estos años ha sido objeto de análisis y reflexiones que quedan reflejadas en los artículos que se han ido incluyendo en las diferentes ediciones. Con satisfacción puedo decir que la Revista Informes Psicológicos ha ido creciendo a lo largo de este tiempo y se ha convertido en un instrumento de visibilidad e impacto, además de un espacio de construcción académica e investigativa, tanto en nuestro país como en el ámbito internacional. Desde la Revista siempre se ha procurado impulsar una política abierta para la participación al destacar todos los aportes que nos han hecho avanzar en nuestros objetivos, donde la calidad es fundamental y se ha vuelto una prioridad. Por ello, siempre estamos en continua revaloración de los aspectos que hacen que Informes Psicológicos sea una ventana alternativa para las publicaciones de los trabajos. Quisiera destacar mi agradecimiento al equipo editorial de la Revista, Comité Editorial, los evaluadores y los lectores, pero, sobre todo, a los autores, por su valioso apoyo para la continuidad en el camino del éxito y calidad de nuestra Revista. A nombre de Informes Psicológicos, también deseo agradecer a la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana por su confianza y apoyo. Quisiera finalizar dando las gracias a la anterior editora, la doctora Ana Fernanda Uribe Rodríguez por su trabajo, tiempo y conocimiento que han hecho posible transformar esta idea en la realidad actual, deseándole éxitos en sus nuevos proyectos académicos y sabiendo que seguiremos contando con sus valiosos aportes. ; O trajeto da revista Informes Psicológicos ao longo destes anos tem sido objeto de análise e reflexão, o que se reflete nos artigos que vem incluindo-se nas diferentes edições. É com satisfação que pode se dizer que a revista Informes Psicológicos vem crescendo ao longo deste tempo e tem se configurado num instrumento de visibilidade e impacto, além dum espaço de reflexão acadêmica e investigativa, assim no nosso país como no âmbito internacional. Desde a revista, sempre se tem procurado impulsar uma politica aberta para a participação, dando realce às contribuições que nos tem feito progredir no atingimento dos nossos objetivos, onde a qualidade é fundamental e tem-se tornado em uma prioridade. Portanto, sempre nos encontramos em reavaliação dos aspetos que fazem que Informes Psicológicos seja uma alternativa marcante para a publicação dos trabalhos. É minha vontade realçar a minha gratidão com a equipe editorial da Revista, o conselho editorial, os avaliadores e os leitores, mas acima de todo, com os autores pelo seu valioso apoio para a continuidade do sucesso e a qualidade da nossa Revista. Em nome de Informes Psicológicos é também o meu desejo agradecer à Universidade Pontifícia Bolivariana pela sua confiança e apoio. Quisesse concluir agradecendo à editora anterior, a doutora Ana Fernanda Uribe Rodríguez, especialmente pelo seu trabalho, tempo e conhecimento que tornaram possível a realização desta ideia até a realidade atual, desejando-lhe muito sucesso no seu novo desempenho e percebendo que podemos contar com os seus valiosos aportes.
The research activity carried out during the three years of the PhD course attended, at the Engineering Department of the University of Palermo, was aimed at the identification of an alternative predictive model able to solve the traditional building thermal balance in a simple but reliable way, speeding up any first phase of energy planning. Nowadays, worldwide directives aimed at reducing energy consumptions and environmental impacts have focused the attention of the scientific community on improving energy efficiency in the building sector. The reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions for heating and cooling needs of buildings is an important challenge for the European Union, because the buildings sector contributes up to 36% of the global CO2 emissions [1] and up to 40% of total primary energy consumptions [2]. Despite the ambitious goals set by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) at the European level [1], which states that, by 2020, all new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major refurbishments will have to be Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) [3,4], the critical challenge remains the improvement of the efficiency when upgrading the existing building stock to standards of the NZEB level [5]. The improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings and their operational energy usage should be estimated early in the design phase to guarantee a reduction in energy consumption, so buildings can be as sustainable as possible [6]. While a newly constructed NZEB can employ the "state of the art" of available efficient technologies and design practices, the optimization of existing buildings requires better efforts [7]. One way or the other, the identification of the best energy retrofit actions or the choice of a better technological solution to plan a building is not so simple. It has become one of the main objectives of several research studies, which require deep knowledge in the field of the building energy balance. The building thermal balance includes all sources and sinks of energy, as well as all energy that flows through its envelope. More in detail, the energy demand in buildings depends on the combination of several parameters, such as climate, envelope features, occupant behaviour and intended use. Indeed, the assessment of building energy performance requires substantial input data describing structures, environmental conditions [8], thermo-physical properties of the envelope, geometry, control strategies, and several other parameters. From the first design phases designers and researchers, which are trying to respect the prescriptions of the EPBD directive and to simultaneously ensure the thermal comfort of the occupants, must optimize all possible aspects that represent the key points in the building energy balance. As will be shown in Chapter A, the literature offers highly numerous complex and simplified resolution approaches [9]. Some are based on knowledge of the building thermal balance and on the resolution of physical equations; others are based on cumulated building data and on implementations of forecast models developed by machine-learning techniques [10]. Several numerical approaches are most widespread; these have undergone testing and implementing in specialised software tools such as DOE-2 [11], Energy Plus [12], TRNSYS [13] and ESP-r [14]. Such building modelling software can be employed in several ways on different scales; they can be simplified [15,16] or detailed comprehensively by different methods and numerical approaches [17]. Nevertheless, they are often characterised by a lack of a common language, which constitutes an obstacle for making a suitable choice. It is often more convenient to accelerate the building thermal needs evaluation and use the simplified methods and models. For example, a steady state approach for the evaluation of thermal loads is characterised by a good level of accuracy and low computational costs. However, its main limitation is that some phenomenon, such as the thermal inertia of the building envelope/structure, may be completely neglected. On the other hand, the choice of a more complex solution, such as the dynamic approach, uses very elaborate physical functions to evaluate the energy consumption of buildings. Although these dynamic simulation tools are effective and accurate, they have some practical difficulties such as collecting detailed building data and/or evaluating the proper boundary conditions. The use of these tools normally requires an expert user and a careful calibration of the model and do not provide a generalised response for a group of buildings with the same simulation, because they support a specific answer to a specific problem. Meanwhile the lack of precise input can lead to low-accuracy simulation. Anyway, in all cases it is necessary to be an expert user to implement, solve and evaluate the results, and these phases are not fast and not always immediately provide the correct evaluation, conducting the user to restart the entire procedure. In the field of energy planning, in order to identify energy efficiency actions aimed at a particular context, could be more convenient to speed up the preliminary assessment phase resorting to a simplified model that allows the evaluation of thermal energy demand with a good level of accuracy and without excessive computational cost or user expertise. The aim of this research, conducted during the three years of the PhD studies, is based on the idea of overcoming the limits previously indicated developing a reliable and a simple building energy tool or an evaluation model capable of helping an unskilled user at least in the first evaluation phase. To achieve this purpose, the first part of the research was characterised of an in-depth study of the sector bibliography with the analysis of the most widespread and used methods aimed at solving the thermal balance of buildings. After a brief distinction of the analysed methods in White, Black and Grey Box category, it was possible to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each one [9]. Based on the analysis of this study, some alternative methods have been investigated. In detail, the idea was to investigate several Black-Box approaches; mainly used to deduce prediction models from a relevant database. This category does not require any information about physical phenomena but are based on a function deduced only by means of sample data connected to each other and which describes the behaviour of a specific system. Therefore, it is fundamental the presence of a suitable and well-set database that characterise the problem, so that the output data are strongly related to one or more input data. The completely absence of this information and the great difficulty in finding data, has led to the creation of a basic energy database which, under certain hypotheses, is representative of a specific building stock. For this reason, in the first step of this research was developed a generic building energy database that in a reliable way, and underlining the main features of the thermal balance, issues information about the energy performances. In detail, two energy building databases representative of a non-residential building-stock located in the European and Italian territory have been created. Starting from a well-known and calibrated Base-Case dynamic model, which simulates the actual behaviour of a non-residential building located in Palermo, it was created an Ideal Building representative of a new non-residential building designed with high energy performances in accordance whit the highest standard requirements of the European Community. Taking into consideration the differences existing in the regulations and technical standards about the building energy performance of various European countries, several detailed dynamic simulation models were developed. Moreover, to consider different climatic characteristics, different locations were evaluated for each country or thermal zone which represent the hottest, the coolest and the mildest climate. The shape factor of buildings, which represents the ratio between the total of the loss surfaces to the gross heated volume of a building, was varied from 0.24 to 0.90. To develop a representative database where the data that identify the building conditions are the inputs of the model linked to an output that describes the energy performances it was decided to develop a parametric simulation. In detail different transmittance values, boundary conditions, construction materials, and energy carriers were chosen and employed to model representative building stocks of European and Italian cities for different climatic zones, weather conditions, and shape factor; all details and the main features are described in Chapter B. These two databases were used to investigated three alternative methods to solve the building thermal balance; these are: • Multi Linear Regression (MLR): identification of some simple correlations that uses well known parameters in every energy diagnosis [18–20]; • Buckingham Method (BM): definition of dimensionless numbers that synthetically describe the relationships between the main characteristic parameters of the thermal balance [21]; and • Artificial Neural Network (ANN): Application of a specific Artificial Intelligence (AI) to determine the thermal needs of a [22] building. These methods, belonging to the Black-Box category, permit solving a complex problem easier with respect to the White-Box methods because they do not require any information about physical phenomena and expert user skills. Only a small amount of data on well-known parameters that represent the thermal balance of a building is required. The first analysed alternative method was the MLR, described in Chapter C. This approach allowed to develop a simple model that guarantees a quick evaluation of building energy needs [19] and is often used as a predictive tool. It is reliable and, at the same time, easy to use even for a non-expert user since an in-depth knowledge in the use phase is not needed, and computational costs are low. Moreover, the presence of an accurate input analysis guarantees greater speed and simplicity in the data collection phase [23]. The basis for this model is the linear regression among the variables to forecast and two or more explanatory variables. The feasibility and reliability of MLR models is demonstrated by the publication of the main achieved results in international journals. At first, the MLR method was applied on a dataset that considered heating energy consumptions for three configurations of non-residential buildings located in seven European countries. In this way, it was developed a specific equation for each country and three equations that describe each climatic region identified by a cluster analysis; these results were published in [19]. In a second work [18], it was applied the same methodology to a set of data referring to buildings located in the Italian peninsula. In this case, three building analysed configurations, in accordance to Italian legislative requirements regarding the construction of high energy performance buildings, have been employed. The achievement of the generalised results along with a high level of reliability it was achieved by diversifying each individual model according to its climate zone. It was provided an equation for each climate zone along with a unique equation applicable to the entire peninsula, obviously with different degrees of reliability. An improved version of the latest work concerning the Italian case study appeared in the paper published in [20]. The revised model provided an ability to predict the energy needs for both heating and cooling. Furthermore, to simplify the data retrieval phase that is required for the use of the developed MLR tool, an input selection analysis based on the Pearson coefficient has been performed. In this way the explanatory variables, needful for an optimal identification of thermal loads, have been identified. Finally, a comprehensive statistical analysis of errors ensured high reliability. The second analysed alternative method represents an innovative approach in developing a flexible and efficient tool in the building energy forecast framework. This tool predicts the energy performance of a building based some dimensionless parameters implemented through the application of the Buckingham theorem. A detailed description of the methodology and results is discussed in the Chapter D and is also published in [21]. The Buckingham theorem represents a key theorem of the dimensional analysis since it is able to define the dimensionless parameters representing the building balance [24]. These parameters define the relationships between the descriptive variables and the fundamental dimensions. Such a dimensional analysis guarantees that the relationship between physical quantities remains valid, even if there is a variation of the magnitudes of the base units of measurement [25]. The dimensional analysis represents a good model to simplify a problem by means of the dimensional homogeneity and, therefore, the consequent reduction in the number of variables. Therefore, this model works well with different applications such as forecasting, planning, control, diagnostics and monitoring in different sectors. The application of the BM for predicting the energy performance of buildings determined nine ad hoc dimensionless numbers. The identification of a set of criteria and a critical analysis of the results allowed to immediately determine thought the dimensionless numbers and without using any software tool, the heating energy demand with a reliability of over 90%. Furthermore, the validation of the proposed methodology was carried out by comparing the heating energy demand that was calculated by a detailed and accurate dynamic simulation. The last Black-Box examined model was the application of Artificial Neural Networks. The ANNs are the most widely used data mining models, characterised by one of the highest levels of accuracy with respect to other methods but generally have higher computational costs in the developing phase [26]. The design of a neural network, inspired by the behaviour of the human brain, involves the large number of suitably connected nodes (neurons) that, upon applications of simple mathematical operations, influence the learning ability of the network itself [27]. Also in this case, as described in Chapter E, this methodology was applied at the two different energy databases. In [22], the ANN was used to predict the demand for thermal energy linked to the winter climatization of non-residential buildings located in European context, while in another work under review, the ANN was used to determine the heating and cooling energy demand of a representative Italian building stock. The validation of the ANNs was carried out by using a set of data corresponding to 15% of the initial set which were not used to train the ANNs. The obtained good results (determination coefficient values higher than 0.95 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error lower than 10%) show the suitability of the calculation model based on the use of adaptive systems for the evaluation of energy performance of buildings. Simultaneously, a deep analysis of the investigated problem, underlines how to determine the thermal behaviour of a building trough Black-Box models, particular attention must be paid to the choice of an accurate climate database that along with thermophysical characteristics, strongly influence the thermal behaviour of a building [9]. In detail, to develop a predictive model of thermal needs, it is also necessary to pay close attention to the climate aspects. In the literature, many studies use the degree day (DD) to predict building energy demand, but this assessment, through the use of a climatic index, is correct only if its determination is a function of the same weather data used for the model implementation. Otherwise, the predictive model is generally affected by a greater evaluation error; all these aspects are deeply discussed analysing a specific Italian case study in Chapter F, and the main results are published in [8]. The results achieved during the three years of PhD research, make it possible to affirm that each model can be used to solve thermal building balance by knowing merely a few parameters representative of the analysed problem. Nonetheless, some questions may be asked: Which of these models can be identified as the most efficient solution? Is it possible to compare the performances of these models? Is it possible to choose the most efficient model based on some specific phase in the evaluation? To attempt to answer these questions, during the research period it was decided to compare the three selected alternative models by applying a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA), that explicitly evaluates multiple criteria in decision-making. It is a useful decision support tool to apply to many complex decisions by choosing among several alternatives. The idea rising thanks to the scientific collaboration with the VGTU University of Vilnius, Lithuanian, in the person of Prof. A. Kaklauskas and Prof. L. Tupènaitè, experts in the field of multi-criteria analysis. At the first time a multi-criteria procedure was applied to determine the most efficient alternative model among some resolution procedures of a building's energy balance. This application required extra effort in defining the criteria and identifying a team of experts. To apply the MCA, it was necessary to identify the salient phases of the evaluation procedure to explain the most sensitive criteria for acquiring conscious, truthful answers that only a pool of experts in the field can provide. Details of this work were carried out during the period of one-month research in Vilnius, from April to May 2019, where it was possible to improve the application of the Multiple Criteria Complex Proportional Evaluation (COPRAS) method for identifying the most efficient predictive tool to evaluate building thermal needs. These results are collected in Chapter G and the main results are explained in a paper under review in the Journal "Energy" from September. The identification of the most efficient alternative model to solve the building energy balance through the application of a specific MCA, allowed to deepen the identified methodology and improve research. In particular, the most efficient alternative resolution model was the subject of the research that took place during the research period at the RWTH in Aachen University, Germany with Prof. M. Traverso, Head of the INaB Department, from September 2018 to March 2019. The experience in the field of LCA and the possibility of identifying the environmental impacts linked to the building system, has led the research to investigate neural networks for a dual and simultaneous environmental-energy analysis. The results confirm that the application of ANNs is a good alternative model for solving the energy and environmental balance of a building and for ensuring the development of reliable decision support tools that can be used by non-expert users. ANNs can be improved by upgrading the training database and choosing the network structure and learning algorithm. The results of this research are collected in Chapter H and published in [28].
La edición del volumen XIX No 1 del año 2018 de la revista Tendencias incluye un total de 10 artículos: cinco de investigación, tres de revisión, uno de reflexión y un artículo adicional incluido en la tradicional sección vida universitaria.La sección de los artículos de investigación inicia con el escrito magistral del Dr. Julio Silva Colmenares, Director del Observatorio sobre Desarrollo Humano de la Universidad Autónoma de Colombia, quien busca comprobar que la tan comentada "desindustrialización" del sector manufacturero Colombiano, no existe o es una verdad a medias. Su hipótesis se desarrolla con base en argumentos teóricos y empíricos y nos lleva a conclusiones acertadas sobre la falacia de la distribución equitativa del valor agregado generado por las empresas nacionales de mayor envergadura en el país.En el segundo artículo de investigación Joel Cruz Díaz, Alexander Blandon López y Diego Cruz Rincón, exponen la necesidad de fortalecer el desarrollo empresarial del Quindío a partir de la conjugación de diferentes políticas y programas de desarrollo empresarial, que se pueden ejecutar desde una fortalecida Comisión Regional de Competitividad. Proponen que es indispensable la sinergia de diferentes instituciones para potencializar el sector empresarial.En el tercer artículo David Camargo Mayorga, Octavio Cardona García y Ángel Roncancio García, profesores de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada ubicada en Colombia, pretenden determinar las diferencias existentes en la prestación de servicios de telecomunicaciones y los factores que las explican, examinando 69 países para el periodo de los años 2010 a 2015. Para ello inician su escrito con sustentación teórica que da cuenta de los antecedentes sobre isomorfismo empresarial, concluyendo que, a pesar de existir trabajos previos, hay vacíos de conocimiento frente a esta temática. Luego utilizando el modelo de datos panel, el test de Hausman, el de Sargan-Hansen, entre otros, concluyen que los servicios de telecomunicaciones entre países no son homogéneos.En el cuarto artículo, Hugo Alonso Plazas y Jennyfer Alejandra Castellanos profesores del departamento de diseño de la Universidad de Nariño, ubicada en Colombia, analizan el desarrollo de la industria editorial en la Provincia de Pasto de 1837 a 1900 a partir de los emprendimientos de la época. Hacen un recorrido histórico y se mencionan algunas iniciativas enmarcándolas en el contexto político, económico y social de Colombia en el período de estudio.En el quinto artículo, Mario Uribe Macías, profesor de la Universidad del Tolima, ubicada en Colombia, presenta los resultados de dos proyectos relacionados con el análisis de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, RSE, en dos sectores de Ibagué: el industrial y el financiero, obtenidos mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario dirigido a gerentes o responsables de la RSE y que consta de dos grandes partes: la primera, indaga acerca del enfoque estratégico y la segunda, se refiere a la relación de la empresa con sus diferentes stakeholders. Se concluye que la RSE es más fuerte en el sector financiero que en el industrial.En la sección de artículos de revisión en el primero de ellos Omaira Calvo Giraldo profesora de la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en Colombia, hace una revisión de la literatura existente sobre la gestión del conocimiento, sus diferentes modelos y enfoques, en el marco de la llamada "nueva economía" o "economía del conocimiento" y su aplicación en los ámbitos empresarial y regional, con el propósito de lograr y mantener su desarrollo y competitividad.El segundo artículo de revisión, los profesores Saúl Fernández, Diego Castillo y Luz Ángela Martínez, en su artículo Clúster virtual: nueva alternativa a la competitividad eficaz en las empresas, hacen énfasis en la importancia de su conformación mediante el networking, como mecanismo potencializador del desarrollo de las organizaciones; se describen sus ventajas y desventajas y se propone el clúster virtual empresarial como alternativa innovadora para establecer redes empresariales que redunden en mayores beneficios para sus integrantes.En el tercer artículo de revisión, Brigitte González y Carlos Arturo Ramírez, estudiante de último semestre del departamento de administración de empresas y profesor del mismo departamento respectivamente, de la Universidad de Nariño ubicada en Colombia, hacen una revisión de los modelos de calidad en Colombia para programas de pregrado, tanto de acreditación de alta calidad otorgado por el CNA (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación), como de certificación en normas técnicas de calidad ISO 9001:2015 y NTC GP 1000:2009, que otorga el ICONTEC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas). En el artículo se tejen explicaciones teóricas y prácticas alrededor del tema y se encuentran puntos de convergencia entre ambos modelos. Es interesante la propuesta por cuanto se construye una matriz de congruencia que puede servir de modelo de gestión para orientar y controlar de manera novedosa y efectiva los procesos educativos,En la sección de artículos de reflexión se encuentra el escrito de Carlos Javier Martínez quien propone que el sector empresarial se enfrenta cada día más a un mundo complejo y cambiante; de ahí que sea relevante el estudio de las denominadas ciencias de la complejidad o teoría del caos para ser involucrados en los procesos de planificación y dirección de empresas. Se hace un interesante recorrido teórico y una disertación en torno al análisis constante del entorno y sus coyunturas que debe estar presente en las organizaciones para potencializar las oportunidades, lograr sus objetivos estratégicos y navegar en el difícil mundo empresarial global.En la sección vida universitaria, se presenta un interesante y pertinente artículo escrito por Edgar Mesa Manosalva, profesor de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Nariño, ubicada en Colombia, quien propone "cosmovisiones y prácticas ancestrales de los Pastos en torno a la pachamama, minga, religiosidad, cuento pastuso y carnaval de negros y blancos, con el objetivo de redimensionar sus aportes epistemológicos y pedagógicos para cimentar y construir la paz regional". ; The edition of volume XIX No. 1 of the year 2018 of the Tendencias jounal includes a total of 10 articles: five of investigation, three of review, one of reflection and an additional article included in the traditional university life section.The section of the research articles begins with the masterly paper of PhD. Julio Silva Colmenares, Director of the Human Development Observatory of the Universidad Autónoma de Colombia, who seeks to verify that the much commented "deindustrialization" of the Colombian manufacturing sector does not exist or Is a half-truth. His hypothesis is developed based on theoretical and empirical arguments and lead us to correct conclusions about the fallacy of the equitable distribution of added value generated by the largest national companies in the country.In the second research article, Joel Cruz Díaz, Alexander Blandon López and Diego Cruz Rincón, explain the need to strengthen the business development of Quindío by combining different policies and business development programs, which can be implemented from a strengthened Comisión Regional de Competitividad. They propose that the synergy of different institutions is essential to strengthen the business sector.In the third article, David Camargo Mayorga, Octavio Cardona García and Ángel Roncancio García, professors of the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada located in Colombia, intend to determine the differences in the provision of telecommunications services and the factors that explain them, examining 69 countries for the period of the years 2010 to 2015. For this they begin their writing with theoretical support that accounts for the background on business isomorphism, concluding that, in spite of previous work, there are knowledge gaps regarding this topic. Then using the panel data model, the Hausman test, the Sargan-Hansen test, among others, conclude that telecommunications services between countries are not homogeneous.In the fourth article, Hugo Alonso Plazas and Jennyfer Alejandra Castellanos professors of the design department of the Universidad de Nariño, located in Colombia, analyze the development of the publishing industry in the Province of Pasto from 1837 to 1900, starting with the entrepreneurship of the time. They make a historical tour and mention some initiatives framing them in the political, economic and social context of Colombia in the period of study.In the fifth article, Mario Uribe Macías, a professor at the Universidad del Tolima, located in Colombia, presents the results of two projects related to the analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, in two sectors of Ibagué: the industrial and the financial, obtained through the application of a questionnaire aimed at managers or heads of CSR and consisting of two major parts: the first, inquires about the strategic approach and the second, refers to the relationship of the company with its different stakeholders. It is concluded that CSR is stronger in the financial sector than in the industrial sector.In the section of review articles in the first of them, Omaira Calvo Giraldo, professor at the Universidad del Cauca, located in Colombia, reviews the existing literature on knowledge management, its different models and approaches, within the framework of the called "new economy" or "knowledge economy" and its application in business and regional areas, with the purpose of achieving and maintaining its development and competitiveness.The second review article, Professors Saúl Fernández, Diego Castillo and Luz Ángela Martínez, in their article Virtual Cluster: a new alternative to effective competitiveness in companies, emphasizes the importance of their conformation through networking, as a potential mechanism of the development of organizations; Its advantages and disadvantages are described and the virtual business cluster is proposed as an innovative alternative to establish business networks that result in greater benefits for its members.In the third review article, Brigitte Gonzalez and Carlos Arturo Ramírez, a student of the last semester of the department of business administration and professor of the same department, respectively, of the University of Nariño located in Colombia, make a review of the quality models in Colombia for undergraduate programs, both for high quality accreditation granted by the CNA (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación), and for certification in quality technical standards ISO 9001: 2015 and NTC GP 1000: 2009, granted by ICONTEC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas). In the article theoretical and practical explanations are woven around the subject and convergence points are found between both models. The proposal is interesting because it builds a congruence matrix that can serve as a management model to orient and control educational processes in a new and effective way.In the section of articles of reflection is the writing of Carlos Javier Martínez who proposes that the business sector is faced every day more to a complex and changing world; hence, the study of the so-called complexity sciences or chaos theory to be involved in the planning and business management processes is relevant. There is an interesting theoretical journey and a dissertation around the constant analysis of the environment and its conjunctures that must be present in organizations to maximize opportunities, achieve their strategic objectives and navigate the difficult global business world.In the university life section, an interesting and pertinent article written by Edgar Mesa Manosalva, professor of the faculty of education of the Universidad de Nariño, located in Colombia, is presented, who proposes "worldviews and ancestral practices of the pastures around the pachamama , minga, religiosity, cuento pastuso and carnaval of negros y blancos, with the aim of resizing their epistemological and pedagogical contributions to cement and build regional peace". ; A edição do volume XIX No. 1 do ano de 2018 da revista Tendencias inclui um total de 10 artigos: cinco de investigação, três de revisão, um de reflexão e um artigo adicional incluído na seção tradicional de vida universitária.A seção dos artigos de pesquisa começa com o papel magistral do Dr. Julio Silva Colmenares, Diretor do Observatório de Desenvolvimento Humano da Universidade Autônoma da Colômbia, que procura verificar que a muito comentada "desindustrialização" do setor manufatureiro colombiano não existe ou É uma meia verdade. Sua hipótese é desenvolvida com base em argumentos teóricos e empíricos e nos leva a corrigir conclusões sobre a falácia da distribuição eqüitativa do valor agregado gerado pelas maiores empresas nacionais do país.No segundo artigo de pesquisa, Joel Cruz Díaz, Alexandre Blandon López e Diego Cruz Rincón, explicam a necessidade de fortalecer o desenvolvimento empresarial do Quindío, combinando diferentes políticas e programas de desenvolvimento de negócios, que podem ser implementados a partir de um fortalecimento da Comisión.Regional de competitiviad Eles propõem que a sinergia de diferentes instituições é essencial para fortalecer o setor empresarial.No terceiro artigo, David Camargo Mayorga, Octávio Cardona García e Ángel Roncancio García, professores da Universidad Militar de Nueva Granada localizada na Colômbia, pretendem determinar as diferenças na prestação de serviços de telecomunicações e os fatores que os explicam, examinando 69 países para o período dos anos de 2010 a 2015. Para isso iniciam a escrita com apoio teórico que explica o histórico de isomorfismo nos negócios, concluindo que, apesar dos trabalhos anteriores, existem lacunas de conhecimento sobre esse tema. Em seguida, usando o modelo de dados em painel, o teste de Hausman, o teste de Sargan-Hansen, entre outros, concluem que os serviços de telecomunicações entre os países não são homogéneos.No quarto artigo, Hugo Alonso Plazas e Jennyfer Alejandra Castellanos professores do departamento de design da Universidad de de Nariño, localizada na Colômbia, analisam o desenvolvimento da indústria editorial na província de Pasto de 1837 a 1900, começando com o empreendedorismo do setor. época Eles fazem um tour histórico e mencionam algumas iniciativas que os enquadram no contexto político, econômico e social da Colômbia no período de estudo.No quinto artigo, Mario Uribe Macías, professor da Universidad del Tolima, localizada na Colômbia, apresenta os resultados de dois projetos relacionados à análise da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, RSE, em dois setores de Ibagué: o industrial e o financeiro, obtido através da aplicação de um questionário dirigido a gestores ou chefes de RSE e composto por duas partes principais: a primeira, indaga sobre a abordagem estratégica e a segunda, refere-se à relação da empresa com os diferentes stakeholders. Conclui-se que a RSE é mais forte no setor financeiro do que no setor industrial.Na seção de artigos de revisão no primeiro deles, Omaira Calvo Giraldo, professor da Universidad del Cauca, localizada na Colômbia, revisa a literatura existente sobre gestão do conhecimento, seus diferentes modelos e abordagens, no âmbito do denominada "nova economia" ou "economia do conhecimento" e sua aplicação nas áreas comercial e regional, com o objetivo de alcançar e manter seu desenvolvimento e competitividade.O segundo artigo de revisão, os professores Saúl Fernández, Diego Castillo e Luz Ángela Martínez, em seu artigo Virtual Cluster: uma nova alternativa à efetiva competitividade nas empresas, enfatiza a importância de sua conformação através do trabalho em rede, como um potencial mecanismo do desenvolvimento de organizações; Suas vantagens e desvantagens são descritas e o cluster virtual de negócios é proposto como uma alternativa inovadora para estabelecer redes de negócios que resultem em maiores benefícios para seus membros.No terceiro artigo de revisão, Brigitte Gonzalez e Carlos Arturo Ramírez, aluno do último semestre do departamento de administração de empresas e professor do mesmo departamento, respectivamente, da Universidad de de Nariño, localizados na Colômbia, fazem uma revisão dos modelos de qualidade na Colômbia. para cursos de graduação, tanto para credenciamento de alta qualidade outorgado pelo CNA (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación), quanto para certificação nas normas técnicas de qualidade ISO 9001: 2015 e NTC GP 1000: 2009, concedidas pelo ICONTEC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas). No artigo, explicações teóricas e práticas são tecidas em torno do assunto e pontos de convergência são encontrados entre os dois modelos. A proposta é interessante porque constrói uma matriz de congruência que pode servir como modelo de gestão para orientar e controlar os processos educacionais de maneira nova e efetiva.Na seção de artigos de reflexão encontra-se a redação de Carlos Javier Martínez, que propõe que o setor empresarial enfrente cada vez mais um mundo complexo e cambiante; portanto, o estudo das chamadas ciências da complexidade ou teoria do caos a ser envolvido nos processos de planejamento e gestão de negócios é relevante. Há um interessante percurso teórico e uma dissertação em torno da constante análise do ambiente e suas conjunturas que devem estar presentes nas organizações para maximizar oportunidades, atingir seus objetivos estratégicos e navegar pelo difícil mundo dos negócios globais.Na seção de vida universitária, é apresentado um interessante e pertinente artigo escrito por Edgar Mesa Manosalva, professor da faculdade de educação da Universidad de Nariño, localizada na Colômbia, que propõe "visões de mundo e práticas ancestrais das pastos em torno do pachamama , minga, religiosidade, cuento pastuso e carnaval de negros e brancos, com o objetivo de redimensionar suas contribuições epistemológicas e pedagógicas para cimentar e construir a paz regional".
