Suchergebnisse

AbstractA review of the status and results of direct legislation and the recall in German municipal government, 1919–1928.

Purpose: The study examines the impact of institutional quality on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows for emerging economies from South Asiain the period 2002-2016. Other economic factors such as globalisation, financial development, and GDP are also considered. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study uses Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS) panel unit root test to check stationarity property. It uses cross dependency (CD) and cross-sectional augments IPS tests to check cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity across the group countries. Next, it uses panel ARDL-PMG tests to check the existence of long-relationship among variables. Then, we apply the panel Granger causality test to check the direction of causality. Finally, for the robustness of results, we use the Pedroni co-integration technique. Findings: The study finds the existence of a long-run relationship between institutional quality and FDI inflows. Other economic factors such as globalization and financial development show long-run and strong causality with FDI inflows. However, the short-run unidirectional causality from institutional quality to FDI inflows is not found for all the countries. Finally, institutional quality strongly causes FDI inflows provided paired with either globalisation or financial development. Practical Implications: Institutional quality increases the FDI inflows. Therefore, policymakers should focus on institutional quality along with globalization and financial development for higher inflows of FDI in emerging countries. Originality/Value: The study considers institutional quality as one of the inputs for FDI inflows in selected emerging economies from South Asia. Further, it creates an institutional quality index for the emerging countries to examine the impact on FDI inflows. ; peer-reviewed

Complementing representative democracy with direct-democratic instruments is perceived to boost levels of political trust. This was why Finland in 2012 introduced an agenda initiative, which gives citizens the right to propose legislation and thereby provides citizens a say between elections. However, it remains unclear whether involvement in such mechanisms helps restore political trust and what factors shape developments in political trust during involvement. This article contributes to this research agenda by examining how using the Finnish agenda initiative affected developments in political trust. The study uses two surveys to determine developments in political trust: a four-wave panel survey (n = 809 - 1419) and a cross-sectional survey (n = 481) where the perceived change method is used. The results suggest that using the citizens' initiative did not necessarily cause positive developments in political trust. Nevertheless, positive developments in political trust occurred when users achieved their intended aim and/or the process was seen as fair, which shows that direct-democratic instruments can increase levels of political trust under some circumstances.

This article focuses on the participation of local citizens in Kosovo in the process of state-building and their engagement with the institutions imposed by the international community. While previous literature focuses either on the constitutional and institutional framework or on the more direct forms of local resistance to international intervention, this article looks into more subtle forms of resistance whereby local citizens change the meanings of imposed institutions. To this purpose, this article examines the process of adoption of two minority-relevant laws: the Law on Historic Centre of Prizren and the Law on the Village of Velika Hoča/Hoçë e Madhe. By employing a critical frame analysis, this paper points to the very subtle forms of resistance to the international rule such as: exclusion of citizens from participation in decision-making, defining citizenship in ethnic terms or changing the meaning of minority relevant legislation by framing it from the perspective of state- and nation-building. All of these actions resist the international efforts to build Kosovo as a multiethnic state and impugn the legitimacy of the system. These findings indicate the important role of local citizens in creating the sustainable peace.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how horizontal collaboration aids organisations in responding to modern slavery legislation and in gaining a socially sustainable competitive advantage.


Design/methodology/approach
Action research has been conducted in the textiles and fashion industry and a relational perspective adopted to interpret five collaborative initiatives taken to tackle modern slavery (e.g. joint training and supplier audits). The primary engagement has been with a multi-billion pound turnover company and its collaborations with 35 brands/retailers. A non-government organisation and a trade body have also participated.


Findings
Successful horizontal collaboration is dependent on both relational capital and effective (formal and informal) governance mechanisms. In collaborating, firms have generated relational rents and reduced costs creating a socially sustainable competitive advantage, as suggested by the relational perspective. Yet, limits to horizontal collaboration also exist.


Research limitations/implications
The focus is on one industry only, hence there is scope to extend the study to other industries or forms of collaboration taking place across industries.


Practical implications
Successful horizontal collaborative relationships rely on actors having a similar mindset and being able to decouple the commercial and sustainability agendas, especially when direct competitors are involved. Further, working with non-business actors can facilitate collaboration and provide knowledge and resources important for overcoming the uncertainty that is manifest when responding to new legislation.


Social implications
Social sustainability improvements aim to enhance ethical trade and benefit vulnerable workers.


Originality/value
Prior literature has focussed on vertical collaboration with few prior studies of horizontal collaboration, particularly in a socially sustainable supply chain context. Moreover, there has been limited research into modern slavery from a supply chain perspective. Both successful and unsuccessful initiatives are studied, providing insights into (in)effective collaboration.

The existing Russian legislative framework of national and regional spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) does not meet the objectives of their establishing. National strategy for standardization in the field of GIS and SDI must be based on adaptation or direct use of the ISO 19100 standards, OGC specifications and regulatory documents of the INSPIRE program. ; .

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Several federal programs have been developed to provide homeownership opportunities for Native Americans because private institutions have rarely supplied conventional home loans to Native Americans on trust lands. In 1992, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to create the Native American Veterans Direct Home Loan Program to assist veterans in purchasing, constructing and improving homes. The Native American Veterans Direct Home Loan Program has been characterized by differences in the numbers served, with native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders together receiving almost five times as many as loans as Native Americans. Several factors that apply to Native Americans, but not to native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, may explain this difference. Long-standing barriers to lending on Native American trust lands include insufficient income and credit history, a lack of meaningful interest in land among many Native Americans, and insufficient infrastructure on trust lands. Other factors that VA can address include program limits that may be lower than housing costs for some trust lands and potential applicants' inexperience with the mortgage lending process. VA has conducted outreach but has taken limited steps to meet the assessment and reporting requirements specified in the program's authorizing legislation. VA attends housing conferences, distributes promotional materials, and responds to inquiries about the program to meet outreach requirements specified in its authorizing legislation."

[Purpose] To present legislation comparing direct and referred access—or other measures—to physical therapy. The focus is on the management of the most burdensome musculoskeletal disorders in terms of regulations, costs, effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness. [Methods] Main biomedical databases and gray literature were searched ranging from a global scenario to the analysis of targeted geographical areas and specifically Italy and the Region Piedmont. [Results] legislation on Direct Access highlights inconsistencies among the countries belonging to World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Direct Access could be an effective, safe and efficient organization model for the management of patients with musculoskeletal diseases and seems to be more effective safer and cost effective. [Conclusion] Direct Access is a virtuous model which can help improve the global quality of physical therapy services. Further studies are required to confirm this approach and determine whether the findings of the present overview can be replicated in different countries and healthcare systems.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Table of cases -- Table of legislation -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The State as the basis of legal validity -- 3 The practical failings of State-centric accountability regimes -- 4 The theoretical scope for direct non-State actor regulation -- 5 Abandoning the State: towards an alternative theoretical framing -- 6 Conclusion -- Selected bibliography -- Index

AbstractThis article aims to examine the legal issues to find out how the regulations and /or provisions of the legislation related to investment activities, especially Foreign Direct Investment, or commonly referred to as FDI for the creative industries in Indonesia. The research method used is prescriptive normative legal research. Sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials as well as non-legal materials sourced from ministries and / or agencies related to investment activities in Indonesia, by means of library / document study, legal material analysis techniques using the syllogism method using deductive mindset. The results of this study, the Government of Indonesia as the State Facilitator of Investment Implementation Activities in Indonesia, do not yet have spesific regulations about creative industries with different types and applications like manufacturing industries, such as the industries software and content. Future regulations are expected to be able to improve the development of Indonesia's creative industry or creative economy. Although the level of legal certainty is still low, the Indonesian Government believes that the creative industry or creative economy can attract the existence of Foreign Direct Investment which is expected to meet the National Priority Program Target 3 in Increasing Economic Value Added and Investment in the Real Sector.Keywords: Strengthening Regulation; Foreign Direct Investment; Creative Industries Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji isu hukum untuk mengetahui bagaimana regulasi dan/atau ketentuan Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait dengan kegiatan penyelenggaraan penanaman modal khususnya penanaman modal asing atau Foreign Direct Investment, atau biasa disebut dengan FDI terhadap industri kreatif di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif bersifat preskriptif. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder serta bahan non-hukum yang bersumber ...

The contribution deals with the possibilities of legal protection from an undesirable phenomenon\ncalled spam or, more precisely, spamming, pursuant to the Czech and European laws. In particular, the legal\nforms of protection of personal data, privacy, and personal rights are described in detail along with unfair\ncompetition and the law of obligations in tort. Attention is also paid to effective means that fall outside direct\nlegal regulation, in particular, the technological and Community forms of protection against spam and other\nissues relating to this phenomenon. The author thoroughly deals not only with the terminological problems\nbut also, for example, with the issue of identification and proving of related legal facts, including the issue of\ngoverning law.

The scandals surrounding organ removal and retention throughout the United Kingdom provoked several Inquiries and ultimately led to law reform. Although the medical professions were well represented at the Inquiries, little was heard of the voices of those at the 'coal face'. In this scoping study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, we interviewed a number of doctors and others engaged in the uses of human tissue and organs to explore their hopes, concerns and fears about the role of the law in their practices. We found that those involved in transplantation were more aware of, and more actively involve with, the law, whereas others, such as pathologists, had less direct engagement with the law. Most of those we interviewed expressed the hope that law reform would provide much-needed clarity. Although some expressed concern that the law might be over-intrusive, most felt that the placing of authority firmly in the hands of the person him or her self to decide what should happen to their bodies was to be welcomed.

Legislations governing Direct Tax are the imperative statutes. The subject, taxes governing Indian Economy needs overhauling and removal of deadwoods. The statute which has undoubtedly resulted always as the major source of Indian revenue is expected to undertake what may be called as the periodic spring-cleaning of the corpus of its statute law (Taxes comprises of more than 50% of aggregate revenue and the Direct Taxes contribute more than 1/5th to it). The law that got enacted more than five decades in past (i.e. in 1961) needs to get loaded with contemporary provisions, improvising and justifying its existence and functions as well.Hopefully, in next couple of years India may come-up with vital reformatory actions where Direct Taxation Laws and even Indirect Taxation Laws may get their new dimensions in the form of Direct Tax Code (DTC) and Goods & Service Tax (GST) respectively. An initiative to bring the reform especially in direct taxation Statutes began half a decade earlier (Direct Tax Code 2009) but the merry-go-around temperament is still not making its enactment possible.Political scenario and proclamations, as initiated by the UPA regime, the Direct Taxes Code Bill 2010 sought to usher in a new income tax code for the country. Also, while presenting the maiden budget of the BJP-led NDA government, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has given encouraging signals of reviving and bringing the revised Direct Taxes Code (DTC) soon.

The author looks at the process of compliance which local unions follow in response to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, analyzing local unions as organizations. Three models of compliance are presented: the voluntary model in which compliance is initiated and sustained through a voluntary and local process, the bureaucratic model in which compliance is initiated through the international union's program and sustained through the mechanisms of the bureaucracy of the international union, and the legal model in which the local union complies as a direct result of a change in the law. The results are that none of these models fit exactly. The greatest amount of compliant activity occurs when the process is quasi‐bureaucratic, that is, when it begins as a voluntary process, but relies on bureaucratic mechanisms for completion. The author finds two other factors which are associated in a strong and positive way with the amount of local union compliance: a great objective need for change and a great amount of controversy. The study is based on in‐depth interviews with forty‐seven local union leaders and on twenty interviews with international union leaders in eleven local unions.