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Context Apex predators occupy the top level of the trophic cascade and often perform regulatory functions in many ecosystems. Their removal has been shown to increase herbivore and mesopredator populations, and ultimately reduce species diversity. In Australia, it has been proposed that the apex predator, the dingo (Canis dingo), has the potential to act as a biological control agent for two introduced mesopredators, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the feral cat (Felis catus). Understanding the mechanisms of interaction among the three species may assist in determining the effectiveness of the dingo as a control agent and the potential benefits to lower-order species. Aims To test the hypotheses that feral cats and foxes attempt to both temporally avoid dingoes and spatially avoid areas of high dingo use. Methods Static and dynamic interaction methodologies based on global positioning system (GPS) telemetry data were applied to test temporal and spatial interactions between the two mesopredators (n = 15) and a dingo pair (n = 2). The experimental behavioural study was conducted in a 37-km2 fenced enclosure located in arid South Australia. Key results The dynamic interaction analysis detected neither attraction nor avoidance between dingoes and cats or foxes at short temporal scales. There was no suggestion of delayed interactions, indicating that dingoes were not actively hunting mesopredators on the basis of olfactory signalling. However, static interaction analysis suggested that, although broad home ranges of cats and foxes overlapped with dingoes, core home ranges were mutually exclusive. This was despite similar habitat preferences among species. Conclusions We found that avoidance patterns were not apparent when testing interactions at short temporal intervals, but were manifested at larger spatial scales. Results support previous work that suggested that dingoes kill mesopredators opportunistically rather than through active hunting. Implications Core home ranges of dingoes may provide refuge areas for small mammals and reptiles, and ultimately benefit threatened prey species by creating mesopredator-free space. However, the potential high temporal variation in core home-range positioning and small size of mutually exclusive areas suggested that further work is required to determine whether these areas provide meaningful sanctuaries for threatened prey.

Why do some economically powerful states build and project military force while others do not? This dissertation argues that domestic institutions and economic interests influence why states project power to compete over resources or access to markets. It proposes that a state's level of interest compatibility with other powerful states determine when she projects power. The theory is tested using a large-N time series cross-sectional design as well as through case studies that analyze how states reacted to a set of exogenous environmental and technological shocks that exposed resources in the Arctic, the North Sea and the South China Sea. The findings have implications for rising powers in Asia, the political effects of climate change in the Arctic, and global energy security. The research design tackles the questions of when and why states project power through case studies that utilize environmental and technological shocks that exogenously expose maritime energy resources and large-N cross- sectional time series analysis. A combination of case studies and quantitative analysis represents the best way to uncover concepts that are difficult to operationalize, such as a state's foreign policy objectives. The quantitative analysis (Chapter 3) hones in on the question of when states build power projection capabilities and the case studies (Chapters 4-5) focus both on when and why states project power. In closing, this dissertation provides an explanation for when and why states project power. The primary contribution of the theory is that it allows us to make ex ante theoretical predictions regarding which states are most likely to project power and what types of objectives they are likely to project power to secure. The central finding is that state type and interest compatibility conditions whether states choose to convert economic power into power projection capabilities. This finding informs the debate over the relationship between economic and military power. The implications of these findings suggest that the United States should more strongly reorient its forces away from Europe and the Western Hemisphere, which are likely to remain cooperative geopolitical environments, and more strongly pivot to Asia

Natural or manmade shocks and stresses affect communities in a variety of ways. One way that researchers have tried to isolate the conditions that lead to a thriving community in the face of disaster is the study of resilience. Resilience is the capacity of communities in complex socio-ecological systems to learn, cope, adapt, and transform in the face of shocks and stresses. A key part of resilience is the existence of good governance, which Mercy Corps has identified as a process of decision-making that is accountable, transparent, just, responsive and participatory. The pursuit of good governance can be a beneficial strategy, involving the building of both formal and informal institutions and relationships that are implemented at the state, community and individual levels. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the research that exists in a variety of fields that addresses good governance and resilience at these levels. This literature review specifically focuses on the Sahel region of Africa. As such, particular attention has been paid to literature that either engages the Sahel region directly, or presents case studies and evidence that applies to similar circumstances. Thus, the reviewed literature also includes research that concerns a variety of developing, low-income countries that experience environmental stressors and shocks and which, in most cases, are also experiencing political transitions towards more liberalized and pluralistic politics. The Sahel is a semi-arid biological and geographical multinational climatic transitional region, which demarcates the area between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert. Among the nation states, which are partially contained within the Sahel region, are Mauritania, Sudan, South Sudan, Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Mali and Niger. Issues of pastoralist and nomadic migration are often in the forefront of discussion relating to the Sahel because of the nature of this region's climate. Due to the potential negative impacts of global climate change in relation to certain aspects of interaction in the Sahel, analyses of socioeconomic and political stability in the region, are of importance to those in the field of international nongovernmental assistance and aid provision.

The public sector plays a critical role in advancing and supporting sustainability metrics, measurement, and reporting. It can be useful in mandating and monitoring various forms of sustainability reporting, and in guiding the development of specific information that private businesses, as well as public and non-profit organizations, ought to measure and communicate externally. Government must also establish and maintain national indicators of sustainability including measures of "green jobs" or the "green economy." Over a dozen countries require some type of mandatory sustainability reporting. France, South Africa, India and Sweden, for example, are experimenting with policies of varying strength and requirements to both encourage sustainable practices and ensure the public has accurate and adequate disclosures about material sustainability issues. While these efforts are relatively recent, mandatory measures are growing and their impacts, at early analysis, seem positive. Studies have found that mandated reporting influences management practices, with larger impacts in countries with stronger enforcement and assurance mechanisms. Integrated reporting – the next stage of sustainability reporting – is likely to have an even greater effect on management decisions because it raises environmental issues up to the same level as financial disclosures. In the United States, sustainability reporting is not required, although there are many voluntary efforts at the company, industry, and city levels, as well as other efforts to evaluate environmental, social, and governance issues. To advance global progress on sustainability, the U.S. must move towards mandating environmental disclosure and sustainability reporting. Before we can do that, however, we need consensus on what to measure and report, which is no easy task. A federally-led initiative to help determine the metrics that organizations would be required to disclose can assist in this process, much like the decades-long process that resulted in generally accepted accounting principles. The U.S must also implement and enforce programs to measure the performance of the country itself. To date, this has included measuring "green jobs", which it should continue doing, but it must also look to other standard metrics and commit to measurement and disclosure of these indicators.

This article examines a 5-year collaboration between the Stockholm-based video artists Performing Pictures and Talleres Comunitarios, a studio based in the Oaxacan town of Santa Ana Zegache where local artisans employ traditional skills in the restoration of religious artifacts. In images and text, we trace the exchange of skills, knowledge, and aesthetic sensibility that took place as these two groups of artists collaborated in producing a series of video animations of venerative objects, against a backdrop of religious, social, and political tensions that characterize everyday life in Zegache. In the article and the accompanying series of three short films, ''Wonder & Veneration 13'' (http://vimeo. com/album/2682070), we examine how the artists negotiate questions of aesthetics and religious belief as their collaboration unfolds within the context of the Zegache community, where the Talleres contribute skills of carpentry and painting, while Performing Pictures provides skills of film, animation and micro-electronics. The processes and practices involved in creating three works provides the framework for this examination: the first, an animation of the Virgin of Guadalupe as she appears to a simple peasant, and the second, produced 2 years later, an animation of Santa Ana, local patron saint and mother of Maria, as she teaches her daughter to read the scriptures. Whereas both figures are central to the syncretic religious belief of southern Mexico with its challenge to the entrenched authority of the hispanicized clergy, the local figure of Santa Ana carries even more complex meanings for the community of Zegache. These meanings are embodied in the third work we examine, a small solarpowered chapel that the artists built to display the Santa Ana animation. With the mayor's support and located at the entrance to the town, the chapel embodies a shift of power away from the church, standing as an example of indigenous empowerment in civil society. ; Changing Places: Local and global events as mediated through screen practices in public space ; Euroaxacan Initiative for Transformative Culture

Background: Rapid urban population growth is of global concern as it is accompanied with several new health challenges. The urban poor who reside in informal settlements are more vulnerable to these health challenges. Lack of formal government public health facilities for the provision of health care is also a common phenomenon among communities inhabited by the urban poor. To help ameliorate this situation, an innovative urban primary health system was introduced in urban Ghana, based on the milestones model developed with the rural Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) system. This paper provides an overview of innovative experiences adapted while addressing these urban health issues, including the process of deriving constructive lessons needed to inform discourse on the design and implementation of the sustainable Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) model as a response to urban health challenges in Southern Ghana. Methods: This research was conducted during the six-month pilot of the urban CHPS programme in two selected areas acting as the intervention and control arms of the design. Daily routine data were collected based on milestones initially delineated for the rural CHPS model in the control communities whilst in the intervention communities, some modifications were made to the rural milestones. Results: The findings from the implementation activities revealed that many of the best practices derived from the rural CHPS experiment could not be transplanted to poor urban settlements due to the unique organizational structures and epidemiological characteristics found in the urban context. For example, constructing Community Health Compounds and residential facilities within zones, a central component to the rural CHPS strategy, proved inappropriate for the urban sector. Night and weekend home visit schedules were initiated to better accommodate urban residents and increase coverage. The breadth of the disease burden of the urban residents also requires a broader expertise and training of the CHOs. Conclusions: Access to improved urban health services remains a challenge. However, current policy guidelines for the implementation of a primary health model based on rural experiences and experimental design requires careful review and modifications to meet the needs of the urban settings.

Emerging in South London in 1953 in a blaze of lurid headlines young toughs defined by their outlandish Edwardian style Jackets, the Teds were the original modern 'Folk Devils'. They were also the pioneers of the fusion of popular music and youth culture when they adopted 'Rock'n'Roll as their soundtrack. In addition the 'moral panic' around the Teds was to be the British manifestation of a global concern about juvenile delinquency, a concern that would culminate in the 1960 United Nations Conference on the prevention of crime and treatment of offenders held, appropriately in London. The labelling of the Teds as deviant is a major moment in defining anxieties about youth, affluence and behaviour in post-war Britain. The teds were to encapsulate a growing generational divide but also alienation of youth from mainstream political movements that were all too willing to view them as a threat to social harmony. The study of the Teds incorporates all three of the themes at the heart of this project. The labelling of the Teds was crucial in shaping the nature of their threat to the social order. The name itself would outlast the original Teddy Boys and become a synonym for all forms of youth deviance in the 1950s this process would culminate in the Teds being blamed for race riots in Nottingham and London in 1958. Some politicians seeking to roll back liberal developments in the criminal justice system most notably the abolition of corporal punishment in 1948 would grasp the disorder associated with the Teds. The Teds themselves would become increasingly ostracised, as there is evidence of social exclusion and victimisation of the young men by employers and others in authority. The role of the Teds in shaping the debate on anti-social behaviour has however been largely neglected, even Stanley Cohen was to somewhat marginalise their contribution to the creation of moral panics around popular music and youth cultures, it is therefore appropriate and relevant to re-examine the 'new Edwardians' as the pioneer adolescent folk devils.

Animal production and health (APH) is an important sector in the world economy, representing a large proportion of the budget of all member states in the European Union and in other continents. APH is a highly competitive sector with a strong emphasis on innovation and, albeit with country to country variations, on scientific research. Proteomics (the study of all proteins present in a given tissue or fluid – i.e. the proteome) has an enormous potential when applied to APH. Nevertheless, for a variety of reasons and in contrast to disciplines such as plant sciences or human biomedicine, such potential is only now being tapped. To counter such limited usage, 6 years ago we created a consortium dedicated to the applications of Proteomics to APH, specifically in the form of a Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, termed FA1002 – Proteomics in Farm Animals: www.cost-faproteomics.org. In 4 years, the consortium quickly enlarged to a total of 31 countries in Europe, as well as Israel, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. This article has a triple purpose. First, we aim to provide clear examples on the applications and benefits of the use of proteomics in all aspects related to APH. Second, we provide insights and possibilities on the new trends and objectives for APH proteomics applications and technologies for the years to come. Finally, we provide an overview and balance of the major activities and accomplishments of the COST Action on Farm Animal Proteomics. These include activities such as the organization of seminars, workshops and major scientific conferences, organization of summer schools, financing Short-Term Scientific Missions (STSMs) and the generation of scientific literature. Overall, the Action has attained all of the proposed objectives and has made considerable difference by putting proteomics on the global map for animal and veterinary researchers in general and by contributing significantly to reduce the East–West and North–South gaps existing in the European farm animal research. Future activities of significance in the field of scientific research, involving members of the action, as well as others, will likely be established in the future.

Aim: The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land-use planning. Remote sensing (RS) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset. Location: Tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1 Methods: Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground-plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area-based comparisons. Results: The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north-east, to the light-wooded, shorter forests of the south-west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over- or under-estimated by >???25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be

Main theme in this paper are mural graffiti as specific group of graffiti which emerges in last decade of 20th century and which remain to this day. Author deals with their theoretical research and generalization, in order to pay attention towards domestic mural - graffitism in further elaboration. A specific movement in domestic mural - graffitism originates in the northern part of the city of Kosovska Mitrovica which is designated by author as national-cohesive. It is based on mural-graffiti which is known by sentence written in the upper part of picture: 'jer, odavde nema nazad!' ('..because there is no way back!'). This mural-graffiti express all of the dilemmas of the Serbs in the northern part of Kosovo and Metohia, and it originated as the result of desperate aspirations to save the Serbian part of the city of Kosovska Mitrovica, but as well the wider territory, from Albanian (Shqiptar) territorial pretensions and secessionism from the Serbian state. Greater (southern) part of the city of Kosovska Mitrovica hold Albanian population. With its text and message this graffiti could be only compared with only one masterpiece in Europe - 'Gernika' that was painted by Spanish artist Picasso. Hence, author theoretically and competently explicate, believing that mural - graffiti in Kosovska Mitrovica, according to many factors, has that particularly value which has 'Gernika' for the Europe and the World. While 'Gernika' express global protest in order not to repeat the suffering of innocent civils in a war, thus 'Serbian Gernika' reflexes in itself 'roar and cry', strength and dedication of one part of the Serbian people to remain on theirs homeland, no matter how can that be hazardous for them. In days that will come and in days that preceded to the, so called 'Bruxelles Agreement' (in according to, Serbian population must fall under the jurisdiction of the self-proclaimed 'establishment of Republic of Kosovo'), this kind of message and picture on the wall could be determined and fatal for the Serbian people. Question is, whether the Serbs in Kosovska Mitrovica obey their 'oath' on the wall? From their answer in great degree depends and their destiny to come.

International audience ; We know that global climate change has many local impacts on environment and populations, particularly through increased flooding. These affect more and more great cities. The consequences are devastating with important stakes on several plans: society, human, economic, financial and environmental. Reduce damage and protect populations at risk of flooding is essential. This relationship "nature-society" can only be interdisciplinary as factors to control are numerous and complex. The objective is to provide an early warning system for floods that combining the waterside communities and their needs, the political decisionmakers and different scientific fields (geography, remote sensing, hydraulic, mathematics, modeling.).The experience takes place on two ponds hillsides tributaries of the Garonne in the south of France. Variable areas (500 to 1000 km ²) with lengths of 50 to 70 km, these two rivers converge to on the large city of Toulouse. But what prognostic issue without understanding the past and present of the contemporary evolution of land use, rural landscapes and the growth of urban areas ; all these key factors of flood hazards and the spatial extension of water during floods. The retrospective spatial analysis by means of satellite images with fine resolutions allows to establish a reliable, perceptible and quantifiable diagnosis to meet the needs of populations. All these data are then integrated into a chain of forward-looking models. ; Nous savons que le changement climatique a de nombreux impacts sur l'environnement et les populations, en particulier sur l'augmentation des inondations. Elles touchent de plus en plus les grandes villes. Réduire les préjudices et protéger les populations à risque est essentiel. L'objectif est de procurer un système de prévention contre les inondations qui associe les communautés et leurs besoins, les décisionnaires et différents domaines scientifiques (géographie, télédétection, mathématiques, modélisation .). L'étude a lieu dans la région sud-ouest de la France, en amont de la grande agglomération de Toulouse traversée par le fleuve La Garonne.

From the very beginning of the 20th century a great many migrants migrated to Turkey because of its appeal as a nation-state and its transformations on a global scale in economic, political and social life. After the foundation of state-nation, the Turkish descents or Turkish origin Turks migration to Turkey were mainly from Turkish origins at the turn of century this trend had a new phase as foreign immigration.In this study we have dealt with the migration and the foreign-borns population growth and distribution in Turkey which could be used as an indicator. It has also covered the spatial distribution and evaluation of it. The foreign-born population growth especially those who migrated from the Balkans, had a fluctuating manner as in line with the migration waves. We have observed that the trend has increased steadily after 1980s.Those foreign-born migrants have mainly settled in the metropolitan and on the western coastal towns of Turkey. Among foreign-borns of Turkish descent coming from the Balkans and other foreign nationals distributions in Turkey vary greatly. Those who migrated from Balkans were placed in specified areas till the late periods of Ottomans, on the other hand, the other foreign nationals' preferred sitting mainly in tourism destinations in which south and western coastal towns. Özet20.yy'ın başında ulus-devlet olma süreciyle bağlantılı olarak yurtdışından Türkiye'ye olan göçler, bu yüzyılın sonuna doğru küresel boyutta değişen siyasal ve ekonomik koşullara bağlı olarak farklılaşmıştır. Bu yüzyılın başında Türk kökenli soydaşların göçleri, yüzyılın sonuna doğru yabancı göçlerine dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Bu araştırmada, yurtdışından Türkiye'ye olan göç sürecini ve boyutlarını açıklamak için, yurtdışı doğumlu nüfusun gelişimi ve dağılışının mekânsal açıdan ele alınarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yurtdışı doğumlu nüfus, Balkanlardan gelen göç dalgalarına bağlı olarak inişli çıkışlı gelişme göstermekle birlikte, 1980 sonrasındaki yabancı uyrukluların etkisiyle hızlı bir artış eğilimi göstermiştir. Yurtdışı doğumlu nüfusun dağılışında ise, Türkiye'nin batısında özellikle de kıyılarında ve büyükşehirlerde yoğunlaştığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte yurtdışı doğumlu Türk nüfusu ile yabancı uyrukluların yoğunlaştığı alanlar farklılık göstermektedir. Balkan göçmeni Türk nüfus 19.yy'dan günümüze belli alanlara yerleştirilirken/yerleşirken, yabancı uyruklular Türkiye'nin batı kıyılarındaki turizm merkezlerinde toplanmıştır.

En el presente siglo Argentina afrontó dos situaciones internacionales bien diferentes. Una fue la ventaja comercial obtenida gracias a la gravitación mundial de Asia y, sobre todo, al vínculo especial con China. Este país representó un punto de apoyo coyuntural. Otra situación fue la marginación de Argentina del poder inversor transnacional por la interposición norteamericana. El escenario posible de unabipolaridad entre Estados Unidos y China no sería una buena noticia para el país sudamericano. Por un lado Argentina no sólo pretende la persistencia del vínculo con China, también quiere una agenda más amplia y densa con esta potencia, la cual parece poco probable. Por otra parte le ha resultado complicado reducir la dependencia estructural con Estados Unidos, la cual el hegemón, por razones de diseño estratégico, se la hizo sentir en temas como el de las inversiones. Justamente, por un motivo y otro, la bipolaridad podría ser una limitante de la permisividad internacional de Argentina, después de haber disfrutado de ella. ; In the present century Argentina faced two very different international situations. One was a commercial advantage obtained thanks to the global importance of Asia and, above all, to the special link with China. This country represented a point of cyclical support. Another situation was the marginalization of Argentina of transnational power investor by the interposition american. The possible scenario of a bipolarity between United States and China would not be a good news for the South American country. On the one hand Argentina intends not only the persistence of the link with China, also wants a broader agenda and dense with this power, which seems unlikely. On the other hand it has proved complicated reduce the structural dependency with the United States, which the hegemon, for reasons of strategic design, it made her feel in topics such as investments. Precisely, for one reason and another, the bipolar disorder could be a limited-representative of the permissiveness of Argentina international, having enjoyed it.

Abstract. An adaptation technique based on the synoptic atmospheric circulation to forecast local precipitation, namely the analogue method, has been implemented for the western Swiss Alps. During the calibration procedure, relevance maps were established for the geopotential height data. These maps highlight the locations were the synoptic circulation was found of interest for the precipitation forecasting at two rain gauge stations (Binn and Les Marécottes) that are located both in the alpine Rhône catchment, at a distance of about 100 km from each other. These two stations are sensitive to different atmospheric circulations. We have observed that the most relevant data for the analogue method can be found where specific atmospheric circulation patterns appear concomitantly with heavy precipitation events. Those skilled regions are coherent with the atmospheric flows illustrated, for example, by means of the back trajectories of air masses. Indeed, the circulation recurrently diverges from the climatology during days with strong precipitation on the southern part of the alpine Rhône catchment. We have found that for over 152 days with precipitation amount above 50 mm at the Binn station, only 3 did not show a trajectory of a southerly flow, meaning that such a circulation was present for 98% of the events. Time evolution of the relevance maps confirms that the atmospheric circulation variables have significantly better forecasting skills close to the precipitation period, and that it seems pointless for the analogue method to consider circulation information days before a precipitation event as a primary predictor. Even though the occurrence of some critical circulation patterns leading to heavy precipitation events can be detected by precursors at remote locations and 1 week ahead (Grazzini, 2007; Martius et al., 2008), time extrapolation by the analogue method seems to be rather poor. This would suggest, in accordance with previous studies (Obled et al., 2002; Bontron and Obled, 2005), that time extrapolation should be done by the Global Circulation Model, which can process atmospheric variables that can be used by the adaptation method.

See http://vbat.org/spip.php?article525 This text is the chapter 1.5 of the book "Water, Cultural Diversity & Global Environmental Change: Emerging Trends, Sustainable Futures?", part of the project on Water and Cultural Diversity from the International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO). Text submitted in 2009-07. Finalized in 2011. ; International audience ; Although water is obviously the essential principle of the presence of oases in the desert, in the region of Jerid (South-Tunisia) water seems to be confined only in a registry of political and social claim, as a possible (and rare) free medium of expression. In some oases, water has even disappeared from the palm grove's surface. There are historical reasons that can explain such a situation. It is perhaps above all a story of the control. He who has in hand this vital resource keeps in check all the local society. A story, because water has always been stakes of power in this type of region. The recent changes of control from a local jamaa' to a colonial and then a national power enlighten the strategic significance of this element, but these reorganisations are not the first ones. Water is today a field of political and social discussions also because it is the only legitimate one permitted to oasian people and especially gardeners. The positions and the behaviours of the different actors on the oases towards the use of water are heterogeneous. The state itself has a 'schizophrenic' attitude. In one hand, the administration wants to proceed to a mining exploitation of the water resource to take possession of other resources (to foreign currency through a particular cultivar of dates, Phœnix dactylifera L., var. deglet nur). In the other hand, the state needs to control and 'protect' it in the aim of keeping or restoring the 'traditional scenery' of oases (government foresees to develop a Saharan tourism, the Mediterranean region being now blocked up). The local farmers have displayed a diversification of their practices, among other things a ...