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Progress with regard to building up Afghanistan's National Security Forces, improving the governance performance of the incumbent regime, pursuing a domestic peace process, cooperating with Afghanistan's neighbors (particularly Pakistan and Iran), and creating prospects for economic development have been defined as preconditions for the successful transition of security responsibilities in Afghanistan. However, one and a half years after the security transition phase was officially launched by the Afghan government, NATO has been experiencing severe difficulties in the outlined fields of activity. US policy and NATO's strategy toward Afghanistan seem at least partly deadlocked. Western policymakers have few remaining options for the second half of the security transition in Afghanistan. These include focusing on the two key players in the Afghan conflict, namely strengthening the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and weakening the senior leadership of the Afghan Taleban. (author's abstract)

Vor der Covid‑19-Pandemie galt die Europäische Union (EU) weder als Motor für globale Gesundheit noch als bedeutende Unterstützerin der Weltgesundheits­organisation (WHO). 2010 verabschiedete der Rat der EU Schlussfolgerungen zur Rolle der Union im Bereich globaler Gesundheit; sie gerieten in Vergessenheit und wurden nie umfassend umgesetzt. Da einige EU-Mitglied­staaten zu den besonders von der Pandemie betroffenen Ländern gehören, ist die EU verstärkt an multilateraler Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der globalen Gesundheit interessiert. Drei Dinge könnten dafür hilfreich sein: eine Auf­wertung ihres Status in der WHO, die Einrichtung eines Referats für globale Gesundheit im Europäischen Auswärtigen Dienst (EAD) sowie eine Überarbeitung der formellen Beziehungen zwischen EU und WHO. (Autorenreferat)

[ES] Open to the public since 1991, the Comintern Archive contains plenty of material referring to the development of the communist movement in the various regions of the world. In this article, the authors provide a detailed overview of the collections and inventories relating to Latin America, which allow the study of how the organic links between Comintern and the communist parties or groups in Latin America were emerging, to investigate the nature and degree of influence exerted by Moscow's management on the formation and functioning of communist parties in the area, highlighting the documents revealing the root causes and motivations that had an impact on the evolution of the strategy and tactics of the organisations affiliated to the CI and the intersects of the crises they experienced. ; International audience The Archive of the Comintern, opened to the public since 1991, contains abundant material about the development of the communist movement en various regions around the world. In this article the authors present a detailed account of the collections and inventories concerning Latin America, which allow deepened studies on how the organic links between the Comintern and the communist parties and groups in Latin America arose and the character and the extent of the influence exercised by the leadership in Moscow in the formation and the perfor-mance of the communist parties in the region, highlighting the documents that reveal the causes and the profound motivations that influenced in the evolution of the strategies and tactics of the affiliates of the IC and the secrets of the crisis they went through. ; [ES] Open to the public since 1991, the Comintern Archive contains plenty of material referring to the development of the communist movement in the various regions of the world. In this article, the authors provide a detailed overview of the collections and inventories relating to Latin America, which allow the study of how the organic links between Comintern and the communist parties or groups in ...

Introduction : theorising hierarchies / Ayse Zarakol -- Laws and norms in the making of international hierarchies / David Lake - Making empires : hierarchy, conquest and customization / Andrew Phillips -- Hierarchy and paternalism / Michael Barnett -- Revealing international hierarchy through gender lenses / Laura Sjoberg -- Against authority : the heavy weight of international hierarchy / Vincent Pouliot -- Hierarchy in an age of equality : micro-states and dependencies / J.C. Sharman -- 'Command and control?' : hierarchy in the politics of foreign military bases / Alex Cooley -- Leading authority as hierarchy among INGOs / Sarah Stroup and Wendy Wong -- 'Lazy Greeks' and 'Nazi Germans' : negotiating international hierarchies in the Euro crisis / Rebecca Adler-Nissen -- 'Subcultural groupings' in international system hierarchy : China in Africa / Shogo Suzuki -- Beyond hierarchy / Jack Donnelly -- Why hierarchy? / Ayse Zarakol

The European Union (EU) is seeking out new partnerships and to strengthen existing ones, particularly with Global South states, to enhance its open strategic autonomy. This includes a resilient supply of raw materials for its twin transition to a digital and green economy. Hosting many transnational corporations, several of these partners advocate for a binding international standard to regulate business and human rights beyond the non-binding United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGPs). Thus, the EU should establish a mandate and actively engage in the negotiations for a Binding Treaty on Business and Human Rights (BHR) to consolidate its image as a defender of human rights internationally. Multilateral negotiations enable dialogue and mutual cooperation that regional and national laws on supply chain due diligence do not, and thus risk acceptance by international partners once implemented. This poses a challenge for mutual cooperation, which is necessary to achieve corporate accountability. (author's abstract)

Preface --List of Abbreviations --Digital Content Markets for Consumers: Characteristics, Challenges, and Legal Context --Classifying Digital Content: Good, Service or Else? --Somewhere between 'B' and 'C': The Legal Status of the 'Prosumer' in European Consumer Laws --Pre-contractual Information Requirements for Digital Content --Conformity and Non-conformity of Digital Content --Educating the Regulator: A More Mature Approach Towards the Underage Consumer --Fundamental Rights and Digital Content Contracts --Money Does Not Grow on Trees, It Grows on People: Towards a Model of Privacy as Virtue --Conclusions --Appendix --Bibliography.

У статті окреслено завдання інтернаціонального виховання, які були обумовлені тими суспільно-політичними умовами, що склалися в СРСР у 70−80-ті рр. ХХ ст. Робиться наголос на систематичному й комплексному підходах до організації інтернаціонального виховання піонерів, які забезпечувалися наявністю комплексної програми у вигляді Всесоюзного маршу піонерських загонів. Подано характеристику Всесоюзного маршу піонерських загонів (1970−1987 рр.). Виявлено завдання інтернаціонального виховання різних вікових груп піонерів на маршрутах «Мир і солідарність» (1970−1986 рр.) та «Піонери − патріоти-інтернаціоналісти» (1987 р.). Зроблено огляд піонерських справ інтернаціоналістського спрямування. ; The tasks of the international education are determined in the article. They were prearranged by the social-political conditions which arose in the USSR in 70−80-s years of the XXth century. It is accentuated that the pioneer organization helped to realize practically schoolchildren's all-round development and participated in the realization of the tasks of ideological and political, labour, moral, physical and aesthetic development of pupils. The pioneer organization used all specific means which were immanent in it. It was an integral part of the educational system in the socialist society. Comprehensive school couldn't organize the educational work with the pupils without the support of the pioneer organization. There wasn't any problem which was connected with its activity. Systematic and complex approaches to the organization of the international education of pioneers are accentuated in the article. It was provided with the complex program in the form of the All-Union march of pioneer detachments. The All-Union march of pioneer detachments (1970−1987) is characterized in the article. It started in 1970 and was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the pioneer organization. The work on the March differentiated according to the age of children that secured their gradual and steady development. The program of the pioneer work manifested in the All-Union march of pioneer detachments enclosed the content of the pioneer work in different directions. It was a complex of the interconnected routes which included all basic directions of the content of the pioneer work. They were «My Motherland is the USSR», «To the Land of Knowledge», «Peace and solidarity», «Pioneerbuild», «To the Land of Beauty», «Strong, brave, quick», «Tymurivets», «Zirochka». The tasks of the international education of the pioneers were realized on the route «Peace and solidarity» which was a component of the All-Union campaign «The youth blames imperialism». They were to bring the pioneer up in the spirit of people's friendship and internationalism, to participate in the work of the clubs of international friendship and the weeks of solidarity, in actions which SIMEA held, to pay in the Fund of Peace etc. The tasks of the international education of the pioneers of different age groups are traced and pioneer internationalist affairs are shown in the article.

Cet ouvrage est le fruit de deux colloques internationaux qui se sont tenus à l'Université de Saint-Étienne les 20, 21 et 22 janvier et les 29 et 30 septembre 2016. Les Assises Internationales I des langues portugaise et espagnole, en partenariat avec l'Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle Paris 3, avaient réuni des personnalités politiques, institutionnelles et universitaires, spécialistes des domaines hispanique et lusophone. Cette manifestation a permis de porter un regard sur les politiques linguistiques actuelles et d'aborder la question des enjeux politiques et économiques des deux langues dans le monde. Cela a, en outre, donné l'occasion de considérer de nouveaux projets en matière de coopération et d'internationalisation. Ont également été mis en évidence les enjeux actuels pour la diversité et le multilinguisme. Des communications relatives au cinéma, à la littérature et à la linguistique ont complété ces échanges. Les Assises Internationales II ont eu pour finalité de poursuivre le travail effectué lors des Assises I en approfondissant les réflexions amorcées en matière de recherche dans les disciplines hispaniques, hispano- américaines et lusophones. Au-delà de cet état des lieux, de nouvelles approches théoriques, méthodologiques et critiques mises en oeuvre dans les domaines de la langue, de la littérature, de la civilisation (cultures et Histoire des mondes hispanophone et lusophone) et de l'image, ont été mises en exergue. Le présent volume se structure en trois parties: un premier temps, intitulé «Le portugais et l'espagnol : un défi pour le plurilinguisme» permettra de poser les enjeux de cette thématique; dans un second temps, c'est la lusophonie, dans sa diversité et son interculturalité qui sera abordée. Enfin, la troisième étape, intitulée «Hispanophonie, relations et approches interdisciplinaires» sera consacrée au domaine hispanique. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Rußland hat nach 1991 zunächst beinahe intuitiv den Weg hin zu einer auf die Multipolarität der weltpolitischen Entwicklung gerichteten Außenpolitik eingeschlagen. Erst unter dem damaligen Außenminister Evgenij Primakov wurde diese politische Linie zur offiziellen außenpolitischen Doktrin Rußlands. Die asiatische Finanzkrise hat nach Ansicht des Autors gezeigt, daß gegenwärtig primär nichtmilitärische Faktoren die Balance des internationalen Systems entscheidend beeinflussen. Der Verfasser erörtert, inwieweit das internationale System heute eher multipolaren bzw. einen von den USA dominierten unipolaren Charakter trägt, und stellt Überlegungen zur Rolle der EU und der USA in diesem System an. Er betont, daß die gegenwärtig der Weltgesellschaft drohenden Gefahren die konstruktive Zusammenarbeit der führenden Staaten erzwingen, und weist in diesem Zusammenhang auf noch ungelöste Probleme im russisch-amerikanischen Verhältnis hin. (BIOst-Mrk)