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The Roman catacombs, burial places of the Early Christians Martyrs, became from the last third of the 16thcentury, a place that provided a great quantity of relics to Christianity, because it was believed that the bones found inside those galleries belonged to holy martyrs who were victims of the persecutions of the Roman empire. This phenomenon of donation continued until the end of the 19th century, creating cases of study of great interest, in which the characters involved in the donations, the material conditions and the transfer of the bones, and their reception in the towns where they arrived, show the validity of a practice associated with the cult of relics that had Italy as its center, and France and Mexico as territories benefited with numerous donations. A selection of donations from each of the aforementioned countries provides a frame of reference to begin to draw the first lines of study of this international phenomenon that arose, in several cases, in the midst of the political and social struggles that would lead to those nations to establish as modern States, where despite the controversies between the religious and civil powers, the veneration of holy martyrs had a presence and importance. ; Las catacumbas romanas, lugares de enterramiento de los cristianos de los primeros siglos, proporcionaron a partir del último tercio del siglo XVI una gran cantidad de reliquias al cristianismo, ya que se creía que las osamentas halladas en sus galerías pertenecían a santos mártires víctimas de las persecuciones del imperio romano. Este fenómeno de donación tuvo continuidad hasta finales del siglo XIX, centuria en la que generó casos de estudio de gran interés, en los que los personajes involucrados en las donaciones, las condiciones materiales y de traslado de las osamentas, y la recepción de las mismas en las poblaciones a en donde arribaron, hablan de la vigencia de una práctica asociada al culto a las reliquias que tuvo como centro a Italia como centro de exportación; y Francia y México como territorios beneficiados con numerosas donaciones. Una selección de donaciones de cada uno de los países ya mencionados, proporciona un marco de referencia para comenzar a trazar las primeras líneas de estudio de este fenómeno internacional suscitado, en varios casos, en medio de las luchas políticas y sociales que llevarían a dichas naciones a cimentarse como Estados modernos, donde a pesar de las controversias entre el poder religioso y el poder civil, la veneración a santos mártires tuvo presencia e importancia.

Why do institutions emerge, operate, evolve and persist? Institutional Choice and Global Commerce elaborates a theory of boundedly rational institutional choice that explains when states USE available institutions, SELECT among alternative forums, CHANGE existing rules, or CREATE new arrangements (USCC). The authors reveal the striking staying power of the institutional status quo and test their innovative theory against evidence on institutional choice in global commerce from the nineteenth through the twenty-first centuries. Cases range from the establishment in 1876 of the first truly international system of commercial dispute resolution, the Mixed Courts of Egypt, to the founding and operation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the World Trade Organization, and the International Accounting Standards Board. Analysts of institutional choice henceforth must take seriously not only the distinct demands of specific cooperation dilemmas, but also the wide array of available institutional choices

Among the most momentous decisions that leaders of a state are called upon to make is whether or not to initiate warfare. How their military will fare against the opponent may be the first consideration, but not far behind are concerns about domestic political response and the reaction of the international community. Securing Approval makes clear the relationship between these two seemingly distinct concerns, demonstrating how multilateral security organizations like the UN influence foreign policy through public opinion without ever exercising direct enforcement power. While UN ap.

Protecting the environment has emerged as one of the major challenges in international relations. In international environmental negotiations, countries hold divergent positions because of domestic politics and specifically the interaction of interests and institutions. Domestic political institutions privilege the interests of some groups over others, depending on their geographic distribution. This observation matters for global environmental cooperation because groups with varied interests in protecting the environment often exhibit different geographic patterns, as illustrated in negotiations over fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The fishing industry tends to be concentrated in geographic space because of its reliance on a geographically specific natural resource. The industry's geographic concentration gives it relatively more political clout in countries with plurality electoral systems. Environmentalists, who tend to be more diffuse geographically, enjoy greater political influence in countries with proportional representation systems and party-centered electoral competition. These political dynamics, as well as the electoral success of Green political parties, influence governments' spending priorities as well as states' positions in international environmental negotiations.

Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographies. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In March 2022, the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) want to adopt a "Strategic Compass" (SC) that is intended to make the Union a provider of inter­national security by 2030 and strengthen its strategic sovereignty. The first draft of this document has been available since mid-November, and it shows serious deficits: strategic fragmentation, over-institutionalization, and diffusion of responsibility remain hallmarks of EU security and defense policy. In the upcoming revision of the compass, Berlin is called upon in particular to clarify its status and set a clear target of ambition. Otherwise, the Strategic Compass is likely to encourage an EU security policy whose motto is "Everything can be done, nothing must be done." (author's abstract)

"Die Studie analysiert die mediale Auseinandersetzung mit dem politisch wie wirtschaftlich aufstrebenden Land China in der deutschen Presse. Als Vorlage für die Untersuchung dienen die Vorarbeiten des Politikwissenschaftlers Thomas Heberer, der argumentiert, dass sich das positive Chinabild der 90er‐Jahre aufgrund des wirtschaftlichen Aufstieges Chinas in ein negatives Bild gewandelt habe. Eine Medienanalyse von 1993 bis 2007 soll zu einer Bewertung der Annahme Heberers führen und untersuchen wie China in den deutschen Medien dargestellt wird, welche Stereotypen aufgegriffen werden und mit Hilfe welcher Frames ein Zugang zu diesem Land geschaffen wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass über China im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum eher kritisch berichtet wurde. Dabei leidet das Chinabild vor allem an kurzfristigen, negativen Schlagzeilen. Es konnte kein eindeutiger Wandel, lediglich ein leichter Negativtrend in der Berichterstattung festgestellt werden. Insgesamt ist die Berichterstattung durch die Verwendung von Stereotypen und Frames charakterisiert, die sich vorwiegend auf die politische und wirtschaftliche Macht des Landes beziehen und vereinzelt ein bedrohliches Bild zeichnen." (Autorenreferat)

"Die Gestaltung der politischen Agenda gilt als sehr bedeutend nicht nur für die Erklärung der politischen Auseinandersetzungen, sondern auch für die Erklärung des Wahlergebnisses. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, für die Erklärung der Entstehung und der Funktion der politischen Agenda eine Kombination von Annahmen der Ökonomischen Theorie der Demokratie mit Ansätzen aus den Bereichen der Medienwissenschaft sowie der Politischen Psychologie heranzuziehen." (Autorenreferat)