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The author studies the writings of key Islamists, both traditional and modern, to determine the views that prompt radical Muslims to abhor Western influences. He finds that these spring from major differences in culture, and concludes that because Islam never experienced the European Enlightenment Islamists do not value individual freedom to the extent that the West does. Instead, Islamists believe that the state should adhere to and enforce Sharia, as reflecting the will of God, and that individuals should therefore submit to the moral principles of Sharia law. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the "politics of indifference" demonstrated by the international community to the genocide & other atrocities committed during the 1992-1995 wars in Bosnia from a geographic perspective. After summarizing the geopolitics of the former Yugoslavia & the relations among its primary ethnic groups -- Croats, Muslims, & Serbs, territorial dimensions of the ethnic cleansing that developed in Bosnia-Herzegovina after it achieved independence in 1992 are explored. International law on genocide & ethnic cleansing is reviewed, highlighting its spatial & geopolitical aspects, which, in turn, help explain the difficulties encountered in attempting to prosecute these acts as war crimes. Figures, References. K. Hyatt Stewart

This article examines the effects of the unexpected defeat of India's Bharatiya Janata Party-National Democratic Alliance in the May 2004 general elections. The Congress-United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won, not because of opposition to economic liberalization or its Hindu nationalist agenda, but because the Congress made much better alliances with regional parties. The new coalition government's ability to enact significant economic reforms or make real progress on the Kashmir issue or in peace talks with Pakistan will be limited however, though we can expect to see a reduction in Hindu-Muslim violence over the next five years.

"Der 11. September 2001 hat der westlichen Welt eines gezeigt: Zum Dialog mit dem Islam gibt es keine Alternative. Teil dieses Dialogs muss es sein, die Vielschichtigkeit der islamischen Realität aufzudecken, aber auch zu fragen, welche Schritte für Muslime und Nichtmuslime geboten sind, das Zusammenleben von Gruppen verschiedener Kultur und Religion friedlich zu gestalten. Wenngleich auch manche nach den Terrorschlägen in den USA den Islam als die globale Bedrohung schlechthin ansehen, darf nicht übersehen werden, dass Islam und islamistischer Fundamentalismus nicht das Gleiche sind, dass der dschihad für viele muslimische Autoren keinen den Westen bedrohenden Charakter hat. Am Aufkommen des Islamismus ist die westliche Welt nicht schuldlos. Massenarmut in islamischen Ländern, gravierende, von den Industrienationen mitverantwortete soziale Misstände sowie eine den Westen begünstigende Wirtschaftsordnung sprechen für sich. Sicher, die Schuldigen an terroristischen Akten dürfen ihrer Strafe nicht entgehen. Doch auch die weltweite sozial wirtschaftliche Ungerechtigkeit muss ein Ende haben, soll der Terrorismus besiegt werden. Zu ihm gibt es Alternativen, zum Gespräch zwischen den Kulturen und Religionen nicht." (Autorenreferat)

According to its constitution, the Russian Federation is a secular state: no denomination is to be considered a binding faith or state religion. Nevertheless, the Russian Orthodox Church is increasingly taking on the character of a state church. This is leading to conflicts with other denominations, for example with the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church, Russia's Muslims, & Catholics. The Orthodox Church's attempts to influence education policy have so far been unsuccessful, but a broad range of church-related economic activities receives support from the state. Adapted from the source document.

Dewasa ini, perguruan tinggi Islam sedang menghadapi permasalahan dalam pengembangan sains dan teknologi. Pada awal perkembangan sais dan teknologi Barat, ilmu pengetahuan Islam mempunyai peran yang besar, tetapi, peran ilmuwan muslim dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi semakin menurun. Ilmu pengetahuan Barat telah menghasilkan banyak sekali teknologi modern secara global. Globalisasi berarti transfer teknologi untuk negara berkembang, demikian pula perguruan tinggi Islam yang telah mengembangkan nilai-nilai kemasyarakatan harus berhadapan dengan perkembangan teknologi untuk meningkatkan kompetensi maka PT Islam harus mengembangkan kurikulum Islam yang kita kenal sebagai islamisasi sains dan teknologi dengan membumikan al-Qur'an.

Since the time of the 2000 elections in Senegal, debates over family rights have been transformed with the consolidation of a Muslim lobby seeking a reform of the family code that would entail the establishment of a code of personal status. Although the debates are highly polarized, they do not question the cohesion of either the various religious communities or Senegalese society. These deliberations have opened the way to a "liberating re-appropriation" of the concept of secularism (laicité), thus settling the colonial heritage and reauthorize the great founding myths of the Republic. (Polit afr/DÜI)

In recent years violent movements in the name of Islam have been catapulted to center stage in U.S. foreign policy concerns. However, before concrete strategies can be formulated to deal with this phenomenon, the nature and dynamics of Islamist mobilization itself must be understood·' What motivates an individual to join an lslamist group and possibly engage in violence? Under what conditions will these groups moderate their stances, and when will they radicalize? While our policy choices dealing with the Muslim world and international terrorism inevitably hinge on our answers to these questions, a serious application of theory has been lacking.

This article introduces narratives by American captives during and after the Barbary Wars (1801-1805, 1815). Set against a background of American imperial pursuits, the accounts reveal the hypocrisy and double-standards common among early Americans (who accepted black slavery in America but reacted strongly against the idea of white slaves in the custody of the North African Muslims). The accounts were largely works of fiction, but were accepted as fact. Arabs are presented as bizarre, gruesome, and primitive. The stories were sold by the thousands, so members of almost every household were exposed to these negative portrayals.

"Der Autor dieses Beitrags erörtert die politische Auswirkungen, wenn im April des Jahres die Nigerianer über die Neubesetzung ihrer Bundes- und Landesparlamente entscheiden. So dürfte das Rennen um die Präsidentschaft wohl zwischen dem derzeitigen Amtsinhaber Olusegun Obasanjo (PDP) und dessen Herausforderer General Muhammadu Buhari (ANPP) entschieden werden. Als Wahlsieger wird allgemein Obasanjo gehandelt, wenngleich dieser viel von jenem Charisma eingebüßt hat, das ihn noch 1999 zum Hoffnungsträger des von der Diktatur geknechteten Nigeria hat werden lassen. Grund zu Besorgnis gibt indes vor allem die Unterschiedlichkeit beider Kandidaten: Obasanjo gehört als Christ dem Stamm der Yoruba an und entstammt dem Süden des Landes, während der Muslim Buhari den Fulani angehört und dem Nordwesten entstammt. Religionsbekenntnis, Stammeszugehörigkeit und regionale Verwurzelung sind in dem bevölkerungsreichsten Land Afrikas, dessen politischer Weg Auswirkungen auf den gesamten Westteil des Kontinents hat, von überragender Bedeutung und stellen gerade angesichts der derzeitigen Kandidatenkonstellation bereits im Vorfeld der Wahl einen Risikofaktor dar, der die Aussicht auf freie, faire und gewaltlose Wahlen spürbar trübt." (Autorenreferat)

Sponsored by the journal Il Politico, a one-day conference on the state of the European Union was held in Pavia on 5 May 2003. Speakers (remarks printed in full) include Salvatore Veca, Andrea Albergati, & Silvio Baretta, followed by a round table of Sergio Romano, Massimo Cacciari, Alberto Majocchi, & Antonio Padoa Schioppa, & then replies from Cacciari, Romano, & Majocchi. Topics discussed include notable events in recent European Union history, from Maastricht to the Council of Helsinki, as well as European defense, relations with the US & the Muslim world, the UN, NATO, Iraq, etc. A. Siegel