Introduction -- International legal personality -- Determining the criteria necessary to satisfy the capacity requirement associated with international legal personality -- Establishing a legal basis for the application of international law to armed groups -- The de facto control theory and the international regulation of armed groups in the absence of directly applicable international treaty law -- The application of international human rights law to armed groups -- The gradated application of international human rights law obligations -- Prosecution, detention, and satisfaction of the right to health by armed groups -- Conclusion
Der Beitrag analysiert die Entwicklung von der "offenen" zur "öffentlichen" Diplomatie in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Es werden die Formen und Handlungsebenen diplomatischer Praxis ebenso dargestellt wie die vielfältigen Kommunikationsbeziehungen der internationalen Beziehungen. Fazit: der Einfluß der öffentlichen Meinung auf die Diplomatie nimmt zu, dies birgt Gefahren in sich. (SWP-Wgn)
Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat politische Entscheidungsträger dafür sensibilisiert, welche Herausforderungen es mit sich bringt, in Krisenzeiten die gesundheitliche Regelversorgung aufrechtzuerhalten. Wichtigster Ansatzpunkt für deren Bewältigung ist die Stärkung der Gesundheitssysteme. Hier kann die Umsetzung des im Dezember 2018 vereinbarten Globalen Paktes für sichere, geordnete und reguläre Migration (Globaler Migrationspakt) einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. Ein Abgleich der Ziele dieses Paktes mit den von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) definierten Grundpfeilern von Gesundheitssystemen zeigt, wie dieser Beitrag aussehen könnte. Es gibt zahlreiche Synergien und Handlungsmöglichkeiten. Das gesundheitspolitische Potential des Migrationspakts liegt insbesondere darin, den Zugang zu Gesundheitsdienstleistungen zu verbessern und den Fachkräftebedarf im Gesundheitssektor zu decken. (Autorenreferat)
Introduction: Continuity of care is essential when trying to avoid untimely institutionalization of the frail elderly. Either continuously or occasionally, multiple care providers are involved in the integrated care for a community-dwelling frail older person. In this coming and going of care providers over time, the informal caregiver usually remains the constant factor. In 2009 the Belgian Federal Government launched a call for innovative projects that aim at maintaining the community-dwelling frail elderly at home for as long as possible. That call resulted in 66 projects that offer a variety of innovative interventions. Aims: The aim of this study is to describe to what extent these projects involve the informal caregivers in the organization of care for the frail elderly. Methods: Data are collected through the projects initial application files, yearly questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. We performed a descriptive analysis of the data and compared subgroups of projects based on the type of interventions. Results: First results show that in most projects involvement of the informal caregiver in the care process is not well established. A minority of projects describe how they plan to implement caregiver involvement in their application files. Caregiver involvement mainly occurs sporadically, when important decisions about an individual client have to be made. Conclusion: The projects lack a structured approach to implement informal caregiver involvement in the care process of frail elderly.
Introduction: Continuity of care is essential when trying to avoid untimely institutionalization of the frail elderly. Either continuously or occasionally, multiple care providers are involved in the integrated care for a community-dwelling frail older person. In this coming and going of care providers over time, the informal caregiver usually remains the constant factor. In 2009 the Belgian Federal Government launched a call for innovative projects that aim at maintaining the community-dwelling frail elderly at home for as long as possible. That call resulted in 66 projects that offer a variety of innovative interventions. Aims: The aim of this study is to describe to what extent these projects involve the informal caregivers in the organization of care for the frail elderly. Methods: Data are collected through the projects initial application files, yearly questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. We performed a descriptive analysis of the data and compared subgroups of projects based on the type of interventions. Results: First results show that in most projects involvement of the informal caregiver in the care process is not well established. A minority of projects describe how they plan to implement caregiver involvement in their application files. Caregiver involvement mainly occurs sporadically, when important decisions about an individual client have to be made. Conclusion: The projects lack a structured approach to implement informal caregiver involvement in the care process of frail elderly.
Las decisiones públicas y la intervención estatal en la dialéctica desarrollo/subdesarrollo, en buena medida, se definen y transforman a la luz de la gravitación que ejercen los organismos internacionales y los espacios globales para la toma de decisiones; especialmente a partir del despliegue de su poder epistémico/cognitivo que articula comunidades epistémicas trans-territoriales a las cuales se incorporan activamente ministerios estratégicos y funcionarios especializados de las élites políticas nacionales. La inserción de naciones subdesarrolladas como México no siempre es ventajosa, sino que se recrudece con la generalizada crisis de Estado y la pérdida de control respecto a las fuerzas, factores y poderes fácticos que condicionan la toma de decisiones. Se trata de reconocer que, entre las escalas nacionales donde se fraguan las decisiones públicas de las estrategias de desarrollo y el plano de los organismos internacionales, subyace una relación orgánica signada por un condicionamiento recíproco y un consentimiento orientado a crear un discurso hegemónico, así como cursos de acción respecto al tratamiento de los problemas públicos y sus posibles soluciones. Enfatizar en el sentido y las facetas de esta relación estrecha es relevante porque contribuye a identificar las fuentes de las decisiones públicas. Para ello, se aprovechará el trabajo empírico realizado en otras investigaciones (principalmente el análisis de documentos estratégicos de algunos organismos internacionales) en aras de brindar contenido a conceptos que permitan comprenden la acción social de estas organizaciones. ; Public decisions and state intervention in the development/underdevelopment dialectic, to a large extent, are defined and transformed from of the gravitation exerted by international organizations and global spaces for decision-making; especially from of its epistemic/cognitive power that articulates trans-territorial epistemic communities to which strategic ministries and high and middle specialized officials of national political elites are actively incorporated. The insertion of underdeveloped nations such as Mexico is not always advantageous, but it is exacerbated by the generalized State crisis and the loss of control over the forces, factors and powers of fact that condition decision-making. It is about recognizing that between the national scales where the public decisions of the development strategies and the own plane of the international organisms are forged there lies an organic relationship marked by a reciprocal conditioning and a consent oriented to create a hegemonic discourse, as well as courses of action regarding the treatment of public problems and their possible solutions. Emphasizing the meaning and facets of this close relationship is relevant because it helps identify the sources of public decisions. For this, the empirical work carried out in other researches (mainly the analysis of strategic documents of some international organizations) will be used in order to provide content to concepts that allow understanding the social action of these organizations.
Las decisiones públicas y la intervención estatal en la dialéctica desarrollo/subdesarrollo, en buena medida, se definen y transforman a la luz de la gravitación que ejercen los organismos internacionales y los espacios globales para la toma de decisiones; especialmente a partir del despliegue de su poder epistémico/cognitivo que articula comunidades epistémicas trans-territoriales a las cuales se incorporan activamente ministerios estratégicos y funcionarios especializados de las élites políticas nacionales. La inserción de naciones subdesarrolladas como México no siempre es ventajosa, sino que se recrudece con la generalizada crisis de Estado y la pérdida de control respecto a las fuerzas, factores y poderes fácticos que condicionan la toma de decisiones. Se trata de reconocer que, entre las escalas nacionales donde se fraguan las decisiones públicas de las estrategias de desarrollo y el plano de los organismos internacionales, subyace una relación orgánica signada por un condicionamiento recíproco y un consentimiento orientado a crear un discurso hegemónico, así como cursos de acción respecto al tratamiento de los problemas públicos y sus posibles soluciones. Enfatizar en el sentido y las facetas de esta relación estrecha es relevante porque contribuye a identificar las fuentes de las decisiones públicas. Para ello, se aprovechará el trabajo empírico realizado en otras investigaciones (principalmente el análisis de documentos estratégicos de algunos organismos internacionales) en aras de brindar contenido a conceptos que permitan comprenden la acción social de estas organizaciones. ; Public decisions and state intervention in the development/underdevelopment dialectic, to a large extent, are defined and transformed from of the gravitation exerted by international organizations and global spaces for decision-making; especially from of its epistemic/cognitive power that articulates trans-territorial epistemic communities to which strategic ministries and high and middle specialized officials of national political elites are actively incorporated. The insertion of underdeveloped nations such as Mexico is not always advantageous, but it is exacerbated by the generalized State crisis and the loss of control over the forces, factors and powers of fact that condition decision-making. It is about recognizing that between the national scales where the public decisions of the development strategies and the own plane of the international organisms are forged there lies an organic relationship marked by a reciprocal conditioning and a consent oriented to create a hegemonic discourse, as well as courses of action regarding the treatment of public problems and their possible solutions. Emphasizing the meaning and facets of this close relationship is relevant because it helps identify the sources of public decisions. For this, the empirical work carried out in other researches (mainly the analysis of strategic documents of some international organizations) will be used in order to provide content to concepts that allow understanding the social action of these organizations.
Public decisions and state intervention in the development/underdevelopment dialectic, to a large extent, are defined and transformed from of the gravitation exerted by international organizations and global spaces for decision-making; especially from of its epistemic/cognitive power that articulates trans-territorial epistemic communities to which strategic ministries and high and middle specialized officials of national political elites are actively incorporated. The insertion of underdeveloped nations such as Mexico is not always advantageous, but it is exacerbated by the generalized State crisis and the loss of control over the forces, factors and powers of fact that condition decision-making. It is about recognizing that between the national scales where the public decisions of the development strategies and the own plane of the international organisms are forged there lies an organic relationship marked by a reciprocal conditioning and a consent oriented to create a hegemonic discourse, as well as courses of action regarding the treatment of public problems and their possible solutions. Emphasizing the meaning and facets of this close relationship is relevant because it helps identify the sources of public decisions. For this, the empirical work carried out in other researches (mainly the analysis of strategic documents of some international organizations) will be used in order to provide content to concepts that allow understanding the social action of these organizations. ; Las decisiones públicas y la intervención estatal en la dialéctica desarrollo/subdesarrollo, en buena medida, se definen y transforman a la luz de la gravitación que ejercen los organismos internacionales y los espacios globales para la toma de decisiones; especialmente a partir del despliegue de su poder epistémico/cognitivo que articula comunidades epistémicas trans-territoriales a las cuales se incorporan activamente ministerios estratégicos y funcionarios especializados de las élites políticas nacionales. La inserción de naciones subdesarrolladas como México no siempre es ventajosa, sino que se recrudece con la generalizada crisis de Estado y la pérdida de control respecto a las fuerzas, factores y poderes fácticos que condicionan la toma de decisiones. Se trata de reconocer que, entre las escalas nacionales donde se fraguan las decisiones públicas de las estrategias de desarrollo y el plano de los organismos internacionales, subyace una relación orgánica signada por un condicionamiento recíproco y un consentimiento orientado a crear un discurso hegemónico, así como cursos de acción respecto al tratamiento de los problemas públicos y sus posibles soluciones. Enfatizar en el sentido y las facetas de esta relación estrecha es relevante porque contribuye a identificar las fuentes de las decisiones públicas. Para ello, se aprovechará el trabajo empírico realizado en otras investigaciones (principalmente el análisis de documentos estratégicos de algunos organismos internacionales) en aras de brindar contenido a conceptos que permitan comprenden la acción social de estas organizaciones.
War, Aggression and Self-Defence is an indispensable guide to international legal issues of war and peace, the crime of aggression, self-defence and its trigger, armed attack, and the different modalities of self-defence, as well as enforcement measures taken under the aegis of a binding decision of the Security Council. This new and fully updated 6th edition focuses on the key issues at the forefront of the contemporary international legal debate, as well as analysing the new armed conflicts in Syria, Ukraine and Georgia, re-examining the Kampala amendments on the crime of aggression and considering the phenomenon of 'robust' mandates of a peacekeeping force. Suitable for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, this market-leading book offers a wide-ranging and highly readable introduction to the legal issues surrounding war and self-defence.
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