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The role & significance of 'town & country' locality as a unit of planning & development in national life is underscored. Using secondary sources of information, the presentation is placed in a context of developmemt & change by comparing the US & India in terms of the problems of Ru-Ur balance. 3 major concerns pertain to (1) the notion of community as an effective economic & socializing unit, (2) Ru-Ur balance or optimum, & (3) strategies & implications for developed & developing nations. As a necessary background, town & city trends of population growth, in the 2 countries of concern, are traced in historical perspective for the period 1900-1960, along with a comparative analysis of the settlement & administrative patterns. The emerging roles of the intermediate-population-centers are then examined within the context of town & country problems, national policies, programs & strategies of development in respective countries. Finally, some critical public policy issues & needed areas of research are pointed up. AA.

'Die Ehe habe ihre Plausibilität verloren, heisst es heute. Man bindet sich, wenn und weil man diesen Anspruch für sich akzeptiert. Man bindet sich nicht, wenn man meint, einem Kind oder seinem Partner/ seiner Partnerin nicht genügen zu können. Sexualität und Fortpflanzung, Paarbeziehung und Elternschaft sind auseinandergetreten. Ökonomische Motive sollen die Familienbildung, aber nicht mehr die Heirat und Ehe leiten. Der Beitrag greift aktuelle Ansätze auf, die sinkende Heiratsneigung, Aufschub der Familiengründung, Verzicht auf Kinder oder Scheidung vor dem Hintergrund einer gestiegenen individuellen Autonomie gegenüber von aussen gesetzten Normen und eines gestiegenen Anspruchs an zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen zum Partner/ zur Partnerin oder zum Kind diskutieren. Er erweitert diese Ansätze durch den Hinweis, dass die fortschreitende vertikale Differenzierung von Einkommen und Erwerbschancen Ehe und Familie für eine wachsende Zahl junger Menschen zum knappen, aber wichtigen Gut wechselseitiger Unterstützung werden lässt.' (Autorenreferat)

Great controversy has surrounded the growth of the music streaming services that are now central to the music industries internationally. One important set of criticisms concerns the amount of money that music creators receive for the recorded music that is distributed on these services. Many claim that music streaming has made it harder than before for musicians to make a living from music. This article identifies and discusses some significant problems of argument and evidence surrounding these criticisms, as follows: (a) a dubious focus on 'per-stream' rates offered by music streaming services, (b) a failure to see streaming services as part of wider systems of music and ownership, (c) tendencies towards simplification when systemic problems are taken into account, and (d) the limited evidence provided when commentators claim, imply or assume that the system has become notably less just. It then discusses debates concerning what might be done to improve the system, especially whether 'user-centric' systems of payment might be adopted, instead of the current 'pro-rata' system. The article suggests that more musicians rather than fewer might now be able to earn money from recorded music than in preceding recorded-music systems. But it also proposes that the current system retains the striking inequalities and generally poor working conditions that characterised its predecessors, and that better debate requires greater transparency about usage and payment on the part of streaming services and music businesses.

Even after the summit meeting between US President Donald Trump and North Korea's Head of State Kim Jong Un in Singapore on 12 June 2018, the crisis surrounding North Korea's nuclear programme and weapons of mass destruction programme remains one of the most dangerous and complex in the world. The conflict is centred on the unresolved tense relationship between North Korea and the USA, and in particular the issue of nuclear weapons possession. Grouped around this are other conflicts characterised by clashes of interests between China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea and the USA. In addition, within these conflicts, security policy, human rights policy and economic policy have great impact on each other. For Germany and Europe, finding a peaceful solution to the conflict - or at least preventing military escalation - is key. Europe can and should work to ensure that North Korea is treated as a challenge to global governance. Addressing the set of problems subsumed under the term "North Korea conflict" in such a way as to avoid war, consolidate global order structures, and improve the situation of the people in North Korea requires staying power and can only lead to success one step at a time.

Im Jahre 2000 wiederholte das Deutsche Institut für Urbanistik zum 22. Male seine jährliche Städteumfrage zu den jeweils aktuellen Problemen der Stadtentwicklung und Kommunalpolitik. Ziel der Befragungsreihe ist es, einen Einblick in die Struktur kommunaler Problemlagen zu gewinnen und die Veränderungen dieser "kommunalen Agenda" zu beobachten. Mit dem Panel wird bewusst die Problemsicht der Stadtentwicklungsplaner in den Vordergrund gestellt, die typischerweise ressortübergreifend und zukunftsweisend ist. Eine Zusatzfrage erkundet "erfolgreiche Problemlösungen", die es verdienen, im Städtevergleich betrachtet zu werden. Materialien und Unterlagen werden in die Difu-Datenbanken ORLIS und DEMOS eingearbeitet.

An attempt to assess the manner in which consensus is reached through the process of negotiation in the Internat'l Labor Org (ILO). Focus is placed on the interaction of 4 major negotiating units (Workers Group, Gov Group, Employers Group, & the professional ILO staff) in an equal number of case studies. Analysis indicates that the ILO has undergone a great change in both composition & orientation during the last 15 yrs. The influence of the needs & aspirations of the underdeveloped states-the Asian delegations-upon the activities of the ILO has been profound, esp in view of the fact that the Org has possesses a relatively well-established Europe-centered tradition within a tightly instit'ized modus operandi. Analysis of both the substantive & affective factors in the process of negotiation is related to a pre-established index of soc mobilization of the Asian states to determine if there is a positive relationship between general criteria of soc & pol'al development & the parameters within which negotiators function. Evidence indicated generally that those delegates who represented Asian states with a relatively high level of politicization tended to be more active negotiators. Further, these delegates tended to endorse those draft instruments which reinforced already established domestic soc commitments & opposed those which threatened to raise domestic expectations & to conflict with alternative goals already enunciated. Although the tradition of functional group solidarity still prevails in the ILO, it has been eroded in recent yrs as the Worker & Employer delegates of the Asian states have come increasingly under the influence of their respective gov's. The professional office staff has become a virtual `4th representative' of the underdeveloped states in an effort to balance the powerful Western European/ICFTU Workers Groups which have been the key force behind most internat'l labor instruments. Modified AA.

AbstractDespite major interest in issue ownership, what shapes it remains a puzzle. In his pioneering work on issue ownership, John Petrocik emphasises the importance of a party's performance. Recent research acknowledges this by pointing to the role of real‐world problems and incumbency for issue ownership. However, if performance truly matters, it should be difficult to understand the impact of such problems without taking into account the government's response to it. Based on novel data on issue ownership, policy development and government attention across five issues in nine countries over time, the analysis shows that the government's issue‐handling reputation is associated with the policy development, and the government's attention to the problem is important for this association. This is especially true for parties with no history of issue ownership on the issue and if the government is a coalition or in minority.

AbstractThe loading problem involves the optimal allocation of n objects, each having a specified weight and value, to m boxes, each of specified capacity. While special cases of these problems can be solved with relative ease, the general problem having variable item weights and box sizes can become very difficult to solve. This paper presents a heuristic procedure for solving large loading problems of the more general type. The procedure uses a surrogate procedure for reducing the original problem to a simpler knapsack problem, the solution of which is then employed in searching for feasible solutions to the original problem. The procedure is easy to apply, and is capable of identifying optimal solutions if they are found.

The adventures of the fifteenth and sixteenth century explorers Magellan, Vasco da Gama, and Columbus have long been chapters in history books. Furthermore, no one nowadays is heading west in a covered wagon in search of new lands to settle. It seems there are no more unchartered territories to conquer. But the quest for harnessing the unknown is continuing today with scientists leading the way. Biotechnology is a major research science for which scientists are going to the further most extent to explore the unknown pleasures that are awaiting the scientific business world. The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate the problems and prospects facing the American Biotechnology Industry. This research paper has been divided into four parts. Part I gives an overview of the American Biotechnology Industry and further discusses the industrial applications of biotechnology with regards to health-care, agriculture, food processing, chemicals and pollution control. It also gives us a general idea of the various Federal agencies that are actively involved with the Biotechnology Industry. Part II discusses the problems concerning the American Biotechnology Industry, such as social and ethical issues, limited financing for research and development, risk involved with the biotechnology industry and the problems faced by existing 1 products because of the entry of new products. On the other hand Part III of this research paper focuses on the prospects of the American biotechnology industry for 1992 and the future. Part IV provides a summary and presents the author's conclusion.

Currently, mathematical and computer modeling, as well as systems of symbolic calculations, are actively used in many areas of mathematics. Popular computer math systems as Maple, Mathematica, MathCad, MatLab allow not only to perform calculations using symbolic expressions but also solve algebraic and differential equations (numerically and analytically) and visualize the results. Differential geometry, like other areas of modern mathematics, uses new computer technologies to solve its own problems. The applying is not limited only to numerical calculations; more and more often, computer mathematics systems are used for analytical calculations. At the moment, there are many examples that prove the effectiveness of systems of analytical calculations in the proof of theorems of differential geometry.This paper demonstrates how symbolic computation packages can be used to classify neither conformally flat nor Ricci parallel four-dimensional Lie groups with leftinvariant (pseudo)Riemannian metric of the algebraic Ricci soliton with the zero Schouten-Weyl tensor.

AbstractThe quantity and quality of Japanese political studies in China are influenced by political developments in China and Japan, Sino-Japanese relations, and academic development of political science. After the collapse of Japan's bubble economy and the end of the LDP's long rule in the early 1990s, many Chinese scholars diverted their attention from economic issues and took more interest in Japanese political studies. Political issues such as the resurgence of nationalism, the rise of right-wing forces, the end of the '1955 system', the political origin of long and heavy recessions, the 'normal state', national strategy, and foreign policies have been discussed and debated. New approaches and perspectives such as the political pluralist approach, the new institutional approach, the ecological approach and the political process approach have been used. It is imperative to overcome the institutional, political, and financial problems in order to improve the state and raise the quality of Japanese political studies in China.

The book contains two main parts dealing both with nonlinear approaches in the study of complex natural systems. In its first part it introduces a new construction of pattern recognition problems applicable to a wide range of geophysical and environmental objects. The classification in such problems depends on time which allows one to formulate the condition of stability of final classifications for verification of its reliability. A new wide set of pattern recognition algorithms with learning ("Voting by Set of Features") is introduced. Theoretical and algorithmical parts are illustrated by some examples of applications to natural hazard assessment. In the second part of the book, an alternative approach to the geophysical applications is given in terms of dynamic systems and corresponding tools. Dynamic systems studies are useful to understand nonlinear time series. Self Organized Criticality and multifractal analysis are powerful new keys for understanding many natural phenomena. All these methods are of great interest in any long data file processing

Both in terms of area and population, the fifteen changwads of the North-east constitute the largest of the four basic regions in the Kingdom of Thailand. Recent census data indicate that 37.9 per cent of the 3.2 million Thai farm households live in this region cultivating a similar proportion of the country's 69.7 million rai (I rai = 0.395 acre) of land in agricultural holdings. However, the region seems to have more than its fair share of the problems which stand in the way of the Government's efforts to accelerate the country's economic development. At present, the solution to the 'North-east Problem' remains as elusive as it was a decade ago. In spite of the impressive amount of public expenditure already poured into the region for improving the infra-structure and providing a wide range of rural facilities, together with an ever-increasing amount of services rendered by national and international agencies for planning and implementing the processes of growth, the per caput income of the North-easterner still lags as far behind that of his fellow countryman residing elsewhere in the kingdom as it did in the recent past. This article attempts to analyse the interaction of the physical conditions and socio-economic problems which are bound up in the existing land-use system of the North-east.