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The elements of the opposition to a rational soc sci may be divided into 3 classes: (1) forces which belong to the past - racialism & religious obscurantism; (2) those explanations of society which rely on some single principle (Marxism or Freudianism), & are therefore opposed to reason; (3) those who suggest there can be no answer, because the soc sci's have achieved nothing & have gone on long enough to have achieved a great deal. The soc sci's might avoid much criticism by concentrating on field studies, but this would be an escape into the meaningless; an escape which is all too easy in this age of suspicion & conformity. A good shield against unreason today is the hope animating soc sci'ts of finding some Avilion of reason & justice. (IPSA).

Statistics Norway and the Social Sciences

The National Social Science Documentation Center

Cover -- Brief Contents -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Key Criminological Research Debates -- Features to Aid Your Learning -- 1 Introduction -- What Is The Criminology and Criminal Justice Companion? -- How to Use This Book -- 2 Studying Criminology -- What Is Criminology? -- What Is Crime? -- Why Study Criminology? -- Studying Criminology -- How Should I Approach My Criminology Course? -- 3 Key Theories and Theorists -- Criminological Theory in Context -- Exploring Theories of Crime -- 4 Criminological Research -- Why Is Research Important in Criminology? -- Researching Crime -- Research Ethics -- Research Design -- Research Methods -- Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- Evaluating Existing Research -- 5 Key and Emerging Issues in Criminology -- Social Aspects in Criminal Justice -- Victims and the Justice System -- Types of Crime -- Emerging Issues -- 6 The Criminal Justice System -- The Function of the Criminal Justice System -- Perspectives on Criminal Justice -- The Criminal Justice System Process -- Sectors Within the Criminal Justice System -- Juvenile Justice -- 7 Careers in Criminology -- Career Pathways -- How Do I Make Myself Marketable and Competitive? -- 8 Key Terms, Concepts and Definitions -- Quick Reference for Terms, Concepts and Definitions -- References -- Index.

Le temps et l'espace participent d'une même dimension, l'EspaceTemps qui revêt cinq catégories permettant d'analyser le monde : le contexte des événements, le sens donné par l'histoire de groupes particuliers, le système historique particulier d'un espace, les caractéristiques a-spatiales et atemporelles, la mise en évidence la spécificité des ruptures spatio-temporelles. Excluant ou intégrant ces différentes catégories spatio-temporelles, les sciences sociales, sauf la géographie qui s'est constituée au-delà des clivages en raison notamment de son caractère scolaire, se sont organisées à la fin du XIXe siècle entre épistémologie idiographique et épistémologie nomothétique . Mais les choix réalisés alors ont piégé les sciences sociales, ne leur permettant pas de saisir les opportunités des bifurcations du monde.

The advent of social media and increased digitization of social processes have had a dramatic impact on politics and, particularly, on political mobilization and communication. The political science methodology and toolkit have also adapted to these changes and absorbed a variety of new approaches and methods from the burgeoning field of data science. This paper provides an overview of some of the key methodological innovations to the political science toolkit drawn from data science and discusses the advantages and limitations of these new methods for studying protest activity and political mobilization in social media. We focus on supervised and unsupervised learning as two major groups of methods that can be applied to either facilitate data collection in almost real time or the analysis of big data on protest activity. We discuss overfitting, regularization, and hyperparameter selection via cross-validation in the context of supervised methods, and present topic modeling and social network analysis techniques within unsupervised methods. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods are illustrated with references to recent articles published in peerreviewed journals. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the emerging methods that have not been used in political mobilization research yet and are open for further exploration by political scientists.

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 Acad. 140 v-1

Some ideas are developed about the meaning of a newly emerging European society for the social sciences, organized in four sections: (1) trends toward one European society; (2) the global context of the European process & some of its economic, political, social, & intellectual implications; (3) German unification as a blueprint for European integration; & (4) the role & potential contribution of the social sciences in helping to shape European integration for a more peaceful, just, & sustainable society. 4 Photographs. Modified AA

Preferences are the central notion in mainstream economic theory, yet economists say little about what preferences are. This article argues that preferences in mainstream positive economics are comparative evaluations with respect to everything relevant to value or choice, and it argues against three mistaken views of preferences: (1) that they are matters of taste, concerning which rational assessment is inappropriate, (2) that preferences coincide with judgments of expected self-interested benefit, and (3) that preferences can be defined in terms of choices.