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In 1974, the UN General Assembly defined "aggression" as the unjustified & thus unlawful use of military force by one country against another. The armed conflict in the Caucasus, initiated by the Georgian leadership in Aug 2008, exemplifies both an unlawful & a lawful use of military force. While only the UN Security Council may define a particular act as aggression, it is acknowledged that "the sheer use of force first entails the right to use force in response." In this case, Georgian troops premeditatedly attacked a Russian unit present in South Ossetia as part of the Joint Peacekeeping Force. Nonetheless, the nature of the Georgian attack & the extent of the Russian response have brought into question the viability & applicability of the limits on the legitimate use of force in international relations. This paper examines the case in terms of the absolute legitimacy of the letter of international law as defined in relevant Articles of the UN Charter. Adapted from the source document.

Ergänzend, aufbauend und weiterführend zum »Handbuch Interkulturelle Kommunikation und Kooperation. Grundlagen und Praxisfelder« widmet sich dieses Buch konkreten Ländern und Kulturen und gibt einen Überblick über interkulturelle Problemstellungen und Anforderungen in den unterschiedlichsten Berufsfeldern, in denen Internationalität eine Rolle spielt und interkulturelle Kompetenz gefragt und gefordert ist. 29 Autoren aus verschiedenen Ländern stellen kulturspezifische Informationen zu ausgewählten Kulturregionen dar mit authentischen Fallbeispielen, länderspezifischen Kulturstandards und kulturhistorischen Hintergründen. Sie behandeln zentrale interkulturelle Aspekte des interkulturellen Managements, der interkulturellen Personalentwicklung, des interkulturellen Marketings, aber auch der Migration, der Rechtspraxis, der Medizin, der Schule sowie interkulturelle Problemstellungen in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, bei internationalen Militäreinsätzen oder bei internationaler Wissenschaftskooperation. Der Band stellt dazu wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse unter ausschließlich anwendungs- und praxisorientierten Gesichtspunkten zusammen.

This book explores whether the co-existence of (partially) overlapping and sometimes competing layers of authority, which characterizes today's global order, undermines or rather strengthens efforts to promote the rule of law on a global scale. Heupel and Reinold argue that whether multi-level governance and global legal pluralism have beneficial or detrimental effects on the international rule of law depends on specific scope conditions. Among these are the mobilization of powerful states and courts, as well as the fit between soft law and hard law arrangements. The volume comprises seven case studies written by International Relations and International Law scholars. Bridging the gap between political science and legal scholarship, the volume enables an interdisciplinary perspective on the emergence of an international rule of law. It also provides much needed empirical research on the implications of multi-level governance and global legal pluralism for the rule of law beyond the nation state. Monika Heupel is Junior Professor for International and European Politics at the University of Bamberg, Germany. Her research focuses on the legitimacy of international institutions and on international organizations' and advanced democracies' commitment to human rights. Recent work has been published in International Studies Quarterly and European Journal of International Relations. Theresa Reinold is Assistant Professor of International Relations at Leiden University, the Netherlands. She received her PhD from Tuebingen University and has been a visiting scholar at Yale, Harvard, and New York University. Her research focuses on the interaction of politics and law in global governance.

The current dynamics of international relations increasingly incorporate different development processes carried out by local or sub-national governments. Significant actions of international insertion may be identified in these territories, where international cooperation has become an important variable to consider as a complement to public administration. Never the less, such actions have received scarce attention in Colombia, especially in the furthest and less developed territories. It is therefore convenient to provide these territories with practical real cases and situations of internationalization and international cooperation processes at the local level, as the case presented in this article, as a result of the monitoring and research project of the experience of internationalization at the municipality of Caldono, state of Cauca. ; Las dinámicas actuales de las relaciones internacionales incorporan cada vez más los diversos procesos de desarrollo que se realizan desde gobiernos locales o subnacionales, en donde es posible identificar acciones relevantes de inserción internacional. Allí la cooperación internacional se ha convertido en una importante variable a considerar como complemento de la gestión pública, aunque en Colombia ha tenido poca aplicación, en especial en los territorios más distantes y menos desarrollados. Por eso resulta oportuno poner a su disposición casos y situaciones prácticas y reales para la gestión de procesos de internacionalización y cooperación internacional a nivel local, como el caso que se presenta en este artículo, producto del seguimiento y la investigación realizada a partir de la experiencia de internacionalización del municipio de Caldono, departamento del Cauca.

The impact of technological findings has invariably been one of the factors which have been investigated by different authors focused on the study of international relations. The greatest technological breakthroughs definitely changed the life of billions of people and, along with them, the functionality of one of the most relevant actors in the field, the states. Technology changed the tactics used by an emperor to carry a war, allowed the explorers to conquer unsullied lands and promised to send the manto the outer space.The 21st century stands as no exception to this rule, as technology proves itself to be more powerful than even and vital for the ordinarily activities. One of the greatest technological landmarks which have been yet achieved in the first decades of the 21st century is the 5G technology, tied to its promises of totallychanging the global connectivity. As expected for such a milestone, it was forcefully bonded to the competition between the financial commercial giants and the interest of the greatest global economic powers: United States and China.

Proportionality and deference in theoretical perspective -- Operationalizing deference in the context of proportionality analysis : comparative approaches -- Methods of review employed by investment tribunals in regulatory disputes -- The development of an institutionally sensitive approach to proportionality analysis in investor-state arbitration -- Other issues affecting the method and standard of review in investor-state arbitration

Explores the tension between intergovernmentalism & transnationalism within the UN. Although the UN was created to be a forum for interstate negotiation, cooperation, & conflict resolution, it also deals with transnational matters that do not directly involve state interests or actors. The intergovernmental & transnational foundations of the UN system are examined to argue that traditional theories of international organization fall short of adequately explaining the transnational aspects. It is contended that, in addition to being an international forum, the UN is comprised of a complex system of specialized agencies, nongovernmental organizations, & affiliated groups, making it an "international community" that is independent of the states that compose it. Both the benefits & inherent tensions of this broadly defined community are explored. It is maintained that international organizations like the UN provide opportunities for nongovernmental actors to exercise influence in world politics; however, international organizations can become incapacitated when the interests of states come into direct conflict with interests of the broader community. The paradox this conflict represents for theories of international relations is discussed. J. Lindroth