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This book presents a general explanation of how states develop their foreign policy. The theory stands in contrast to most approaches--which assume that states want to maximize security--by assuming that states pursue two things, or goods, through their foreign policy: change and maintenance. States, in other words, try both to change aspects of the international status quo that they don't like and maintain those aspects they do like. A state's ability to do so is largely a function of its relative capability, and since national capability is finite, a state must make trade-offs between policies designed to achieve change or maintenance. Glenn Palmer and Clifton Morgan apply their theory to cases ranging from American foreign policy since World War II to Chinese foreign policy since 1949 to the Suez Canal Crisis. The many implications bear upon specific policies such as conflict initiation, foreign aid allocation, military spending, and alliance formation. Particularly useful are the implications for foreign policy substitutability. The authors also undertake statistical analyses of a wide range of behaviors, and these generally support the theory. A Theory of Foreign Policyrepresents a major advance over traditional analyses of international relations. Not only do its empirical implications speak to a broader range of policies but, more importantly, the book illuminates the trade-offs decision makers face in selecting among policies to maximize utility, given a state's goals.

Professor Ramesh Thakur, former Senior Vice Rector of the United Nations University and UN Assistant Secretary-General, is sometimes described as one of the intellectual godfathers of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Based in our common humanity, R2P is an acceptance of a duty of care by those living in safety towards those trapped in zones of danger. It aims to convert a shocked international conscience into timely and decisive collective action to rescue vulnerable communities so that groups condemned to die in fear can live in hope instead. For more than a decade, Thakur has been deeply.

'This book stands out through its insightful conceptual and empirical analysis enlightening the multi-institutional nature of international climate politics. It is an indispensable asset for the bookshelves of all those interested in understanding and managing the fragmentation and complexity of global climate governance.'--Professor Dr. Sebastian Oberthür, Institute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 'As policymakers embark on the design of an even more comprehensive climate change regime, understanding the way in which existing rules and institutions have interacted will be crucial. Harro van Asselt's analysis provides an essential guide to where we have been and how far we must still go to design a coherent response to a complex and fragmented challenge.'--Jacob Werksman, Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission. 'How do the different international institutions addressing climate change interact? What are the actual and potential synergies and conflicts? What are the most effective strategies to manage institutional interplay? Harro van Asselt's expertise in both international law and international relations, as well as his intimate knowledge of the policy-making process, make him ideally equipped to address these fundamental questions. Based on detailed case studies, he provides a wide-ranging, lucid, and theoretically sophisticated study of climate change governance. Essential reading for international lawyers and international relations scholars alike.'--Dan Bodansky, Arizona State University, US. The fragmented state of global climate governance poses major challenges to policymakers and scholars alike. Through an in-depth examination of regime interactions between the international climate regime and three other regimes (on clean technology, biodiversity and international trade), this book provides novel and timely insights into the various consequences of regime interactions. It also offers a critical discussion of the potential for legal techniques and institutional coordination to foster synergies and mitigate conflicts between regimes in the area of climate change. Providing an in-depth examination of institutional fragmentation and regime interactions in global climate change governance, this unique book links the literature on institutional interactions and interplay management to the discussions on the fragmentation of international law. It contains the first comparison of different types of interactions a ...

This work is a comparative study of domestic implementation of Security Council mandatory sanctions taken under Article 41, Chapter VII of the UN Charter, including the establishment of the two international criminal tribunals, the ICTY and ICTR, and recent resolutions on the combating of the financing of terrorism. The book examines implementation in 16 select States in Europe, America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, underlining also the particular problems arising from sanctions implementation by the European Union, by a permanently neutral and former non-Member State - Switzerland - and by States confronted with special economic problems within the meaning of Article 50 of the UN Charter. Three interrelated themes are addressed. The first, of a theoretical nature, concerns the question of whether implementation of Security Council resolutions, particularly where perceived to be in fulfilment of community objectives, poses problems which are in some way distinct from those raised by the implementation of other conventional international law obligations, thereby shedding a different light on the traditional relationship between international and municipal law. The second concerns the effectiveness of the decisions of the Security Council viewed from the perspective of the effective mise en œuvre of these decisions in national law. The third theme concerns the legitimacy of Security Council resolutions as seen from the viewpoint of domestic legal systems, that is the extent to which Security Council decisions encroach on internationally or constitutionally protected individual rights and the potential role played by domestic courts in reviewing the decisions of the Security Council. The latter has assumed particular importance in the framework of the combating of the financing of terrorism. This work, which brings together the research results of 29 academics and experts, is the second publication within the framework of a project on Security Council sanctions carried out under the auspices of the Graduate Institute of International Studies. The first, which looked at a broad set of issues, was entitled United Nations Sanctions and International Law and was published by Kluwer Law International in 2001